
Class 

Book___ 
GlPgM _ 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



G1LDERSLEEVE-L0DGE LATIN SERIES 



SIX 

ORATIONS OF CICERO 

1 1 

With Introduction, Notes 
and Vocabulary 



ROBERT W. TUNSTALL 

CLASSICAL MASTER IN JACOB TOME INSTITUTE 



UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING COMPANY 
NEW YORK • : • BOSTON - : • NEW ORLEANS 



1905 



<m 



LIBRARY of CONGRESS 
Two Copies Received 

DEC 15 1905 

Copyright Entry 
CLASS CL XXc. No. 

/ s i ?rrL 

COPY B. 



COPYRIGHT, 1899, 1904, AND 1905, BY 

UNIVERSITY PULISHING COMPANY 



***2868 



INTRODUCTION 

To the Student : Probably the last prose author you 
read in Latin was Caesar. As you are now about to begin 
Cicero, it may help you at the outset to know that Caesar 
and Cicero differ in important respects, and to learn some- 
thing of these differences. 

1. Caesar wrote history — the history of his wars. His 
Commentaries of the Gallic War are made up of notes 
jotted down in the intervals of his campaigns. While 
written in the best Latin, and- a model of pure historical 
narrative, yet they make, as a rule, no pretence of aiming 
at rhetorical effects. They are simple, straightforward 
accounts of the events in which he figured as commander 
of the Eoman army in his conquest of Gaul. 

2. Cicero, on the other hand, was a lawyer and states- 
man. His orations are speeches delivered either in the 
law courts of Home in prosecuting, or, more usually, in 
defending some litigant, or in the Forum and Senate on 
the political issues of his times. His object was to con- 
vince and persuade. His style is that of the lawyer or 
politician. 

3. First, then, the two writers differ somewhat in 
vocabulary. Caesar's vocabulary is that of the camp, the 
march, the battlefield, and the like; Cicero's, that of 
the law court, the hustings, and the legislature. Words of 
common, every-day occurrence are found, of course, in 
both authors. Occasionally we find a word used by Cicero 
in a slightly different sense from its usual meaning in 
Caesar. Virtus, for example, in the First Oration 
against Catiline (Cat. i. i, 3). 

4. Again, history (Caesar) is read at our leisure. If, 
therefore, Caesar's readers failed at first to understand a 



Vlll INTRODUCTION 

particular passage, they could read it over until they did 
understand it. An oration (Cicero), however, is supposed 
to be heard, and the hearers must understand it as it is 
spoken. The orator must, therefore, say things in so 
simple a way that his meaning may be taken in at once. 
If what he says is difficult to understand, or if he desires 
to emphasize a particular point, he shows his skill by 
repeating the thought in different words. Hence repeti- 
tion is a characteristic of Cicero, a>s it is of other orators. 
Moreover, with his large command of language he piles 
word upon word, phrase upon phrase, and sentence upon 
sentence in order to drive his point home. At the same 
time he resorts to all the tricks of rhetoric to make a deep 
and lasting impression. 

5. Another important difference between Caesar and 
Cicero: the historian (Caesar), in telling his story, even 
though he had a chief share in the events he is narrating, 
is the more effective for telling it in an impersonal way — 
that is, without saying, "I did this" and "I did that/' 
The lawyer or politician (Cicero), however, who wishes to 
influence others, does so more effectively by taking his 
audience into his confidence, and saying how he feels or 
thinks in the case he is presenting to them. Hence, while 
Caesar is impersonal, Cicero uses the word " I" with great 
frequency. 

6. Again, the only history Caesar tells us is that which 
he himself is making with his victorious legions. Cicero, 
however, is constantly drawing lessons from the past for 
his hearers' enlightenment. The Komans were a con- 
servative people, and in their conduct were guided by the 
examples of their forefathers. Hence, while urging them 
to adopt his advice, Cicero frequently tells them how their 
forefathers acted in similar circumstances. In the First 
Oration against Catiline, for example, in which he con- 
tends that Catiline deserves to die, he cites the cases of 
Gaius Gracchus, Maelius, and others who were put to 



ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS 

Cicero. Bust in the Royal Gallery at Madrid. Photograph 

Frontispiece 

PAGE 

The Roman Forum as it looks to-day. Photograph . . viii 
Ground Plan op the Forum and surrounding build- 
ings. Richter . ix, 

Julius Caesar. Marble bust in the British Museum. Pho- 
tograph .......... xviii 

Restoration of the Forum, von Falke xxii 

Map of the City of Rome xxxviii 

Map of Rome and the surrounding country . . xxxix 

Map of Italy 5 

Cicero addressing the Senate. Photograph .... 10 
Theatre at Faesulae (Fiesole). Photograph ... 27 

The Mulyian Bridge. Photograph 39 

Section of the Tullianum. Middleton 58 

The Acropolis at Athens. Photograph .... 79 

Map of Asia Minor 86 

The Appian Way near Rome. Photograph . . . .104 



\ 



CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Introduction vii 

The Last Century of the Republic ix 

The Roman Government in Cicero's Time . . . xx 

A. The Popular Assemblies xxii 

B. The Magistrates xxv 

C. The Senate xxxiii 

Outline of Cicero's Life ...... xxxv 

Leading Facts in Cicero's Life xl 

Ancient Rhetoric xlii 

Cicero's Works xliv 

First Oration against Catiline 1 

Second Oration against Catiline 19 

Third Oration against Catiline 35 

Fourth Oration against Catiline 51 

Defence of Archias 67 

The Manilian Law 83 

Notes m 

Vocabulary 1 



/ 



*3 V3<2 




CICERO 

From a bust in the Royal Gallery at Madrid. 



INTRODUCTION" IX 

death in the political excitement of their times. To 
understand these orations, then, one must know some- 
thing of the history of Home, its politics, etc. 

THE LAST CENTURY OF THE REPUBLIC 

7. The Early Republic. — The history of Rome after the 
expulsion of the kings (509 B.C.) is a story, first, of social 
controversies in which the plebeians in the course of 
about two centuries finally triumphed in their struggle 
with the patricians for civil and political equality ; then, 
of military conquests by which Rome, once a small town, 
enlarged her territory, until she had extended her do- 
minion successively through Latium, through the re- 
mainder of the Italian peninsula, and finally through 
almost the whole circuit of the Mediterranean. 

8. Condition of Rome. — This rapid extension of terri- 
tory was followed by a gradual absorption of the public 
land in the hands of a favored few. Italy, once a land of 
small farms and peasant homesteads, became in time a 
land of large plantations, owned by rich speculators and 
worked by imported slaves. The farmers thus dispos- 
sessed flocked in crowds to the streets of Rome, where, 
together with the large numbers of foreigners attracted to 
the capital from every quarter, they formed a dangerous 
class of idlers, whose presence was a constant menace to 
the welfare of the state. The provinces meanw r hile had 
no share in the government, and were plundered by 
Roman officials and taxgatherers. The Senate, which as 
the controlling power in the commonwealth had once 
stood for all that was best in Roman statesmanship, had 
degenerated into an " order of lords, filling up its ranks 
by hereditary succession, and exercising collegiate mis- 
rule." In its degradation the Senate typified the general 
decadence that had taken place in the Roman character. 

9. The causes of this decadence may be summed up as 



X INTRODUCTION 

follows : the rapid increase of wealth and luxury ; the 
spread of slavery of the most degraded sort, driving out 
free labor ; the presence in the city of a large class of 
citizens "without occupation except in politics and with 
no property save in their votes " to be sold to the highest 
bidder ; and the poverty of ancient society in forms of 
industrial employment.* Here should also be noted the 
inefficiency of the constitution, which, while well enough 
adapted to the needs of a small town, was altogether in- 
aieqpnte for the government of a people who had now 
o^ ariidn the whole of the then known world. 

10. Parties. — Largely through the workings of the land 
system above described, the Eoman people in the last 
century of the Kepublic were divided into two great 
classes, consisting of the rich on one side and the poor 
on the other. Eoman society was now made up of princes 
and paupers. We hear little at this time of patricians 
and plebeians. As political factions, the two classes are 
usually designated as the optimates, or the party of the 
nobles, who acted regularly in the interest of the Senate, 
and the populares, or democrats, who advocated the 
cause of the people. The nobles were those whose an- 
cestors had held curule offices (§ 55), and included in their 
ranks both patricians and plebeians. This new nobility, 

* "Here we touchr^on the fatal and irremediable defect of an- 
cient society — the absence of industry as a social power, a necessary 
consequence of slave labor. The economic changes through which 
Koine had passed are in certain particulars strikingly like those of 
modern England — in the disappearance of peasant properties and the 
building up of a great landed aristocracy. What has saved England 
from the fate of Rome has been the absence of slavery and the mar- 
vellous development of new forms of productive industry, the great 
manufacturing and commercial interests of modern society. . . . 
It [Rome] lived upon the spoils of conquered nations, and its only 
large industries were farming the revenues, carrying on speculative 
operations, and dealing in money." — Allen's Short History of tM 
Eoman People, p. 187, 



IHTRODUCTIOtf XI 

being in virtual control of the government, monopolizing 
all the higher offices, was an aristocracy of wealth and 
office, taking the place of the old nobility, which had 
been an aristocracy of birth.* 

11. Orders. — To be distinguished from the political fac- 
tions mentioned in the preceding paragraph are the so- 
called " orders " {or dines), often mentioned in Cicero's 
orations. These were classes of citizens considered with 
reference to their constitutional and social standing in 
the community. The senators, for example, were s~ oke: . 
of collectively as the ordo senatorius, or senatorial o der. 
Members of this order enjoyed special distinctions, such 
as the right to wear the davits latus (a broad stripe of 
purple, either sewn on the tunic or woven into it), to 
have reserved seats at shows, etc. At the same time they 
were excluded by law from trade and banking, and espe- 
cially from transactions connected with state contracts. 

12. Hence there grew up another class, calhid equites, 
or knights, consisting of wealthy traders, speculators, and 
capitalists. They borrowed their name from the centuries 
of knights which had formerly constituted the cavalry of 
the state, for which a high property qualification was re- 
quired. In Cicero's time the term was applied to any 
Eoman family that was not noble, an<3 that possessed 
property worth 400,000 sesterces (between $16,000 and 
820,000). Their numbers were from: v ime to time aug- 
mented by accessions from the lower classes, as these 
prospered sufficiently to reach the necessary property 
qualification. The knights constituted the ordo eqnester, 
or equestrian order, and, like the senators, enjoyed special 

* The number of patrician gentes (clans, or groups of families) was 
greatly reduced in Cicero's day. "During the last years of the Re- 
public, we hear of only fourteen still in existence, including thirty 
families. " — Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature and Anti- 
quities. A man might, of course, be a noble without being a patri- 
cian. 



Xll INTRODUCTION 

privileges to distinguish them from those beneath them 
in dignity. Among these badges of distinction were the 
gold ring and the clavus angustus (a narrow stripe of 
purple). They also had special seats at the shows, im- 
mediately behind the senatorial stalls. 

13. While politically they formed an independent class, 
yet as men of substance with large financial interests at 
stake, the knights regularly sided with the party that 
promised best for those interests. AVhen the democrats, 
to gain their ends, resorted to violence, the knights, as 
the friends of law and order, sided with the Senate ; but 
when the Senate through apathy neglected equestrian in- 
terests (as, for example, when they allowed the pirates 
for a long time to interrupt Roman commerce on the 
Mediterranean), then the knights were on the side of the 
democrats. 

14. The commercial importance of the knights was the 
basis finally of their political importance in the state. As 
the wealthy class they were enabled to farm the public 
taxes, i.e. for a round sum to buy the privilege of collect- 
ing the taxes laid upon the subject provinces of Rome. 
To increase their gains as much as possible, these publi- 
cant, as they were called, practised the most grievous op- 
pression towards the provincials, whose only recourse was 
to the provincial governors. The governors, however, 
were members of the Roman nobility, who were quite as 
bad as the publicani. Official misconduct, however, ren- 
dered the governors liable to prosecution at the close of 
their terms of office. Hence the question who should sit 
on the juries that tried the governors on their return to 
Rome was equally important to the governors themselves 
and to the knights, whose interests in the provinces were 
in a measure dependent upon the disposition of the gov- 
ernors. Until the time of Gaius Gracchus (123 B.C.) the 
jurymen had been taken exclusively from senatorial ranks, 
i»e. from the same class to which the governors belonged. 



INTRODUCTION 



Xlll 



As a consequence the courts had been notoriously partial 
to the offenders. If the student will glance ahead at sec- 
tions 17, 23, and 26 below (under the Gracchi, Sulla, and 
Pompey), he will see that the question of the courts was 
for a long time one of the great issues in Koman politics. 
In the trial of Verres (see the editors larger book), 
Cicero lays great stress on this matter, although loyalty 
to his own class, or order, makes him overstate the purity 
of the knights as jurymen. 

15. While the senatorial class was spoken of as the ordo 
senatorius and the knights as the orclo equester, the pop- 
ulace was not dignified by any such title as ordo at all, 
but was simply called populus, a term applied in a wider 
sense to the whole people also. 

The importance of the distinction between orders and 
factions may be illustrated with examples. Caesar was 
not only a member of one of the few patrician families 
still left in Eome, but he was also of the ordo senatorius. 
Hence we should expect him to belong to the party of the 
jptimates. On the contrary, it suited his purpose to act 
with the populares, a party to which he was also bound by 
family ties, Marius (§ 18) having married his aunt, while 
tie himself married China's (§ 21) daughter. Cicero, on 
the other hand, was of equestrian birth, and throughout 
tiis career was loyal to the interests of the knights. Now 
the knights, as we have already seen, owed political allegi- 
ince to neither party, and hence Cicero's loyalty to them, 
3oupled with his naturally conservative temperament, 
makes him sometimes appear inconsistent in his conduct. 
Nevertheless, after entering the Senate he acted, as a rule, 
with the Senate and the party of the optimates. 

16. The Gracchi. — As the champion of the people Tibe- 
rius Gracchus (tribune* in 133 B.C.) sought to remedy 

* The tribunate was the usual organ of opposition to the Senate 
md the optimates. Abuse of its powers often led to revolution. For 
:he powers of the tribunes, see § 64. 



XIV INTRODUCTION 

the evils of the land system (§ 8) by enforcing certain old 
laws (the Licinian) which had fallen into neglect. These 
laws limited the amount of land which any individual 
might hold, and required all landholders to employ a 
certain proportion of free laborers. Eighty thousand citi- 
zens were thus provided with homesteads before the 
measure was suspended. At the end of his term of office, 
foreseeing the impossibility of the reelection which he 
sought, he resorted to violent methods, and was slain 
with three hundred of his followers by a mob with P. 
Scipio Nasica at its head. 

17. Ten years later his younger brother, Gains Gracchus 
(tribune in 123-122 B.C.), saw the need of reform in the 
Senate itself as the supreme power in the state. Accord- 
ingly, after reenacting his brother's agrarian measures, 
he aimed his legislation directly at the Senate, restricting 
its powers both at home and in the provinces, while as a 
counterpoise to senatorial influence he raised the knights 
to a position of importance by transferring to them the 
functions of jurymen, which had hitherto belonged exclu- 
sively to the Senate (§ 14). With the lower classes he won 
popularity by regular distributions of grain at greatly 
reduced prices, a mischievous measure in that it attracted 
to the capital thousands of thriftless persons who fed at 
the public expense. Reelected tribune (122 B.C.), Gaius 
proposed to extend the franchise to the Italian allies (socii). 
Although the proposal was not carried, it lost for him his 
popularity, and in the disorder which followed he perished, 
like his brother, by a violent dfcath (121 B.C.). Most of 
his laws were speedily reversed by the Senate, which body 
once more resumed its sway of misrule. 

18. Marius (b. 157, d. 86 B.C.).— The rise of G. Marius 
marks the beginning of a new force in Roman politics. 
Indebted for his fame chiefly to the crushing defeat with 
which he repulsed the Teubones and the Cimbri (102-101 
B.C.), Marius was "the first of a line of military heroes 



INTRODUCTION XV 

under whom the Eepublic went out and the Empire came 
in." Under him military service became a regular pro- 
fession, and sacramentum, or oath of military obedience, 
in which the soldier identified his own interests with those 
of his general, became a stronger bond of allegiance than 
was loyalty to the state. The citizen soldier was super- 
seded by the mercenary. Marius himself, a simple-minded 
soldier, without political ability, and without any atoning 
social qualities, was easily led by the intriguing politicians 
who traded on his popularity. Y"~ 

19. In 100 B.C. the two demagogues L.Appuleius Satur- 
ninus and C. Servilius Glaucia, aiming to carry out cer- 
tain radical measures in the democratic cause, procured 
for this purpose the election of Marius &s consul (for the 
sixth time), and of themselves as tribune and praetor 
respectively. They were both killed, however, in the 
outbreak caused by their revolutionary methods (99 B.C.), 
Marius having withdrawn his support from them, and, as 
the chief executive of the government, leading the sena- 
torial forces that crushed his former associates. 

20. A period of comparative quiet followed, interrupted 
only by the demands of the Italian allies (socii) for the 
rights of suffrage. This cause was opposed by both the 
Senate and the people, but was boldly advocated by the 
tribune M. Livius Drusus (91 B.C.), whose cowardly assas- 
sination was the signal for an insurrection of the Italian 
communities. In the struggle that ensued, known as the 
Social War (90-88 B.C.), the Italians waged an unequal 
fight against the veterans of Eome, and though conquered 
in the end, won by their display of spirit the point at issue, 
smce the suffrage was extended (89 B.C.) to all of Italy 
south of the Po. 

21. Sulla (b. 138, d. 78 B.C.).— Scarcely was this war 
ended, when the First Mithridatic War (88-86 B.C.) broke 
out in Asia. The command against Mithridates was in- 



XVI INTRODUCTION 

trusted to L. Cornelius Sulla, a member of the aristocracy, 
who had already distinguished himself, first, as lieutenant 
to Marius in the war with Jugurtha (111-106 B.C.), and 
later in the Social War mentioned above (§20). While 
Sulla was with his army in Asia, his democratic rivals, 
Marius, Cinna, and Carlo, raised a revolt in Borne, putting 
to death many of their opponents. These events marked 
the beginning of the first civil war. 

22. On his return to Eome, in 83 B.C., Sulla in re- 
taliation inflicted a terrible punishment upon his political 
enemies. He introduced a system of legalized murder, 
known as " proscriptions."* It was near the close of this 
reign of terror that Cicero, a young advocate, twenty-six 
years of age, delivered his maiden speech in a criminal 
cause (Pro Sex. Eoscioj-) and, by opposing one of Sulla's 
favorites, laid the foundation of his reputation as a bold 
and adroit pleader. 

23. Sulla soon addressed himself to the task of restor- 
ing the shattered government. He reestablished the powers 
of the Senate, restored its former control of the jury- 
courts, which Gams Gracchus had given to the knights 
(§17), and restricted the powers of the tribunes. The 
Sullan restoration had the merit of substituting orderly 
government for the anarchy which had preceded it, but it 
was not strong enough to withstand the strain of factional 
strife that followed. 4- 

24. Pompey (b. 106, d. 48 b.c.).— After Sulla's death 
(78 B.C.) the most prominent figure in Eome was Cn. Pom- 

* " Every morning a list was posted (proscriptum) of the names 
of those whose lives were forfeited, and who might be put to death 
by any one with impunity. As the property of the proscribed was 
confiscated, the proscription was an invitation to crime, very accept- 
able to private enemies, or to those who hoped to buy the estates of 
the attainted at a low rate."— Allen's Short History of the Roman 
People. 

t See § 80, footnote. 



INTRODUCTION 



XY11 



peius Magnus. Like Marios, Pompey Jiad military abilities 
of a high order, but was no politician. /His public career, 
covering a period of forty years, during thirty of which he 
occupied a position of considerable eminence, exhibits many 
possibilities of exceptional promise in the political world, 
but these he failed to appreciate.^- Nevertheless, his popu- 
larity with the people and with the soldiers w r as founded 
on genuine merit of a personal and a military sort. 

2 5 -At the age of seventeen he served in the Social War 
(§ 20). A /In the civil war between Marius and Sulla (§§ 21, 
22) he sided with the aristocratic party. WA few years later, 
how r ever, as a candidate for the consulship, he won the prize 
only by pledging himself to certain reforms demanded by 
the democrats, thus overthrowing the Sullan constitution 
in some important respects. 

(jj)26. He restored the powers of the tribunes, divided the 
control of the jury-courts between the senate, the knights, 
and the tribuni aerarii* and revived the censorship, which 
Sulla had quietly ignored. This was in the year 70 B.C., a 
year made memorable also by the oration which Cicero de- 
livered against Verves, the arch-criminal among Eoman 
provincial governors. 

C\o) 27. The brilliant success of Pompey in clearing the 
Mediterranean of pirates (67 B.C.), supplemented by 
Cicero's eloquence, led to the passage of the Manilian Law 
(66 B.C.), giving Pompey the command in the Third 
Mithridatic War, which had begun eight years beforej In 
two years he drove Mithridates into exile, and annexed the 
most important part of his kingdom as a Eoman province. 



* Who the tribuni aerarii were, is not clear. They appear to 
have been originally officers responsible for the collection of the tri- 
butum (war-loan) and for the payment of the troops. They probably 
ranked just below the equestrian order. Hence, by Pompey's legis- 
lation, two-thirds of the jury-panels were to be chosen from non- 
senatorial ranks. 



Xviil INTRODUCTION 

Under the same commission he annexed the province of 
Syria also. While he was still absent in the East with his 
army, the dangerous conspiracy of Catiline was crushed by 
the vigorous policy of Cicero as consul for the year 63 B.C. 

28. In the following year an instance of the political 
jealousies of the time, and of the lengths to which they 
carried rival politicians, wa£ afforded in the trial of 
Archias, a naturalized Greek, who was charged with having 
improperly assumed the rights of Roman citizenship 
twenty-seven years before. The case probably grew out of 
the rivalry between the two generals L. Lucullus and Pom- 
pey. When Pompey was appointed to conduct the war 
against Mithridates (§27), he supplanted Lucullus, and 
each man had his supporters. Archias was a personal 
friend of Lucullus, and the charge now trumped up against: 
the poet was one of the little intrigues so often in- 
spired by political animosities. Archias was (probably 
successfully) defended by Cicero in one of his most agree- 
able speeches (Pro Archia). 

29. Caesar (b. 102, d. 44 B.C.). — Upon Pompey's return 
from the East, the indifference of the Senate to his claims 
led to his forming a coalition with C. Julius Caesar and 
M. Licinius Crassus, leaders of the democracy, in the so- 
called First Triumvirate (60 B.C.). A few years later 
Crassus perished in a war with the Parthians in Asia (53 
B.C.), and, the Triumvirate being thus dissolved, Caesar 
and Pompey soon became estranged. 

30. Rome was now the scene of continual disorder. 
Street brawls, murder, besiegings of houses, and acts of 
incendiarism were frequent. Conspicuous rivals for 
supremacy in the streets were the two political adven- 
turers T. Annius Milo and P. Clodius Pulcher. The 
murder of Clodius by Milo and his followers furnished 
the occasion of Cicero's speech in defence of the latter 
(Pro Milone) in 52 B.C. 




JULIUS CAESAR 

From the marble bust in the British Museum 



INTRODUCTION XIX 

31. At this time Caesar's achievements in Gaul were 
causing the Senate much uneasiness on account of the 
growth of his power, while his fame was fast eclipsing 
that of Pompey. Accordingly Pompey, who had remained 
in the city, once more drifted over to the senatorial party, 
thus breaking with Caesar, and precipitating the second 
Civil War. Defeated at Pharsalus (48 B.C.) Pompey fled 
to Egypt, where he was shortly afterwards treacherously 
murdered. The battles of Thapsus and Munda com- 
pleted the overthrow of the Pompeian party, and Caesar 
was created perpetual dictator with the title of Im- 
perator. 

32. In the struggle between Caesar and Pompey, Cicero 
had™ sided with Pompey. At its conclusion, Caesar had 
given orders that no Pompeian should return to Italy 
without leave. He made an exception, however, in 
Cicero's favor, and invited him to return at once. Hence, 
in 46 B.C., when Caesar was at the height of his power, 
Cicero on several occasions acted the part of mediator 
between the dictator and the exiled Pompeians. In the 
speech Pro M. Jjfarcello delivered in the Senate, he 
thanked Caesar for permitting M. Claudius Marcellus, a 
political opponent, to return to Eome. In November of 
the same year he successfully defended, before Caesar, 
Quintus %/igarius, also a political enemy, in the speech, 
Pro Q. Ligario. 

33. Caesar's regency was marked by great legislative 
activity in reforming existing evils, but his career was cut 
short by his assassination (March 15, 44 B.C.). His friend, 
Mark Antony, stirred up the popular wrath against 
Brutus and Cassius, leaders in the plot against Caesar. 

34. In the ensuing strife between Antony and the 
Senate, Cicero with his fourteen orations against Antony, 
called the Philippics, closed his career, for he was shortly 
afterwards murdered by Antony's soldiers (December 7, 
43 B.C.). - 



XX INTRODUCTION 

— -35. Augustus (b. 63 B.C., d. 14 a. d.).— Cicero's death 
had been procured with the consent of Antony's colleagues 
in the Second Triumvirate, Octaiiian (adopted son and 
heir of Caesar) and Lepidus. In the following year (42 
B.C.) Brutus and Cassius, Caesar's murderers, were defeated 
by Octavian and Antony at Philippi (in Macedonia). 
Lepidus, the third member of the Triumvirate, was set 
aside by his more energetic colleagues, Octavian and 
Antony, who were themselves soon engaged in a contest 
for supremacy. The defeat of Antony at Actium (31 B.C.) 
made Octavian master of the world, and under the name 
of Augustus, conferred by the senate, he began his reign 
(27 B.C.) as the first Roman emperor. 

THE EOMAN GOVERNMENT IN CICERO'S 
TIME 

36. The Governed. — Under the kings the population of 
Rome was made up of citizens, plebeians, clients, slaves, and 
resident foreigners. The citizens were called patricians, 
probably because related to the patres, or original house- 
holders, of Rome. Patrician families claiming descent 
from the same ancestor formed a clan (gens). To each 
family was attached a number of dependent persons, called 
clients, who bore the clan name, and cultivated the lands. 
When a slave was emancipated, he was called a freedman, 
and became the client of his former master, who was then 
called the client's patron (patronus). Probably not all 
clients were ex-slaves ; some may have been strangers 
attracted to the city for one reason or another, who at- 
tached themselves to the great families for the protection 
they thus secured at the hands of patrons. The origin of the 
plebeians is not clear. They were possibly a peasant class, 
natives of Latin towns conquered by the Romans, but re- 
taining their personal independence. In these early times 
only the patricians had any political rights. 



INTRODUCTION XXI 

37. With the lapse of time, the plebeians grew in num- 
bers and wealth. They thus acquired a position of ever- 
increasing importance, until, under the Eepublic and 
long before Cicero's time, they had by persistent effort 
won all the rights of citizenship (§ 7). Thereafter the law 
recognized no distinction between patrician and plebeian ; 
each had the right to vote (ius suffragii) and each had 
the right of election to office (ius honorum). 

38. This does not mean, however, that every citizen 
had an equal chance in the political world. It is true, the 
old aristocracy, based on blood, with their political privi- 
leges sanctioned by the law, had as such disappeared ; but 
in their place had sprung up meanwhile a new aristocracy, 
known as the nobility, based on descent from a curule 
magistrate (§ 55). This new aristocracy, composed of 
both patricians and plebeians, practically, though without 
the law's sanction, controlled the government. 

39. After the Komans had spread their dominion 
throughout Italy, the inhabitants of the conquered towns 
stood in various relations to the central government. 
Some of them were allowed to have their own municipal 
government, and at the same time to enjoy Roman citizen- 
ship. Others were less fortunate. However, at the close 
of the Social War (89 B.C.) all free inhabitants of Italy, 
south of Cisalpine Gaul, became Roman citizens (§ 20) 
It must be remembered, however, that the Romans knew 
nothing of the modern principle of representation, and 
that those who enjoyed the Roman franchise had to go to 
Rome in order to vote. As this was inconvenient for those 
living at a distance from the city, the citizens in these 
distant communities had after all little share in the gov- 
ernment. 

40. In 264 B.C. the Romans sent an army over into 
Sicily to drive the Carthaginians out of that island. They 
thus entered upon a new era in their history, one of 
foreign conquest outside of Italy, which did not end until 



XX11 INTRODUCTION" 

they had practically conquered the whole Mediterranean 
world. The new territory thus acquired was organized 
into " provinces/' whose inhabitants were excluded from 
the rights of citizenship, and were ruled, usually with 
great cruelty, by the governors sent out every year from 
Eome. 

41. The Government. — The Eepublic of Eome was ad- 
ministered jointly by 

A. Popular Assemblies {comitia), 

B. Magistrates (magistratus), and a 

C. Senate (senatus). 



A. THE POPULAE ASSEMBLIES 

42. General Powers. — The Assemblies are mentioned 
first, because from them all power was supposed to be 
derived. Their functions were to elect the magistrates, 
to accept or reject the laws proposed to them by the 
magistrates, and to hear appeals made to them from the 
decisions of the magistrates in important cases. 

43. Contio and Comitia. — There were two kinds of 
popular assembly : the contio and the comitia. The con- 
tio was a mass-meeting, the comitia was a meeting in 
political groups or divisions. Each could be summoned 
only by a magistrate. In the contio the object was to 
hear announcements from magistrates, or, in a stricter 
sense, to hear a public question debated by a magistrate 
and such others as the magistrate allowed to speak. Such 
a debate was regularly followed by the comitia, in which 
the question previously debated was voted on. In other 
words, the contio was a debating body, the comitia a, 
voting body. A speech made at a contio was also itself 
called a contio, so that contionem habere meant either 
"to call a mass-meeting" or "to make a speech" before 
such a meeting. There were three classes of comitia : the 



" 



l\ : 






introduction xxiii 

Comitia Curiata, the Comitia Centuriata, and the Comitia 
Tributa. 

44, Comitia Curiata. — In this assembly the voters met 
by curiae, or wards. A curia was a group of gentes, or 
clans, united by the ties of a common worship ; just as 
the gens was a group of families bound together by descent 
from a common ancestor (§ 36). There were thirty curiae, 
ten from each of the three original tribes comprising the 
whole people. This, the only political assembly in the 
days of the kings, was superseded in importance by those 
that were developed in later times. It now met chiefly 
for the purpose of conferring the imperium (§ 56) on 
certain magistrates, as it had formerly conferred it on 
the kings. 

45. Comitia Centuriata. — The three original Eoman 
tribes were based on birth and descent, and included only 
patricians. Patricians alone served in the army and paid 
taxes. After the development of a large and well-to-do 
plebeian class, Servius Tullius made a new distribution of 
the people in order to increase the military strength of 
Home. He divided the people into four local tribes, in- 
cluding the plebeians as well as the patricians. He also 
divided all freeholders into five classes on a basis of landed 
property. Twenty acres formed the property qualifica- 
tion for admission to the first class, fifteen to the second, 
ten to the third, five to the fourth, and two to the fifth. 
Then each class was subdivided into companies, called 
centuries, of infantry — the term " century " at first prob- 
ably meaning a hundred men, but later losing this numer- 
ical meaning. The richest young men in the community 
furnished eighteen centuries of cavalry, while the poorest 
ranks made up five Centuries of carpenters, musicians, 
and substitutes. The following table shows these divi- 
sions in a convenient form : 



XXIV 





INTRODUCTION 




Classes 


Property Centuries 


Cavalry 


20 acres 


18 


1st 


20 " 


80 


2d 


15 " 


20 


3d 


10 " 


20 


4th 


5 " 


20 


5th 


2 " 


30 


Carpenters 


musicians, and substitutes 


5 



193 

46. This organization, originally military in character, 
acquired under the Republic a political character as well, 
and became a voting body. Each century had one vote, 
•determined by a majority of individual votes in the cen- 
tury. As a voting body, however, it gave an undue ad- 
vantage to the rich, since the first class with the cavalry 
commanded 98 votes against the 95 of all the other classes. 
Many years later (about 241 B.C.) this advantage was taken 
away by a reform consisting in equalizing the number of 
centuries in each class. At this time there were thirty-five 
tribes. Each was divided, as before, into five classes 
based on wealth (in money), but each class was subdivided 
into only two centuries. This made 350 centuries. The 
eighteen centuries of cavalry and five of carpenters, etc., 
increased this number to 373. Both before and after the 
reform, each class contained an equal number of centuries 
of iuniores, or men of military age, and senior es, or men 
too old for active service. 

47. The centuriate assembly elected the consuls, prae- 
tors, and censors (§ 52), and also had legislative powers. 
On account of its military origin it could be summoned 
only by a magistrate possessing the imperium (§ 56) ; for 
the same reason it always met outside of the city, 
usually in the Campus Martius. 

48. Comitia Tributa. — In this assembly the people were 
grouped and voted by tribes. The tribal assembly grew 
out of an old plebeian assembly, the concilium plebis, 



INTRODUCTION XXV 

which hud been summoned from time to time by its 
tribunes to discuss matters affecting plebeian interests 
only. The concilium plebis was at first without legislative 
powers, its resolutions (plebiscita) being binding only on 
the plebeians themselves. Since, however, it could meet 
within the city, and also in its organization was more 
convenient than the centuriate assembly, in time it came 
to be attended by patricians also, and gradually acquired 
the power to make laws for the whole people. Under the 
name of the Comitia Tributa it grew in influence and 
power, until in the later years of the Eepublic it became 
the chief legislative assembly of the people. 

49. The Comitia Tributa elected the four aediles, the 
tribunes, and the quaestors. It was summoned by a 
consul, a praetor, or a tribune. It usually met in the 
Forum. 



B. THE MAGISTRATES 

50. Functions. — The Magistrates were the executive 
branch of the government, but with a larger field of action 
than we now understand by the term " executive " ; the 
praetors, for example, were the judges of Rome. See the 
table below. 

51. Kinds of Magistrates. — Magistrates elected at regular 
intervals were called " ordinary ; " those appointed only 
on exceptionally grave occasions were called " extraordi- 
nary." Again, according to their relative rank and impor- 
tance, they were called "higher" (maiores) or "lower" 
{minor es). One board of Magistrates was peculiar to 
Rome in possessing originally only a negative kind of 
power, namely, the right of veto {intercessio). These were 
the ten tribunes of the people. 



XXVI 



INTRODUCTION 



52. The following 

r 



03 






O 



53 

.-+3 

c8 

O 



HIGHER 

(maiores). 



r 

LOWER 

(minor es). j 



I 



PECULIAR. 



EXTRAORDINARY 

(appointed on excep- -< 
tional occasions). 



table should be studied carefully : 

2 Consuls, executive heads of the gov- 
ernment (§§ 58-60). 

8 Praetors, judges (§ 61). 

2 Censors, with duties chiefly financial 
(§ 65). 

2 Curule Aediles, supervisors of mar- 
kets, police, etc. (§ 62). 

2 Plebeian Aediles, differing little from 
the curule aediles, but always ple- 
beians (§ 62). 

20 Quaestors, treasurers, paymasters, and 
quartermasters (§ 63). 

10 Tribunes, plebeians, each with veto 
power over any ordinary Magistrate, 
including his fellow-tribunes (§ 64). 

Dictator, with kingly powers (for six 
months only) (§ 66). 

The dictator's Magister Equitum, or mas- 
ter of horse (§ 66). 

Interrex, provisional head in case of con- 
sular vacancies (appointed for five 
days at a time) (§ 67). 



53. Terms of Office. — All ordinary Magistrates (except 
the censors) were elected for terms of one year ; the cen- 
sors were elected every fifth year, and served for eighteen 
months. When the censors could not finish the work of 
their office in this time, the unfinished business was at- 
tended to by the consuls and aediles. The regular day 
for Magistrates to enter office was January 1, except for 
the tribunes, who began their duties December 10, and 
for the quaestors, who began theirs December 5. 

54. Cursus Honorum.— In Cicero's time a citizen was 
not eligible to the consulship before he had been praetor, 
nor to the praetorship before he had been quaestor. This 
succession of office was known as the cursus honorum. 
The earliest age at which one might be quaestor was 30 ; 
praetor, 40 ; consul, 43. The lowest of these offices ad- 



INTRODUCTION XXY11 

mitted the incumbent at the close of his term to member- 
ship in the Senate,, practically for life. 

55. The Nobility. — The higher Magistrates were known 
as curule Magistrates, because they were entitled, while 
performing their official duties, to sit in the sella curulis, or 
chair of state, a folding stool inlaid with ivory. Their 
descendants formed the class called noMles (nobles), who 
not only enjoyed peculiar social distinctions, but espe- 
cially controlled and monopolized the important offices of 
the government. A man who was the first of his family 
to hold a curule office was called a novus homo, or self- 
made man. Cicero was a novus homo. It was next to 
impossible for such a man to get elected to the consulship. 

56. Imperium, — The Magistrates were distinguished 
largely by the degree rather than the kind of power each 
exercised. All Magistrates had the potestas, that is, au- 
thority sufficient for the discharge of their duties. Impe- 
rium, however, is the technical name for general power 
(military, civil, and judicial) exercised by some Magis- 
trates. In principle it was the sovereign power formerly 
exercised by the kings. While primarily it meant military 
power, it also included " all governmental power not dis- 
tinctly withheld by custom or law." In practice it was 
limited, however, by the multiplication of Magistrates, by 
their short terms, by their accountability to the people after 
the expiration of their terms, and in the city by the right 
of appeal as well as by the tribunician veto. Outside of the 
city the Magistrates possessing imperium had absolute 
power, free from the interference of the tribunes. In the 
city the dictator alone had unrestricted imperium. The 
symbol of this authority was the axe and fasces borne by 
the lictors (§ 68 below). 

57. Consuls and praetors alone (of the " ordinary " 
Magistrates) possessed imperium, but in different degrees. 
While the consular imperium was inferior to that of 



XXV111 INTRODUCTION" 

the dictator or his master of horse ("extraordinary" 
Magistrates), it was superior to that of the praetors. 
The other Magistrates (censors, tribunes, aediles, etc.) had 
not imperium; that is, their powers were not general, but 
special. Neither tribunes nor censors, however, were sub- 
ject to the commands of Magistrates having imperium. 

58. Consuls. — The two consuls were elected annually 
by the Comitia Centuriafa with a consul presiding. They 
were the chief Magistrates and had equal powers. In ad- 
ministering the government they changed duties every 
month, and in the field they changed commands from day 
to day, if in the same locality. In emergencies a decree 
of the Senate (Senatus consultum) gave them dictatorial 
authority in the interest of the general welfare (according 
to the usual formula, ne quid res publico, detrimenti ca- 
piat) . The consuls had the right to summon the Senate and 
the Comitia Centuriata, over which they then presided. 

59. A consul-elect was called consul designatus ; an ex- 
consul, consularis. When a consul died in office, his suc- 
cessor, who served for the unexpired term, was called con- 
sul suffectus. Each year was known by the names of the 
consuls for that year. Thus, Cicero's birth-year (106 B.C.) 
would be expressed in Latin as " coss. C. Atilio Serrano, Q. 
Servilio Caepione" the abbreviation " coss/' standing for 
consulibus (in the Ablative Absolute construction). 

60. At the end of his term of office each consul might 
be assigned by lot to one of the provinces, thus having his 
term prolonged by an extension technically known as pro- 
rogate. He was then called a proconsul. The power of 
these provincial governors was far greater, however, than 
that of the consuls, because being outside of the city they 
were unrestricted in the exercise of the imperium (§ 56 
above). For the time, therefore, they exercised judicial 
and military powers without limit over both Eoman citi- 
zens and provincials. As a rule they abused this power by 



IXTHODUCTION XXIX 

extortion and cruelty. Although liable to impeachment 
after their return to Borne, they usually escaped punish- 
ment. It was a common saying that every provincial gov- 
ernor hoped to make three fortunes out of the provincials : 
one for his creditors, another for the jury that might try 
him on his return, and the 4hird for himself. 

61. Praetors. — The eight praetors administered the 
courts of justice, the departrnent of justice to which each 
was assigned being determined by lot. They were elected 
annually by the Comitia Centuriata with a consul presid- 
ing. The praetor urbanus {' city praetor ') heard civil cases 
between citizens and was the most important. In the ab- 
sence of the two consuls, he acted as consul. The praetor 
peregrinus heard civil cases arising between foreigners or 
between citizens and foreigners. The remaining six praetors 
presided over the quaestiones perpetuae ('permanent 
courts'), which had jurisdiction in important criminal 
cases. At the close of his term, each praetor, like each con- 
sul, went to one of the provinces as propraetor, in which 
sphere he had full consular power. The trial of Verres 
was due to his abuse of his power as propraetor in Sicily. 

62. Aediles.— The four aediles had the general super- 
intendence of the police, organized and superintended the 
public games, took care of the public buildings, streets, etc., 
and supervised the markets (watching the traffic, testing 
weights and measures, etc.). Two were called plebeian 
aediles because elected from plebeian ranks, w^hile the re- 
maining two, the curule aediles, might be either patricians 
or plebeians. The age of eligibility was thirty-seven. The 
only importance of the office lies in the opportunities it 
afforded the incumbent to humor the populace with the 
splendor of the games, and so pave the way to future suc- 
cess in political life. 

63. Quaestors. — The twenty quaestors were the finan- 
cial officers of the government. Two of them, the most im« 



XXX INTRODUCTION 

portant, always remained in the city, and hence were calle 
quaestores urbani. They had charge of the state treasur 
In the administration of their office they employed man 
clerks, accountants, and secretaries (scribae). The r< 
maining eighteen quaestors assisted the provincial goveri 
ors (proconsuls and propraetors) as quartermasters an 
paymasters. 

64. Tribuni Plebis. — The ten tribunes of the people wei 
originally no more than protecting officers, created for tr 
purpose of protecting plebeians against patrician Magi: 
trates in earlier days. At the same time their persor 
were inviolable (sacrosancti) . Out of this original rigl 
of rescue (ius auxilii) grew the all important power c 
veto (intercessio) , which they exercised over the acts c 
other Magistrates, even of their own colleagues. A sing] 
tribune could thus block the machinery of the governmer 
by interposing his veto. This obstructive power was soo 
stretched so as to include the judicial power to punish b 
fine, and at first by chastisement or even death. Long b( 
fore Cicero's day, however, this jurisdiction was confine 
to cases punishable only by fine, the Comitia Centuriatc 
dealing with graver cases. Although the office represente 
the whole people, yet only plebeians were eligible to i1 
Through abuse of its functions the tribunate became i: 
time merely an organ of revolution. 

65. Censors. — The two censors were elected every fiv 
years (the period called lustrum), but served only eightee: 
months. They were usually consulares (ex-consuls). Thei 
duties at first were simply to assess the property of eacl 
citizen, and to draw up registers of the tribes, classes 
and centuries. Later they exercised a general supervisioi 
over morals {regimen morum). They also entered infr 
contracts for " farming" the taxes (i.e., selling them fo 
a lump sum to the highest bidder) and for performin: 
Dublic works, such as building and maintaining the tern 



INTRODUCTION XXXI 

pies, bridges, sewers, etc. The power of the censors to 
interfere in matters of private conduct led Sulla in his 
constitution (80 B.C.) to ignore, if not abolish, the office. 
Ten years later it was restored by Pompey. After the 
time of Marius, however, it lost its political impor- 
tance in consequence of constitutional changes, free- 
ing Roman citizens from taxation, and making military 
service general, thus rendering the census no longer 
necessary. 

66. Dictator. — The dictator was an extraordinary magis- 
trate, appointed by a consul under senatorial advice, and 
possessing supreme power, but only for a period of six 
months, and only in times of stress and danger. He 
nominated his own master of horse (magister equitum). 
In Cicero's time the dictatorship had lost its original sig- 
nificance, the dictatorship of Sulla and later that of Caesar 
being perpetual, and otherwise unconstitutional. As was 
said above (§ 58), the consuls were in the later Republic 
sometimes clothed with dictatorial powers by senatorial 
decree. Mark Antony abolished the office in 44 B.C. 

67. Interrex. — The interrex was a provisional chief 
Magistrate, appointed by the Senate to hold the consular 
elections when the consuls had died or resigned, or when 
the election had not been completed by the end of the 
year. He served for five days. If in that time the 
vacancy was not filled, the interrex nominated his succes- 
sor. In this way several successive interreges might be 
created. During the civil war between Sulla and the 
people both consuls were killed in the year 82 B.C., and 
an interrex had to be appointed. 

68. Insignia, etc. — The higher Magistrates had certain 
insignia, or marks of distinction. The dictator, the con- 
suls, and the praetors, for example, and among the lower 
Magistrates the quaestors, were attended in public by 
lictors, men who bore the fasces (bundle of rods) as the 
symbol of their power. The dictator had twenty-four 



XXX11 INTRODUCTION 

lictors, the consul twelve, the praetor two (six when out- 
side of Home), while the quaestor had five. On the 
approach of a Magistrate, citizens, as well as Magistrates 
of rank lower than the one to whom such respect was 
shown, rose from their seats, dismounted if riding, or 
descended from their carriages. During the transaction 
of public business the Magistrate was seated, while the 
people remained standing. The sella curulis, or chair of 
state, has already been referred to (§ 55). Nobility con- 
ferred the ius imaginum* (right of images), and "he was 
most noble whose hall showed the greatest number of 
family portraits of consuls and censors." 

69. Auspices. — Before taking any important step (sum- 
moning the Assemblies or the Senate, entering upon 
office, setting out on a military campaign, etc.), a Magis- 
trate was always required to ascertain the will of the 
gods concerning the act in contemplation. This he did 
through one of the board {collegium) of priests called 
" augurs," who were the hereditary guardians of the rules 
governing the science of augury. The augur thus com- 
missioned took the auspices {auspicia, ' bird watching') 
by observing the omens given by birds within a certain 
consecrated space {templum). If different Magistrates on 
consulting the augurs obtained different answers, the re- 
sult was determined by the relative rank of the consulting 
Magistrates, so that maiora auspicia (auspices taken at 
the request of a Magistrate with maior potestas, greater 
authority) outweighed minora auspicia. In the case of 
Magistrates with equal authority, a disagreement was in- 
terpreted as unfavorable. 

* These images were waxen portrait-masks of deceased members 
of the family, and were kept in shrines in the alae (wings) of the 
atrium (reception-hall) of the Roman house. At family funerals these 
masks were worn in the procession by persons specially appointed for 
the purpose; the insignia of the rank which the deceased had held 
when alive were also borne by the same persons. 



INTRODUCTION XXXlli 

70. Since any public act of questionable constitution- 
ality might thus be settled by a reference to omens, the 
augurs played at times an important, if not always a 
creditable part, in Eoman politics. In the latter years 
of the Republic especially, the political uses to which 
augury was put brought it into bad odor. " An omen/' 
says Mr. Strachan-Dayidson, "was held to be' significant, 
not as it occurred in nature, but as it caught the atten- 
tion of the person concerned, and this doctrine admitted 
of many developments. If anything happened which 
it was inconvenient for the Magistrate to see, he might 
refuse to notice it ; much as Nelson put the telescope to his 
blind eye to look for the signal ordering him to retreat." 
By the abuse of augury in this way, a consul possessed a 
kind of veto-power even against a tribune. 

C. THE SENATE 

71. Membership. — The Senate was the great council 
of state, giving advice to Magistrates, when summoned 
to do so, on difficult questions. Its membership had 
formerly been nominally 300, but this number was often 
reduced by wars and other causes. By Sulla's reforms 
(80 B.C.), about three hundred new members were ad- 
mitted, raising the membership to a number varying from 
500 to 600. 

72. Composition. — Before Sulla, the Senate was com- 
posed largely of ex- Magistrates — former consuls, praetors, 
aediles, and tribunes — nominated by the censors. In his 
legislation Sulla ignored the censors, making the law 
operative independently of their approval. At the same 
time he increased the num er of quaestors to twenty, and 
admitted all ex-quaestors also to the Senate. In this way 
the Senate became a body exclusively of ex-Magistrates, 
its membership was automatically maintained at about 
600, and the tenure was for life. 



XXXIV IKTRODtTCTlOH 

73. Strength of the Senate. — In its permanence of char- 
acter, and in the fact that it was composed of men of tried 
experience and wisdom, lay the strength of the Senate. 
In power and influence it came to overshadow both the 
Magistrates and the Assemblies. In contrast with it, the 
Magistrates were elected for short terms (§53), and thus 
were in a measure dependent upon it for guidance. Be- 
sides, the higher Magistrates had before them the prospect 
of becoming senators themselves, and would hardly care 
to disregard the advice of a body to which they would 
soon belong. The Magistrates, therefore, were little more 
than the instruments of the will of the Senate. Again, 
the Assemblies, made upas they largely were of the igno- 
rant masses, were incompetent to decide the weightier 
questions of state policy, were unwieldy, and often subject 
to demagogic influence. Hence it will readily be under- 
stood how it happened that the Senate, originally only an 
advisory body, without positive powers (since its advice 
was not binding), became more and more active as 
the governing organ of the state. Its decrees (senatus 
consulta), if accepted, as they usually were, by the consult- 
ing Magistrate, and not vetoed by another Magistrate 
with this power, became law. Even when vetoed, these 
decrees carried great moral weight as expressing the sense, 
or " authority/" of the Senate (senatus auctoritas) on 
matters about which it had been consulted. 

74. Powers. — Among the powers of the Senate were : 
the preliminary discussion of legislation before it was 
submitted to the Assemblies ; the revision of the lists of 
candidates for the higher magistracies ; the suspension of 
all ordinary laws, in times of peril, by means of its senatus 
consultum ultimum. It also controlled the public finances 
(fixing the taxes, voting appropriations, etc.) and directed 
the state religion in concert with the priestly boards. In 
the management of the provinces, and in all foreign and 
diplomatic relations, it was supreme, while questions of 



INTRODUCTION XXXV 

peace and war, although they rested constitutionally with 
the Assemblies, could not in the later Republic be brought 
before the people except with the approval of the Senate. 
75. Sessions. — The Senate met at the call of any Magis- 
trate possessing imperium (§ 56) or of a tribune. Its 
sessions were usually held in the Curia Hostilia at the 
northeast corner of the Forum. The Magistrate who 
summoned it acted as its chairman. When necessary to 
ask for the opinions of members on public business, he 
usually did so in the order of their relative rank : the 
princeps, or dean, of the Senate first of all, then the ex- 
consuls, ex-praetors, ex-aediles, ex-tribunes, and ex-quaes- 
tors. The princeps senatus was that member who by 
general consent or in the discretion of the chairman was 
deemed most worthy of the distinction. In the interval 
between election and entrance upon office, Magistrates- 
elect had precedence over ex-Magistrates. Magistrates 
in office were not asked for their opinions and did not 
vote. The Senate was collectively addressed as patres 
conscripti (conscript fathers). 



OUTLINE OF CICERO'S LIFE 

106-43 B.C. 

76. For our purposes the life of Cicero may be divided 
into three periods : 

The period of preparation, 106-81 B.C. 
The political period, 80-63 B.C. 
The literary period, 62-43 B.C. 

But these divisions are only approximately accurate. 
Since everything that Cicero wrote had the literary 
quality, the second period, in which he made some of his 
best speeches, might also be called literary; but the aims 
of this period were distinctively political, as those of the 
third period were distinctively literary. 



XXXVI INTRODUCTION 

77. The Period of Preparation (106-81 b.c.).— Marcus* 
Tullius Cicero was born at Arpmum,f among the Volscian 
hills, January 3, 106 B.C. J Time and place are both im- 
portant to remember. For the place : the Arpinates were 
a sturdy rustic race, living a quiet, rugged life, almost as 
unchanging || as their own everlasting hills. They rarely 
visited the city, except when local pride carried them 
there to cast their votes for a fellow- Volscian as a can- 
didate for office. In the midst of this rural population, 
Cicero passed his childhood, learning "to love the past 
more than to know the present." For the time : Cfctero's 
townsman, Gaius Marius, a man of obscure origin, had 
proved himself to be a great military genius. He had just 
conquered Jugurtha, and for the next five years (104-100 
B.C.) was reelected consul each year, during which period 
he achieved the crowning deed of his life by crushing the 
German hordes that threatened Rome to the north. Of 
the skill and prowess of Marius no doubt the honest Arpi- 
nates knew many a tale, and it is easy to imagine the im- 
pression such stories must have made upon the mind of 
the boy at the most impressionable age of his life. 

78. To these influences in a measure may be attributed 
two traits of Cicero's character that were conspicuous in 
his future conduct: his political conservatism and his ambi- 
tion. Moreover, his ambition was fostered by an ambitious 
father, a cultivated man of quiet tastes. The family was 

* The Romans regularly abbreviated the praenomen. Thus, 31. 
Tullius Cicero is the way it would appear in Latin. 

f A small country town, about seventy miles southeast of Rome. 
At Arpinum the great Marius was also born (155 B.C.). 

X Pompey the Great was born in the same year (September 30). 

I Cicero's grandfather was a typical Arpinate. All his life he 
opposed the introduction of the ballot in voting,- an innovation 
advocated by his brother-in-law. He also resisted the influx of Greek 
influence just then beginning to be felt throughout Italy. One of his 
sayings was ut quisque optime Graece sciret, ita esse nequissimum* 
" the better a man knew Greek, the greater rogue he was." 



INTRODUCTION XXXV11 

of equestrian rank,* although his mother — whose name 
was Helvia — may have been connected with the Roman 
nobility. A second son, Quintus, four years younger than 
Cicero, afterwards distinguished himself as a soldier in 
Caesar's Gallic campaigns. 

79. At an early age the two boys were sent to school in 
Kome, where they had the best masters, both Greek and 
Roman. Cicero himself was always an omnivorous reader, 
believing that the orator, to excel, should know something 
of everything. Besides the theoretical knowledge thus ac- 
quired, however, he was diligent in his attendance upon 
the great orators of his times, constantly taking notes, 
while he never allowed a day to pass without some exercise 
in oratory. 

80. The Political Period (80-63 B.C.). — His success as an 
orator won for him immense popularity from the begin- 
ning of his career. His first important speech {Pro Sex. 
Roscio f), made in a criminal case, was delivered in 80 B.C., 

* Cicero's equestrian origin often influenced his political conduct. 
For the political position of the Knights (equites, or ordo equester), 
read §§ 11-15, under the heading "Orders." 

f See § 22. The chief merit of this speech lay in the masterly 
tact displayed by the orator in a delicate situation. His client, 
Sextius Roscius, had been accused of murdering in the streets of 
Rome his own father, a wealthy citizen of Ameria, a neighboring 
town. The charge was preposterous, and easily disproved, but the 
plot that underlay it was such as to make the position of the defence 
one of extreme danger. The true murderers were neighbors and kins- 
men of Roscius. To cover their crime they accused the son of parri- 
cide, expecting at the same time to profit in a substantial way by the 
usual confiscation and auction sale of the murdered man's estate, if 
only his name could be entered on the proscription lists (§ 22). This 
was to be accomplished through one Chrysogonus, who, as a favorite 
of the all-powerful Sulla, possessed the needed influence, and in 
return for the service was to receive a share of the spoils. Cicero 
was the only man in Rome willing to undertake the defence. In 
doing this he attacked Chrysogonus, and by implication the dreaded 
Sulla himself, but all in a manner so adroit that under the veil of a 



XXXV111 INTRODUCTION 

when lie was in his twenty-seventh year. It cannot be 
doubted that only his youthf ulness prevented his reaping 
the immediate reward of this success in the official world. 
Although the law did not permit his election to the quaes- 
torship * until five years later, he was from the date of this 
speech a marked man with an assured future in the field 
of politics. It is proper, therefore, that his political life 
should be dated from this year. As soon as he reached 
the legal age, he was always successful as a candidate. He 
thus managed to do what no other Koman had done be- 
fore, for without belonging to the office-holding class 
(§§ 38, 55), and without being a great soldier, as was his 
townsman Marius, he yet reached the highest dignities of 
the state through his gifts as an orator and his integrity 
as a magistrate. He was successively quaestor, en rule 
aedile, praetor, and consul, each at the earliest age per- 
mitted by the constitution. In his consulship (63 B.C.) he 
had a troublesome constitutional question to settle, one 
that the world is still debating — how to deal with a great 
conspiracy against the state f — and his failure to solve the 
problem in an acceptable way, coupled with his opposition 
to the politicians J then uppermost in influence, soon led to 
his temporary exile (58 B.C.). 

81. The Literary Period (62-43 B.C.). — Four years before 
his banishment, Cicero had in his speech Pro Arcliia (62 
B.C.) uttered words that seemed to foreshadow a change in 

modesty befitting his position as an obscure young lawyer he gave 
voice to thoughts that no other man had dared to utter, while they 
echoed the secret sentiments of everybody in Rome. 

* The lowest magistracy in the cursus lionorum. See § 54 above. 

f The conspiracy of Catiline. 

% The democratic ring led by Caesar and known as the First Tri- 
umvirate. (See § 29.) Caesar made many overtures to Cicero in 
the effort to win him over to the plans of the Triumvirate, but 
Cicero found it impossible to trust Caesar, who had often shown 
that he had little respect for constitutional checks that stood in his 
way. 



INTRODUCTION XXXIX 

his life. As if satisfied with the political success that he 
had attained in winning the consulship, and as if foresee- 
ing that yet greater rewards awaited him in a different 
field, he disclosed in that speech his true character as a man 
of letters. A great politician he could hardly be called, his 
political success thus far having been due to his marvellous 
gifts of oratory, his clean record in office, and largely to 
good luck in the circumstances attending his candidature 
for the consulship* rather than to any unusual insight or 
tact that he had exhibited in dealing with men or the 
political conditions of his times. Hence after his recall 
from exile (57 B.C.), eighteen months from the time of his 
banishment, his political influence began to wane. As a 
man of peace, he was sadly out of place in the political life 
of Rome at this time. "Public issues, it became more 
and more plain, w r aited for their determination, not on the 
Senate-house or the Forum, but on the sword. " The 
coalition known as the First Triumvirate (60 B.C.) was 
only the beginning of a long series of events in the great 
game of politics which culminated in the open struggle 
between the two rivals, Caesar the democrat and Pompey 
the representative of the Senate. 

82. Cicero's loss of political prestige was followed by 
great though intermittent activity in literary work. Be- 
sides many orations, chiefly legal, nearly all his works on 
rhetoric, those on philosophical subjects, and the greater 
part of his voluminous correspondence belong to this 
period. 

83. After Caesars assassination (March 15, 44 B.C.), 
four years after the murder of Pompey in Egypt, Cicero 
was again for a few months the most conspicuous man in 
Rome. Once more called to lead the Senatorial party, 
now against the tyranny of Mark Antony, he delivered 

* His chief competitors being Catiline and Gains Antonius, two 
political desperadoes. See the Prefatory Note to the The First 
Oration against Catiline. 



Xl INTRODUCTION 

his famous "Philippics," so called from their supposed 
resemblance to the speeches delivered by Demosthenes 
against the Macedonian Philip. Cicero's Philippics 
proved to be his death-warrant, for shortly after the for- 
mation of the Second Triumvirate he was murdered by 
Antony's soldiers, December 7, 43 B.C., just a few weeks 
before reaching the sixty-fourth year of his age. 

LEADING FACTS IN CICERO'S LIFE 

FIRST PERIOD 

B.C. Age. 

106 Born January 3, at Arpinum (70 miles 
S. E. of Eome). 

90 Studies law under Q. Mucius Scaevola, the 

augur 16 

89 Serves a short while in the Social War 
under Pompeius Strabo, father of 
Pompey the Great . . . . 17 

88 Studies philosophy and rhetoric under 
Philo and Molo, respectively, at 
Eome ...... 18 

81 First extant speech (Pro P. Quinctio) . 25 

SECOND PERIOD 

80 First speech in a criminal case (Pro Sex. 
Roscio), the foundation of his future 
success ...... 26 

79-78 Tour of Greece and Asia Minor, studying 
under Greek masters at Athens and 
Rhodes, being absent two years . 27-28 

77 Returns to Rome ; marries Terentia . 29 

75 His official career begins with his quaes- 

torship in Sicily . . . .31 

74 Returns to Rome, and is admitted to the 

Senate . . . . . .32 

70 Impeachment of Verres (In C. Verrem) 
for corrupt administration as praetor 
of Sicily . . . . .36 

69 Is curule aedile . . . . .37 



INTRODUCTION" xli 

B.C. Age. 

66 Is praetor ; makes his first political speech, 
in favor of the Manilian Law {Pro 
Lege Manilla, or De Imperio On. 
Pompei) 40 

65 His son Marcus born. (His favorite child, 
a daughter named Tullia, was older 
than the son — how much, is uncer- 
tain.) ...... 41 

63 Is consul ; four speeches against Catiline 

{In Catilinam L, II., III., IV.) . 43 



THIRD PERIOD 

62 Speech in favor of Archias {Pro Archia), 

marking a turning point in his career. 44 

61 As a witness against Clodius on trial for 
sacrilege, he incurs that demagogue's 
lasting hatred ..... 45 

58-57 In exile from March, 58, to September, 57, 

eighteen months .... 48-49 

55 Begins his series of works on oratory with 

the De Oratore . . . .51 

54 Begins his series on political philosophy 

with the De Eepuilica . . .52 

53 Succeeds the son of Crassus (killed with 

his father at Carrhae) as augur . 53 

52 In the midst of anarchy at Rome, he at- 
tempts to defend Milo {Pro Milone), 
charged with murdering Clodius . 54 

51 Is sent to Cilicia as proconsul . . 55 

50 Returns to Italy on the eve of the Civil 

War between Caesar and Pompey . 56 

49 Joins Pompey in Greece ... 57 

48 After Pompey's defeat at Pharsalus, he re- 
turns to Italy, remaining at Brundi- 
sium for a year . . . .58 

47 Is permitted by Caesar to return to Rome. 59 

46 Continues his works on oratory {Brutus 
and Orator) ; delivers the speeches 
Pro Mar cello and Pro Ligario ; di- 
vorces Terentia ; marries Publilia . 60 



xlii IKTRODUCTIOK 

B.C. Age. 

45 Death of his daughter Tullia and divorce 
of Publilia ; writes several works on 
philosophy (Be Finibus, Academi- 
cae Qitaest tones, Tusculanae Disputa- 
tiones, etc.) ..... 61 

44 Writes other works on philosophy (Do 
Natura Deorum, Be Senectule, Be 
Amicitia, Be Bivinatione, Be Of- 
ficiis) ; delivers his First and Third 
Philippic, publishing the Second . 62 

43 Delivers the remainder of his fourteen 
Philippics ; shortly after the forma- 
tion of the Second Triumvirate he is 
murdered by Antony's orders, Decem- 
ber 7, in the grounds of his villa near 
Formiae (on the coast of Latium) . 63 

ANCIENT RHETORIC 

84. Roman Oratory. — The Romans were essentially a 
race of conquerors and governors. For the first five cen- 
turies of their history they had little time for the develop- 
ment of a literature, except of a rude sort. Their first 
inspiration came from contact with the Grecian world. 
Hence, Roman beginnings in poetry and history were imi- 
tations of Greek models, sometimes mere translations. 
Roman oratory, however, has a different history. The 
growth of Roman power brought with it the practicnl 
problems of government and diplomacy, in the solution of 
which oratory played an important part. Moreover, for 
the ambitious Roman there were only two ways in whicn 
to gain distinction — one by a military career, the other in 
politics — and in the latter field the gift of oratory was 
essential to success. In its beginnings Roman oratory 
was like the Roman character, vigorous and direct, but 
lacked the equally important qualities of grace and 
artistic method : these came only after a closer acquaint- 
ance with the literature of Greece, and after the develop- 



INTRODUCTION xliii 

ment of a leisure class of citizens, under whose leadership 
" an intelligent interest in art and literature became the 
fashion of good society." 

85. Varieties of Oratory. — There are three kinds of ora- 
tory : the forensic (judicial, legal), the deliberative (legis- 
lative, political), and the demonstrative. Forensic oratory 
is that of the law-courts ; deliberative, that heard before 
law-making bodies ; demonstrative oratory is confined to 
no particular place or occasion, meaning the oratory of 
display, such as is heard in a speech of public compliment, 
sailed "eulogy"' or "panegyric." The speech against 
Verres (see the editors larger book) is forensic ; that for 
the Manilian Law, the last in this book, is partly delib- 
erative, but largely a panegyric of Pompey ; the speech 
for Archias, the fifth in this book, is at first forensic, but 
for the most part demonstrative, holding up for our 
admiration the charms of the literary life. 

86. Divisions of the Oration. — Every student of rhetoric 
knows that a finished literary production must have a plan, 
that this plan is a matter of studied calculation, and that 
it comprises three parts : an Introduction, a Discussion (or 
Development), and a Conclusion. These are the parts 
into which the oration — particularly the forensic oration — 
is divided, but with a further subdivision of the Discussion 
into three parts. The five main parts of the oration are 
named as follows : 

I. Exordium (Proemium), or Introduction. Its ob- 
ject was to render the hearer well disposed (benevohis), 
attentive (attentus), and eager to learn (docilis). 

II. Narratio, or Statement of the Case. The merits 
of a good Narratio were brevity, clearness, and probability. 
It sometimes included such subdivisions as the Propositio, 
or statement of the main theme ; the Partitio, or division 
into heads, etc. 

III. Probatio (Argumentation Conftnnatio), or Dis 
cussion of the Case in detail. 



Xliv INTRODUCTION 

IV. Eefutatio (Confutatio, Reprehensio), or Refuta- 
tion of Objections, etc., raised by the other side. 

V. Peroratio, or Conclusion, amplifying and en- 
forcing what was in the speaker's favor, weakening the 
opposite, appealing to the moral sense of the court, etc. 

The speech For the Manilian Lata has received formal 
treatment in this book according to these principles. 

CICERO'S WORKS * 

ORATIONS 

Of 107 Orations attributed to Cicero, we now possess 
only 57, some in a more or less incomplete condition, 
while the authorship of a few is questioned ; 20 are frag- 
mentary ; of the remaining 30 we know only the titles. 

PHILOSOPHY f 

Political : De Republican 6 books (on the ideal 
state). 

De Legibns,\ 3 books (supplementary to 
the De Republica). 
Speculative : Paradoxa (a discussion of six Stoic para- 
doxes). 

Hortensms \ (in praise of philosophy). 

De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, 5 
books (on various theories of the 
highest good). 

Academicae Quaest tones, \ 2, in a later 
edition 4, books (giving an account of 
the teachings of certain philosophers). 

* Based on the Student's Companion to Latin Authors, by Middle- 
ton and Mills (Macmillan), pp. 73-89. 

f Besides the philosophical works here named, there are traces of 
two others, De Virtutibus and De Auguriis, and fragments of a 
translation of Plato's Protagoras and Timaeus. 

\ Only fragments remain. 



INTRODUCTION xlv 

Tusculanae Dispatationes, 5 books (on the 

chief essentials of happiness). 
De Natura Deorum, 3 books. 
De Divinatione, 2 books (supplementary to 

the preceding). 
De Fato * (on destiny). 
Ethical : Consolatio * (written after his daughter's 

death). 
De Senectute, or Cato Maior (on old age). 
De Amicitia, or Laelius (on friendship). 
De Gloria, \ 2 books. 
De Officiis, 3 books (on duty, written for 

the instruction of his son). 

rhetoric 

De Inventione, 2 books (a youthful work, on rhetorical 
invention). 

De Oratore, 3 books (giving the results of his own expe- 
rience in public speaking). 

Brutus, or De Claris Oratoribus (tracing the history of 
oratory down to his own times). 

Orator (a sequel to the two preceding works). 

Partitiones Oratoriae (a catechism on rhetoric, written 
for his son). 

Topica (a summary, based on the work by Aristotle on 
rhetorical commonplaces). 

De Ojjtimo Genere Oratorum (written as the preface to a 
Latin version of the speech of Aeschines gainst 
Ctesiphon and the reply of Demosthenes). 

LETTERS 

774 Letters written by Cicero, with 90 addressed to 
him by friends, collected as follows : 

Epistulae ad Atticum, 16 books ; 

* Only fragments remain. f Now lost. 



xlvi INTRODUCTION 

Epistulae ad Quint am Fratrem, 3 books ; 

Epistulae ad Brutum, 2 books ; 

Epistulae ad Familiar es, 16 books. 
The extant correspondence of Cicero begins in the 
year 68 B.C. and ends July, 43 B.C. (a few months before 
his death). Those addressed to his intimate friend Atti- 
cus are especially valuable for their historical importance, 
as well as for the insight they give into Cicero's private 
life and character. 

MISCELLANEOUS 

(now lost) 

Prose : Panegyrics on Porcia and Cato, and funeral 
orations written for others to deliver ; memoirs of his 
consulship (in both Greek and Latin) ; Anecdota, a secret 
history; Admiranda, a book of wonders; Chorographia, 
a treatise on geography ; De lure Civili in Art em Redi- 
gendo, a treatise on law ; a translation of Xenophon's 
Oeconqmicus. 

Poetry * : Pontius Glaucius (an early effort) ; trans- 
lations of the astronomical poems of Aratus ; De Suo 
Consulatu (three books, on his consulship) ; De Tempjo- 
ribus Suis (also three books, about his troubles, written 
probably after his return from exile) ; Ad Caesarem; a 
poem on his great townsman Marius. 

* Cicero's poetry was never, except by a few admirers, rated high, 
and was often ridiculed. One of his enemies facetiously said that 
Cicero owed his banishment, not to his having put Roman citizens to 
death without a trial, but to the poor verses he had written on the 
subject. Juvenal, after quoting a line of Cicero's poetry, remarked 
that he might have scorned the swords of Antony if everything he 
wrote had been like that. It is the only form of composition which 
he essaved without success. 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 



Catiline was surrounded by men of high birth whose fortunes were 
desperate as his own. There was Lentulus, who had been consul a 
few years before, and had been expelled from the Senate by the cen- 
sors. There was Cethegus, staggering under a mountain of debts. 
There was Autronius, who had been unsealed for bribery when chosen 
consul in 65. There was Manlius, once a distinguished officer in Sulla's 
army, and now a beggar. Besides these were a number of senators, 
knights, gentlemen, and dissolute young patricians whose theory of 
the world was that it had been created for them to take their pleasure 
in, and who found their pleasures shortened by emptiness of purse. — 
Froude's Caesar. 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 



How long, Catiline, will you abuse our patience ? Does not every sign 
point to the discovery of your plans ? 

Quo usque tandem abutere, Catillna, patientia nostra ? 
Quam diu etiam furor iste tuus nos eludet ? Quern ad f inem 
sese effrenata iactabit audacia? Nihilne te nocturnum prae- 
sidium Palati, nihil urbis vigiliae, nihil timor populi, nihil 5 
concursus bonorum omnium, nihil hie munitissimus habendi 
senatus locus, nihil horum ora voltusque moverunt ? Patere 
tua consilia non sentis ? Constrictam iam horum omnium 
scientia teneri coniurationem tuam non vides ? Quid pro- 
xima, quid superiore nocte egeris, ubi fueris, quos convo- ^q 
caveris, quid consili ceperis, quern nostrum ignorare arbi- 
traris ? 

Questions {for answers see the Notes). — 1. In what year were the 
four orations against Catiline delivered ? 2. What was Cicero's rank ? 
3. Give an account of Catiline's earlier career. 4. What office did 
he fill in 68 ? 67 ? 5. His purpose in 66 ? 6. Why unsuccessful ? 
7. Who was Autronius ? 8. Narrate the circumstances of the so-called 
First Conspiracy of Catiline, naming three of the ringleaders. 9. Why 
did it fail ? 10. Date (years) of the Second Conspiracy ? 11. Who 
were three of the candidates for the consulship in 64 ? 12. What was 
Catiline's plan if elected ? 13. Reason for his failure ? 14. His plans 
for election day in 63 ? 15. How foiled ? 16. What was the ultimum 
decretum f 17. What led the Senate to pass \ '; ? " . On what day was 
it passed ? 19. Who was Manlius ? 20. What happened on Oct. 28 ? 
21. Nov. 1? 22. Nov. 6? 23. Nov. 8 (or 7) ? 24. Immediate occasion 
of the First Oration against Catiline ? 25. Distinguish between the 
terms consul deslgnatus, consul, and consuldris. 

3 



4 ClCERO^S ORAllOXS 

What an aye is this ! when a man who deserves death by the consult 
order actually enters the Senate, and takes part in its deliberations. 
For treason, Catiline, like yours, Gracchus and Maelius paid with 
their lives. Only we, the consuls, are noiv to blame. 

2. tempora ! mores ! senatus haec intellegit, consul 
videt; hie tamen vivit. Vivit ? immo vero etiam in sena- 
tum venit, fit public! consill particeps, notat et designat 

15 oculis ad caedem unum quemque nostrum : nos an tern, 
fortes vir!, satis facere re! piiblicae videmur, si istius furo- 
rem ac tela vitemus. Ad mortem te, Catilma, duel iussu 
consulis iam pridem oportebat ; in te conferri pestem quam 
tu in nos iam diu machinaris. 3. An vero vir amplissimus, 

20 P. Sclpio, pontifex maximus, Ti. Gracchum niediocriter 
labefactantem statum rei piiblicae privatus interfecit : Oati- 
lmarn, orbem terrae caede atque incendiTs vastare cupientem, 
nos consules perferemus ? Nam ilia nimis antiqua praetereo, 
quod C. Servilius Ahala Spurium Maelium novis rebus stu- 

25 dentem manu sua occidit. Fuit, fuit ista quondam in hac 
re publica virtus, ut virl fortes acrioribus suppliciis civgm 
perniciosum quam acerbissimum hostem coercerent. Habe- 
mus senatus consultum in te, Catilina, vehemens et grave. 
Is on deest rei piiblicae consilium, neque auctoritas hums 

30 ordinis : nos, nos, died aperte, consules desumus. 

The case of Opimius, and again that of Marius and Valerius, give us 
precedents for consular action. The Senate long ago armed us with 
the necessary decree. Yet in my lenience, Catiline, 1 have permitted 
you even to collect an army in Etruria. Your death would be wel- 
come news to every true patriot, but until your guilt becomes clear 
to all the world, you shall live, though under my continued surveil- 
lance. 

II. 4. Decrevit quondam senatus, ut L. Opimius con- 
sul videret, ne quid res publica detriment! caperet. Nox 
nulla intercessit : interfectus est propter quasdam seditionum 
suspiciones C. Gracchus, clarissimo patre, avo, maioribus ; 
35 occisus est cum Kberis M. Fulvius consularis. Simil! sena- 
tus consults, C. Mario et L. Yalerio consulibus est permissa 




10° Longitude 12" East from 14" Greenwich 1G" 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 5 

res publica. Num unum diem postea L. Saturnlnum tribu- 
num plebis et C. Servllium praetorem mors ac rei publicae 
poena remorata est ? At nos vlcesimum iam diem patimur 
hebescere aciem horum auctoritatis. Habemus enim huiusce 40 
modi senatus consultum (verum inclusum in tabulls, tam- 
qaam in vagina reconditum) quo ex senatus consulto con- 
festim te interfectum esse, Catillna, convenit. Vivis ; et 
vivis non ad deponendam, sed ad conflrmandam audaciam. 
Cupio, patres conscript!, me esse clementem ; cupio in tantis 45 
rei publicae perlculls me non dissoliitum viderl ; sed iam 
me ipse inertiae nequitiaeque condemno. 5. Castra sunt 
in Italia contra populum Eomanum in Etruriae faucibus con- 
locata. Crescit in dies singulos liostium numerus. Eorum 
autem castrorum imperatorem ducemque hostium intra 50 
moenia atque adeo in senatu videmus, intestinam aliquam 
cotldie perniciem rei publicae molientem)\ Si te iam, Cati- 
llna, comprehendl, si interficl iussero, credo, erit verendum 
mihi, ne non hoc potius omnes bonl serius a me, quam quis- 
quam crudelius factum esse dlcat. Verum ego hoc, quod 55 
iam prldem factum esse oportuit, certa de causa nondum 
adducor ut faciam. Turn denique interficiere, cum iam 
nemo tarn improbus, tarn perditus, tarn tul similis, invenlri 
poterit, qui id non iure factum esse fateatur. 6. Quam diu 
quisquam erit, qui te clefendere audeat, vlves ; et vives ita, 60 
ut vivis, multls mels et flrmls praesidiis oppressus, ne com- 
movere te contra rem publicam possls. Multorum te etiam 
ocull et aures non sentientem, slcut adhuc fecerunt, specu- 
labuntur atque custodient. 

Your designs are all known: then glue them up. Do you not remem- 
ber my foretelling in the Senate the very day on which Manlius 
would be in arms? and my prediction of your intended ?nassacre 
of the aristocracy 9 This plot, as well as your attack on Prae- 
?ieste, was defeated through my efforts. 

III. Etenim quid est, Catillna, quod iam amplius ex- 65 
spectes, si neque nox tenebrls obscurare coetus nefarios, nee 



6 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

privata domus parietibus, continere voces coniurationis tuae 
potest ? si inlustrantur, si erumpunt omnia ? Muta iam 
istam mentem ; mihi crede, obliviscere caedis atque incendi- 

70 6rum. Teneris undique ; luce sunt clariora nobis tua con- 
silia omnia, quae iam mecum licet recognoscas. 7. Memi- 
nistine me ante diem xn. Kalendas Novembris dicere in 
senatu, fore in armis certo die (qui dies f uturus esset ante 
diem vi. Kal. Kovembris) C. Manlium, audaciae satellitem 

75 atque administrum tuae ? S"um me fefellit, Catilma, non 
modo res tanta, tarn atrox, tamque incredibilis, verum, id 
quod multo magis est admirandum, dies ? Dixi ego idem 
in senatu caedem te optimatium contulisse in ante diem v. 
Kalendas Novembris, turn cum mult! prmcipes civitatis 

80 Roma, non tarn sui conservandi quam tuorum consiliorum 
reprimendorum causa, prof ugerunt. Num Infitiari potes te 
illo ipso die, meis praesidiis, mea diligentia circumclusum, 
commovere te contra rem publicam non potuisse, cum tu. 
discessu ceterorum nostra tamen, qui remansissemus, caede 

85 te contentum esse dicebas ? 8. Quid ? cum te Praeneste 
Kalendis ipsis Novembribus occupaturum nocturno impetu 
esse confideres, sensistine illam coloniam meo iussu meis 
praesidiis, custodiis, vigiliis esse munitam ? Kihil agis, 
nihil moliris, nihil cogitas, quod non ego non modo audiam, 

90 sed etiam videam planeque sentiam. 

As further evidence of my vigilance, I will tell you of the meeting 
which you held night before last at Laeca's house. You had a 
goodly attendance. There you completed your pla?is, assigning to 
each conspirator his particular duty. The plot included an at- 
tack on me, hut before your meeting had broken up I knew every 
thing. 

IV. Recognosce tandem mecum noctem illam superio- 

rem. Iam intelleges multo me yigilare acrius ad salutem 

quam te ad perniciem rei publicae. Died te priore nocte 

venisse inter falcarios — non agam obscure — in M. Laecae 

95 domum ; convenisse eodem compluris eiusdem amentiae 



FIRST ORATION" AGAINST CATILINE 7 

scelerisque socids. Num negare audes ? quid taces ? con- 
vincam, si negas. Video enim esse hie in senatu. quosdam 
qui tecum una fuerunt. 9. di immortales ! ubinam gen- 
tium sumus ? in qua urbe vivimus ? quam rem publicam 
habemus ? Hie, hie sunt, in nostro numero, patres con- 100 
script!, in hoc orbis terrae sanctissimo gravissimoque con- 
silio, qui de nostro omnium interitu, qui de huius urbis 
atque adeo de orbis terrarum exitio cogitent. Hos ego video 
consul, et de re publica sententiam rogo ; et quos ferro tru- 
cidari oportebat, eos nondum yoce volnero. Fuisti igitur 105 
apud Laecam ilia nocte, Catilina. Distribuisti partis Italiae ; 
statuisti quo quemque proficisci placeret ; delegisti quos 
Bomae relinqueres, quos tecum edticeres ; discripsistT urbis 
partis ad incendia. Conffrmasti te ipsum iam esse exiturum. 
Dixisti paulum tibi esse etiam nunc morae, quod ego vive- lie 
rem. Keperti sunt duo equites Eomani qui te ista cura libe- 
rarent, et sese ilia ipsa nocte, paulo ante lucem, me in meo 
lectulo interfecturos esse pollicerentur. 10. Haec ego om- 
nia, vixdum etiam coetu vestro dimisso, comperi. Domum 
meam maioribus praesidiTs munivi atque firmavi. Exclusi 115 
eos quos tu ad me salutatum miseras, cum illi ipsi venis- 
sent, quos ego iam multis ac summis viris ad me id temporis 
venturos esse praedixeram. 

Then leave the city with your accomplices, for, although we have been 
fortunate enough to escape thus far, we cannot afford to take too 
many risks. Your attacks on me I repelled without trouble ; but 
now your plans are more sweeping. Your departure is more de- 
sirable than your death, for your adherents would then follow 
you out of the city. 

V. Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, perge quo coepisti. 
Egredere aliquando ex urbe ; patent portae ; proficiscere. 120 
Ximium diu te imperatorem tua ilia Manliana castra desi- 
derant. Educ tecum etiam omnis tuos ; si minus, quam 
plurimos. Purga urbem. Magno me nietu llberabis, dum 
modo inter me atque te murus intersit. Xobiscum versaii 



-^.^ ^. '*•'■' 



8 CICERO S ORATIONS 

125 iam diutius non potes ; non feram, non patiar, v m si nam. 
11. Magna dis immortalibus habenda est atque lnuc ipsi 
Iovi Statoii, antiquissimo custodi huius urbis, gratia, quod 
banc tarn taetram, tarn horribilem, tamque infestam rei 
publicae pestem totiens iam effugimus. Non est saepius in 

130 uno homine summa salus periclitanda rei publicae. Quam 
diu mihi consul! designato, Catilina, msidiatus es, non pu- 
blico, me praesidio, sed privata diligentia defendi.XCum 
proximls comitiis consularibus me consulem in campo et 
competitores tuos interficere voluisti, compress! conatus tuos 

135 nefarios amicorum praesidio et copris, nullo tumultu publico 
concitato. Denique, quotienscumque me petisti, per me 
tibi obstiti, quamquam videbam perniciem meam cum magna 
calamitate rei publicae esse coniunctam. 12. Nunc iam 
aperte rem publicam universam petis. Templa deorum 

140 immortalium, tecta urbis, vltam omnium civium, Italiam 
denique totam ad exitium ac vastitatem vocas. Qua re quo- 
niam id quod est pnmum, et quod huius imperi disciplinae- 
que maiorum proprium est, facere nondum audeo, faciam 
id quod est ad severitatem lenius et ad communem salutem 

145 utilius. Nam si te interfic! iussero, residebit in re publica 
reliqua coniuratorum manus ; sin tu, quod te iam dudum 
hortor, exieris, exhaurietur ex urbe tuorum comitum magna 
et perniciosa sentina rei publicae. 13. Quid est, Catilina ? 
num. dubitas id, me imperante, facere, quod iam tua sponte 

150 faciebas ? Exire ex urbe iubet consul hostem. Interrogans 
me, num in exsilium ? Non iubeo ; sed, si me consulis, 
suadeo. 

Your crimes are so notorious that you can surely find no pleasure in 
this city. You are stained with vice and ruined financially. Not 
a man here but knows the story of your first conspiracy, which 
only the good fortune of the Roman people baffled. I need not 
mention your repeated attacks on me. 

VI. Quid est enim, Catilina, quod te iam in hac urbe 
delectare possit ? in qua nemo est, extrp, istam coniuratio' 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE g 

nem perditorum hominum, qui te non metuat ; nemo qui U 
uon oderit. Quae nota domesticae turpitudinis non inusta 
vitae tuae est ? Quod privatarum rerum dedecus non haeret 
in f ama ? Quae libido ab oculis, quod* f acinus a manibus 
umquam tuls, quod flagitium a toto corpore afuit ? Cui tu 
adulescentulo, quern corruptelarum inlecebris inretisses, 100 
non aut ad audaciam ferrum aut ad libidinem facem prae- 
tulisti P^\^4. Quid vero ? nuper cum morte superioris uxoris 
novis nuptiis domum vacuefecisses, nonne etiam alio incredi- 
bili scelere hoc scelus cumulasti ? Quod ego praetermitto, 
et facile patior sileii, ne in hac civitate tanti facinoris im- 105 
rnanitas aut exstitisse aut non vindicata esse videatur. 
Praetermitto rumas fortunarum tuarum, quas omnis impeh- 
dere tibi proximls Idibus senties. Ad ilia venio, quae non 
ad privatam ignominiam vitiorum tuorum, non ad domesti- 
cam tuam difficultatem ac turpitudinem,, sed ad summam i ( , 
rem publicam atque ad omnium nostrum vitam salutemcjue 
pertinent. 15. Potestne tibi liaec lux, C a tiling aut hiiius 
caeli spiritus esse iucundus, cum scias horum esse nemiiiem 
qui nesciat, te pridie Kalendas Ianuarias, Lepiclo et Tullo 
consulibus, stetisse in comitio cum telo ? manum, consilium i;;, 
et principum civitatis interficiendorum causa, paravisse ? 
sceleri ac furori tuo non mentem aliquam aut timorem 
tiium, sed fortunam populi Eomani obstitisse ? Ac iam ilia 
omitto — neque enim sunt aut obscura aut non multa com- 
missa — quotiens tu me deslgnatum, quotiens consulem inter- isu 
ficere conatus es ! quot ego tuas petltiones ita coniectas, ut 
vitari posse non viderentur, parva quadam declinatione et, 
ut aiunt, corpore effugi ! Nihil agis, nihil adsequeris, nihil 
moliris, neque tamen conari ac velle desistis. 16. Quotiens 
tibi iam extorta est ista sica de manibus ! Quotiens vero ib~. 
excidit casu aliquo et elapsa est ! Tamen ea carere diutius 
non potes, quae quidem quibus abs te initiata sacris ac devota 
sit nescio, quod earn necesse putas esse in consulis corpore 
defigere. 



10 CICERO S ORATIOKS 

In pity rather than in hate I ash, Who of all your acquaintances in this 
body greeted you as you entered just now ? Your very presence 
causes general abhorrence. To be feared bg one's slaves were bad 
enough, but to be hateful to 07ie's fellow citizens, and even an object 
of dread to one's country, would be intolerable. Hear the cry, 
Catiline, of our common mother, our native land : she, too, bids 
you leave her. 

190 VII. Nunc vero quae tua est ista vita ? Sic enim iam 
tecum loquar, non ut odio permotus esse videar, quo debeo, 
sed ut misericordia, quae tibi nulla debetur. Venisti paulo 
ante in senatum : quis te ex hac tanta frequently tot ex 
tuis amicis ac necessariis, salutavit ? Si hoc post hominum 

195 memoriam contigit nemini, vocis exspectas contumeliam, 
cum sis gravissimo iudicio taciturnitatis oppressus ? Quid, 
quod adventu tuo ista subsellia vacuefacta sunt ? Quod 
omnes consulages, qui tibi persaepe ad caedem constituti 
fuerunt, simul atque adsedisti, partem istam subselliorum 

200 nudam atque inanem reliquerunt, — quo tandem animo tibi 
ferendum putas ? 17. Servi mehercule mei si me isto pacto 
metuerent, ut te metuunt omnes elves tui, domum meam 
relinquendam putarem : tu tibi urbem non arbitraris ? et, 
si me meis civibus iniuria stispectum tarn graviter atque 

205 offensum viderem, carere me aspectu. eivium, quam mfe.stis 
omnium oculis conspicl, mallem. Tu, cum conscientia 
scelerum tuorum agnoscas odium omnium iustum et iam diu 
tibi debitum, dubitas, quorum mentis sensiisque volneras, 
eorum aspectum praesentiamque vitare ? Si te parentes 

210 timerent atque odissent tin, neque eos ulla ratione placare 
posses, tu, opinor, ab eorum oculis aliquo concederes : nunc 
te patria, quae communis est parens omnium nostrum, odit 
ac metuit et iam diu te nihil iudicat nisi de parricidio suo 
cogitare. Huius tu neque auctoritatem verebere, nee iudi- 

215 cium sequere, nee vim pertimesces ? 18. Quae tecum, Cati- 
lma, sic agit, et quodam modo tacita loquitur : c Nullum iam 
aliquot annis facinus exstitit nisi per te, nullum nagitium 
sine te. Tibi uni multorum civium neces, tibi vexatio direp- 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE II 

tioque sociorum impunlta fuit ac libera. Tu non solum ad 
neglegendas leges et quaestiones, verum etiam ad everten- 220 
das perfringendasque valuistl. Superiora ilia, quamquam 
ferenda non fuerunt, tamen, ut potul, tuli ; nunc vero me 
totam esse in metu. propter unum te, quicquid increpuerit, 
Catilinam timer!, nullum videri contra me consilium iniri 
posse quod a tuo scelere abhorreat, non est ferendum. 225 
Quam ob rem discede, atque nunc mihi timorem eripe: si 
est verus, ne opprimar ; sin falsus, ut tandem aliquando 
timere desinam/ VIII. 19. Haec si tecum, ut dm, patria 
loquatur, nonne impetrare debeat, etiam si vim adhibere 
non possit ? 2;;0 

Your very offers to give yourself up in custody amount to self-condem- 
nation. In the light of all this evidence, why hesitate what to do ? 

Quid, quod tu te ipse in custodiam dedistJ ? quod, vitan- 
dae suspicionis causa, ad M\ Lepidum te habitare velle 
dixisti ? a quo non receptus etiam ad me venire ausus es, 
atque, ut dorm meae te adservarem, rogastl. Cum a me 
quoque id responsum tnlisses, me nullo modo posse isdem 235 
parietibus tuto esse tecum, qui magno in periculo essem, 
quod isdem moenibus contineremur, ad Q. Metelliim prae- 
torem venisti ; a quo repudiatus ad sodalem tuum, virum 
optimum, M. Marcellum demigrasti ; quern tu videlicet et 
ad custodiendum te diligentissimum et ad suspicandum 240 
sagacissimum et ad vindicandum fortissimum fore putasti. 
Sed quam longe videtur a carcere atque a vinculis abesse de- 
bere, qui se ipse iam dignum custodia iudicarit ? 20. Quae 
cum ita sint, Catilina, dubitas, si emori aequo animo non 
potes, abire in aliquas terras, et vitam istam, multis sup-- 
pliciTs iustis debitisque ereptam, fugae solitudinlque man- 
dare 0C 



12 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

" Put the matter to the vote $ " I need not do that to show you the senti- 
ment of the Senate. Hear me — I bid yon go into exile ! — and this 
audience hears my words in approving silence. Such words spoken 
to another would have led to scenes of violence. But bitterly as these 
citizens hate you, they would ivillingly act as your escort if you 
would only go. 

'Kefer/ inquis, 'ad senatum'; id enim postulas, et, si 
hie ordo placere decreverit te Ire in exsilium, obtempera- 

250 turum te esse dicis. Kon referam (id quod abhorret a meis 
moribus) et tamen faciam ut intellegas quid hi de te sen- 
tiant. Egredere ex urbe, Catilina ; libera rem publicam 
metu. ; in exsilium, si banc vocem exspectas, proficiscere. 
Quid est, Catilina ? ecquid attendis, ecquid animadvertis 

255 horum silentium ? Patiuntnr, tacent. Quid exspectas^auc- 
toritatem loquentium, quorum voltmtatem tacitornm per- 
spicis ? 21. At si hoc idem huic adulescenti optimo P. 
Sestio, si fortissimo viro M. Marcello, dixissenr, iam mihi 
consul!/ hoc ijfsS in templo, senatus iure optimo vim et 

260 manus intulisset. De te autem, Catilina, cum quiescunt, 
probant ; cum patiuntur, decernunt ; cum tacent, clamant. 
Neque hi solum (quorum tibi auctoritas est videlicet cara, 
vita vilissima) sed etiam ill! equites Roman!, honestissimi 
atque optimi viii, ceterique fortissim! cives, qui circumstant 

265 senatum ; quorum tu et frequentiam videre, et studia per- 
spicere, et voces paulo ante exaudire, potuisti. Quorum ego 
vix abs te iam diu manus ac tela contined, eosdem facile 
adducam, ut te haec, quae vastare iam pridem studes, relin- 
quentem usque ad portas prosequantur. 

But why speak to you of exile? Would to Heaven yon would go ! 1 
ivould gladly bear all the odium such a course might bring upon me. 
But I know that every preparation has been made for your arrival 
at the camp in Etruria. 

270 IX. 22. Quamquam quid loquor ? te ut ulla res frangat? 
tu ut umquam te corrigas ? tu. ut ullam f ugam meditere ? 
tu ut exsilium cogitcs ? Utinam tibi istam mentem di im- 



FIRST ORATION AGaiNST CATILINE 1 3 

mortales duint ! tametsi video, si, mea voce perterritus, ire 
in exsilium, animum indaxeris, quanta tempestas invidiae 
nobis, si minus in praesens tempus, recent! memoria sceie- 275 
rum tuorum, at in posteritatem, impendeat. Sed est tanti, 
dum modo ista sit privata calamitas, et a re! publicae peri- 
culis seiungatur. Sed tu ut vitiis tuis commoveare, ut 
lcgum poenas pertimescas, ut temporibus re! publicae cedas, 
non est postulandum. Xeque enim is es, Catilina, ut te 280 
aut pndor umquam a turpitudine, aut metus a periculo, aut 
ratio a furore, revocarit. 23. Quam ob rem, ut saepe iam . 
dixi, profic!scere ; ac, s! mihi inimico, ut praedicas, tuo con- 
ilare vis invidiam, recta perge in exsilium. Yix feram ser- 
mones hominum, s! id feceris ; vix molem ist!us invidiae, 285 
si in exsilium iussu consulis ieris, sustinebo. Sin auteni 
servire meae laud! et gloriae mavis, egredere cum importuna 
sceleratorum manti ; confer te ad Manlium ; concita perditos 
cives ; secerne te a bonis ; infer patriae bellum ; exsulta im- 
pio latrocinio, ut a me non eiectus ad alienos, sed invitatus 290 
ad tuos isse videaris. 24. Quamquam quid ego te invitem, 
a quo iam sciam esse praemissos qui tibi ad forum Aurelium 
praestolarentur armat! ? cu! sciam pactam et constitutam 
cum Manlio diem ? a quo etiam aquilam illam argenteam 
quam tibi ac tuis omnibus confido perniciosam ac funestam 295 
futuram, cui domi tuae sacrarium scelerum tuorum con- 
stitution fuit, sciam esse praemissam ? Tu ut ills carere 
diutius possis, quam venerari ad caedem proficiscens solebas, 
a cuius altaribus saepe istam impiam dexteram ad necem 
civium transtulist! ? 300 

Go you will to that camp at last, and with ivhat pleasure ! WJiat joys 
await yon among that abandoned crew ! There you will be in 
your natural sphere. Your defeat for the consulship will have the 
effect at least of making you appear in your true colors at last. 

X. 25. Ibis tandem aliquando, quo te iam pridem ista 
tua cupiditas effrenata ac furiosa rapiebat. Keque enim 
tibi haec res adfert dolorem, sed quandam incredibilem 



14 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

voluptatem. Ad hanc te amentiam natura peperit, voluntas 

305 exercuit, fortuna servavit. Numquam tu non modo otium, 
sed ne bellum quidem nisi nefarium concupisti. Nanctus 
es, ex perditis atque ab omni non modo fortuna verum etiam 
spe derelictis conflatam, improborum manum. 26. Hie tu* 
qua laetitia perfruere ! Quibus gaudiis exsultabis ! Quanta 

3i0 in voluptate baccliabere, cum in tanto numero tuorum, 
neque audies virum bonum quemquam, neque videbis ! Ad 
huius vitae studium meditati ill! sunt qui feruntur labores 
tui : iacere huml, non solum ad obsidendum stuprum, verum 
etiam ad facinus obeundum ; vigilare, non solum Insidian- 

315 tern somno maritorum, verum etiam bonis otiosorum. Ha- 
bes ubi ostentes tuam illam praeclaram patientiam famis, 
frlgoris, inopiae rerum omnium, quibus te brevi tempore 
confectum esse senties. 27. Tantum profeci turn, cum te 
a consulatu reppull, ut exsul potius temptare quam consul 

320 vexare rem publicam posses ; atque ut id, quod est a te 
scelerate susceptum, latrocinium potius quam bellum nomi- 
naretur. 

Let me explain my position, conscript fathers. If my beloved coun- 
try should reproach me for remissness in allowing Catiline to 
escape : if she should invoke the examples of our forefathers, or 
plead that the laws were made for citizens not enemies, and 
charge me with ingratitude for the honors the people have con- 
ferred on me . . . 

XI. Nunc, ut a me, patres conscript!, quandam prope 
iustam patriae querimoniam detester ac deprecer, percipite, 

325 quaeso, diligenter quae dicam, et ea penitus animis vestris 
mentibusque mandate. Etenim si mecum patria, quae mihi 
vita mea multo est carior, si cuncta Italia, si omnis res 
publica loquatur : ' M. Tulli, quid agis ? Tune eum, quern 
esse hostem comperisti, quern ducem belli futurum vides, 

330 quern exspectari imperatorem in castris hostium sentis, 
auctdrem sceleris, principem coniurationis, evocatorem ser- 
vorum et civium perditorum, exire patiere, ut abs te non 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 



*5 



emissus ex urbe, sed immissus in urbem esse videatur? Non 
hunc in vincula duel, non ad mortem rapi, non summo 
supplicio mactari imperabis ? 28. Quid tandem te impedit ? 335 
Mosne maiorum ? at persaepe etiam privati in liac re publica 
perniciosos civls morte multaverunt. An leges, quae de 
civium Eomanorum supplicio rogatae sunt ? at numquam 
in hac urbe, qui a re publica defecerunt, civium iura tenu- 
erunt. An invidiam posteritatis times ? praeclaram vero 340 
populo Eomano refers gratiam, qui te hominem per te cogni- 
tum, nulla commendatione maiorum, tarn mature ad sum- 
mum imperium per omnis honorum gradus extulit, si propter 
invidiae aut alicuius periculi metum salutem civium tuorum 
neglegis. 29. Sed si quis est invidiae metus, num est vehe- 345 
mentius severitatis ac fortitudinis invidia quam inertiae ac 
nequitiae pertimescenda ? An cum bello vastabitur Italia, 
vexabuntur urbes, tecta ardebunt, turn te non existimas 
invidiae incendio conflagraturum ? 9 

In answer to this, let one say that, deserved as was the fate of Saturninus 
and others like him, yet putting Catiline to death would bring upon 
us the charge of tyranny without helping the situation. Rather let 
Catiline go, and with him his crowd, and every sign of disorder will 
disappear. 

XII. His ego sanctissimis rei publicae vocibus, et eorum 350 
hominum, qui hoc idem sentiunt, mentibus pauca respon- 
debo. Ego, si hoc optimum factu iudicarem, patres con- 
scripti, — Catilmam morte multari, — iinius usuram horae 
gladiator! isti ad vivendum non dedissem. Etenim si summi 
et clarissimi viri, Saturnmi et Gracchorum et Flacci et supe- 355 
riorum complurium sanguine, non modo se non contamina- 
runt^ sed etiam honestarunt, certe verendum mihi non erat, 
ne quid, hoc parricida civium interfecto, invidiae mihi in 
posteritatem redundaret. Quod si ea mihi maxime impen- 
deret, tamen hoc animo semper fui, ut invidiam virtute 3^ 
partam gloriam, non invidiam putarem. 30. Quamquam 
non nullT sunt in hoc ordine, qui aut ea quae imminent non 



1 6 CICERO'S CRATIOKS 

videant, aut ea quae vident dissimulent. Qui spem Cati- 
linae mollibus sententifs aluerunt, coniurationemque nascen- 

365 tern non credendo conroboraverunt ; quorum auctoritatem 
secuti multl, non solum improbi, verum etiam imperiti, si 
in liunc animadvertissem, crudeliter et regie factum esse 
dicerent. Nunc in tell ego, si iste, quo intendit, in Manliana 
castra pervenerit, neminem tarn stultum fore qui non videat 

370 coniurationem esse factam, neminem tarn improbum qui 
non fateatur. Hoc autem uno interfecto, intellego hanc rei 
publicae pestem paulisper repriml, non in perpetuum com- 
print posse. Quod si se eiecerit, secumque suos eduxerit, 
et eodem ceteros undique conlectos naufragos adgregarit, 

375 exstinguetur atque delebitur non modo haec tarn adulta rei 
publicae pestis, verum etiam stirps ac semen malorum 
omnium. 

XIII. 31. Etenim iam diu, patres conscript!, in his peri- 
culis coniurationis msidiisque versamur, sed nescio quo 

380 pacto omnium scelerum ac veteris furoris et audaciae matu- 
ritas in nostri consulates tempus erupit. Quod si ex tanto 
latrocinio iste iinus tolletur, videbimur fortasse ad breve 
quoddam tempus cura et metu. esse relevati ; periculum 
autem residebit, et erit inclusum penitus in venls atque in 

385 vlsceribus rei publicae. Ut saepe homines aegri morbo 
gravi, cum aestu febrique iactantur, si aquam gelidam 
biberint, primo relevaii videntur, deinde multo gravius 
vehementiusque adflictantur, sic hie morbus qui est in re 
publica, relevatus istius poena, vehementius reliquis vivis 

390 ingravescet. 

Then let these anarchists withdraw, ceasing from their corrupt and dan- 
gerous work in our midst, and begin their impious war : Jupiter 
the Stayer will defend its all, and bring them to justice, living or 
dead, 

32. Qua re secedant improbi; secernant se a bonis; 
unum in locum congregentur ; muro denique, id quod saepe 
iam dixi, discernantur a nobis. Disinant insidiari domi 



FIKST OKATIOK AGAINST C ATILIKE 1 7 

suae consul!, circumstare tribunal praetoris urban!, obsidere 
cum gladiis curiam, malleolos et faces ad inflammaiidam 395 
urbem comparare. J Sit denique inscriptum in fronte unius 
cuiusque, quid dere publica sentiat. Polliceor hoc vobis, 
patres conscript!, tantam in nobis consulibus fore dfligen- 
tiain, tantam in votes auctoritatem, tantam jn equitibus 
Romanis, virtutem, tantam in omnibus bonis consensionem, 400 
ut Catillnae prof ectione omnia patef acta, inlustrata, oppressa, 
vindicata esse videatis. 

33. Hisce ominibus, Catil!na, cum summa rei publicae 
salute, cum tua peste ac pernicie, cumque eorum exitio, qui 
se tecum omn! scelere parricidioque iunxerunt, proficiscere 495 
ad impium bellum ac nef arium. Tu, Iuppiter, qui isdem 
quibus haec urbs auspiciis a Romulo es constitutus, quern 
Statorem huius urbis atque imper! vere nominamus, hunc 
et huius soclos a tufs ceterisque templis, a tectis urbis ac 
moenibus, a vita fortunisque civium omnium arcebis ; et 41 q 
homines bonorum inimicos, hostis patriae, latrones Italiae, 
scelerum foedere inter se ac nefaria societate coniunctos, 
aeternis suppliciis vivos mortuosque mactabis. 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 



19 



Catiline went alone, and joined Manlius, and had he apme on at 
once he might have taken Rome. The army was to support an insur- 
rection, and the insurrection was to support the army. Catiline was 
to wait for a signal from his friends in the city, and Lentulus, Cethe- 
gus, Autronius, and the rest of the leaders waited for Catiline to 
arrive. — Froude's Caesar. 



20 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 



At last, fellow-citizens, we have driven Catiline out of the city ! He 
has been dislodged from his stronghold, and must now fight in 
open warfare. 

Tandem aliquando, Quirites, L. Catilinam, furentem 
audacia, scelus anhelantem, pestem patriae nefarie molien- 
tem, yobis atque huic urbi ferro flammaque minitantem, ex 
urbe vel eiecimus vel emisimus, vel ipsum egredientem ver- 
bis prosecuti snmns. Abiit, excessit, evasit, erupit. Nulla 5 
iam pernicies a monstro illo atque prodigio moenibus ipsis 
intra moenia comparabitur. Atque hunc quidem unum 
huius belli domestic! ducem sine controversial vicimus. Non 
enim iam inter latera nostra sica ilia versabitur ; non in 
campo, non in ford, non in curia, non denique intra 10 
domesticos parietes pertimescemus. Loco ille motus est, 
cum est ex urbe depulsus. Palam iam cum hoste, nullo 
impediente, bellum iustum geremus. Sine dubio perdidi- 
mus homineixx magnificeque vicimus, cum ilium ex occultis 
hisidiis in apertum latrocinmm coniecimus. 15 

Questions (for the answers see the Notes). — 1. What are the dates 
given for the First and the Second Oration against Catiline ? 2. The 
year ? 3. Before whom was the Second Oration delivered ? 4. What 
was the purpose of the Second Oration ? 5. Whom did Catiline leave 
in the city to manage the conspiracy after his own departure ? 
6. By what title does Cicero address the people ? (See the first line of 
the Latin text). 7. Look back at the first line of chap, xi of the First 
Oration, and tell by what title he addresses the Senate. 

21 



22 CICERO S ORATIONS 

He lias had his very weapons wrested from Ms hands, and leaving us 
all alive he finds himself utterly routed. 

2. Quod vero non omentum mucronem, ut voluit, ex- 
tulit ; quod vivis nobis egressus est ; quod el ferrum e 
manibus extorsimus ; quod incolumls civis, quod stantem 
urbem reliquit — quanto tandem ilium maerore esse adflictum 
et profllgatum putatis ? Iacet ille nunc, prostratusque est, 
20 et se perculsum atque abiectum esse sentit, et retorquet 
oculos profecto saepe ad hanc urbem, quam e suis faucibus 
ereptam esse luget : quae quidem mihi laetari videtur, quod 
tantam pestem evomuerit forasque proiecerit. 

It is true, he deserved death, hut many did not believe my words : in 
driving him out therefore my triumph is complete. 

25 II. 3. Ac si quis est talis, quails esse omnis oportebat, 
qui in hoc ipso, in quo exsultat et triumphat oratio mea, 
me vehementer accuset — quod tarn capitalem hostem non 
comprehend erim potius quam emiserim — non est ista mea 
culpa, sed temporum. Interfectum esse L. Catilmam et 

30 gravissimo supplicio adfectum iam pridem oportebat, idque 
a me et mos maiorum, et htiius imperi severitas, et res 
publica, postulabat. Sed quam multos fuisse putatis qui 
quae ego deferrem non crederent ? quam multos qui 
propter stultitiam non putarent ? quam multos qui etiam 

35 defenderent ? quam multos qui propter improbitatem fave- 
rent ? Ac si, illo sublato, depelli a vobis omne periculum 
iudicarem, iam pridem ego L. Catilinam non modo invidiae 
meae, verum etiam vitae periculo sustulissem. 4. Sed cum 
viderem, ne vobis quidem omnibus re etiam turn probata, 

40 si ilium, ut erat meritus, morte multassem, fore ut eius 
socios invidia oppressus persequi non possem, rem hue 
deduxT, ut turn palam ptignare possetis, cum hostem aperte 
Yideretis, 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 23 

We have now nothing more to fear — 

Quern quidem ego hostem quam vehementer foris esse 
timendum putem, licet hinc intellegatis, quod etiam mo- 45 
leste fero, quod ex urbe parum comitatus exierit. Uti- 
nam ille omnis secum suas copias eduxisset ! Tongilium 
mihi eduxit, quern amare in praetexta coeperat, Publicium 
et Minucium, quorum aes alienum contractum in popina 
nullum rei piiblicae motum adferre poterat : reliquit quos 50 
viros ! quanto aere alieno ! quam valentis ! quam nobilis ! 
III. 5. Itaque ego ilium exercitum prae Gallicanis legio- 
nibus, et hoc dilectu quern in agro Piceno et Gallico Q. 
Metellus habuit, et his copiis quae a nobis cotidie compa- 
rantur, magno opere contemno, conlectum ex senibus despe- 55 
ratis, ex agresti luxuria, ex rusticis decoctoribus, ex els 
qui vadimonia deserere quam ilium exercitum maluerunt. 
Quibus ego non modo si aciem exercitiis nostri, verum 
etiam si edictum praetoris ostendero, concident. 

except the adherents he has left behind : these also had better go. 

Hos, quos video volitare in foro, quos stare ad curiam, 60 
quos etiam in senatum venire, qui nitent unguentis, qui 
fulgent purpura, mallem secum milites eduxisset. Qui si 
hie permanent, mementote non tarn exercitum ilium esse 
nobis quam hos qui exercitum deseruerunt, pertimescendos ; 
atque hoc etiam sunt timendi magis, quod quicquid cogi- 65 
tant me scire sentiunt, neque tamen permoventur. 6. Video 
cui sit Apulia attributa, quis habeat Etruriam, quis agrum 
Picenum, quis Gallicum, quis sibi has urbanas insidias 
caedis atque incendiorum depoposcerit. Omnia superioris 
noctis consilia ad me perlata esse sentiunt ; patefeci in 70 
senatu hesterno die. Catilma ipse pertimuit, profugit : hi 
quid exspectant ? Ne illi vehementer errant, si illam 
meam pristinam lenitatem perpetuam sperant futuram. 

IV. Quod exspectavi, iam sum adsecutus, ut vos omnes 
factam esse aperte coniurationem contra rem publicam 75 



24 cicero's orations 

videretis ; nisi vero si quis est qui Catilinne similis cum 
Catilina sentire non putet. Non est iam lenitati locus ; 
severitatem res ipsa flagitat. Unum etiam nunc conce- 
dam : exeant, proficiscantur, ne patiantur desiderio sui Ca- 
80 tilinam miserum tabescere. Demonstrabo iter : Aurelia 
via profectus est ; si adcelerare volenti ad vesperam conse- 
quentur. 

What a relief since Catiline departed ! He was the intimate friend of 
criminals of every class. 

7. 6 fortunatam rem publicam, si quidem hane sentmam 
urbis eiecerit ! tJno mehercule Catilina exhausto, levata 

85 mihi et recreata res publica videtur. Quid enim mall aut 
sceleris fingi aut cogitari potest quod non ille conceperit ? 
Quis tota Italia veneficus, quis gladiator, quis latro, quis 
sicarius, quis parricida, quis testamentorum subiector, quis 
circumscriptor, quis ganeo, quis nepos, quis adulter, quae 

90 mulier infamis, quis corruptor iuventutis, quis corruptus, 
quis perditus inveniri potest qui se cum Catilina non fami- 
liarissime vixisse fateatur ? Quae caedes per hosce annos 
sine illo facta est ? Quod nefarium stuprum non per ilium ? 
8. Iam vero quae tanta umquam in ullo homine iuventutis 

95 inlecebra fuit, quanta in illo ? qui alios ipse amabat turpis- 
sime r aliorum amori flagitiosissime serviebat ; aliis fructum 
libidinum, aliis mortem parentum, non modo impellendo, 
verum etiam adiuvando pollicebatur. Nunc vero quam 
subito non solum ex urbe, verum etiam ex agris ingentem 
100 numerum perditorum hominum conlegerat ! Nemo non 
modo Komae, sed ne ullo quidem in angulo totius Italiae 
oppressus aere alieno fuit,, quern non ad hoc incredibile 
sceleris foedus asciverit. V. 9. Atque ut eius diversa 
studia in dissimili ratione perspicere possitis, nemo est in 
105 ludo gladiatorio paulo ad facinus audacior, qui se non 
intimum Catilmae esse fateatur ; nemo in scena levior et 
nequior, qui se non eiusdem prope sodalem fuisse com- 
memoret. Atque idem tamen stuprorum et scelerum exer- 



SECOND OKATIOJS AGAINST CATILINE 25 

citatione adsuefactus frigore et fame et siti et vigiliis per- 
ferendis fortis ab istis praedicabatur, cum industriae sub- 110 
sidia atque instrumenta virtutis in libidine audaciaque con- 
sumeret. 

His accomplices are the most desperate characters, whose only thoughts 
are of murder, incendiarism, and rapine. 

10. Hunc vero si secuti ertint sui comites, si ex urbe 
exierint desperatorum hominum flagitiosi greges, nos 
beatos, rem publicam fortunatam, praeclaram laudem 115 
consulates mei ! Xon enim iam sunt mediocres hominum 
libidines, non humanae ac tolerandae audaciae. Mhil cogi- 
tant nisi caedem, nisi incendia, nisi rapinas. Patrimonia 
sua profMerunt, fortunas suas obligaverunt ; res eos iam 
pridem, fides nuper deficere coepit. Eadem tamen ilia, 120 
quae erat in abundantia, libido permanet. Quod si in 
vino et alea comissationes solum et scorta quaererent, essent . 
ill! quidem desperandi, sed tamen essent ferendi. Hoc 
vero quis ferre possit, inertis homines fortissimis viris Insi- 
diari, stultissimos prudentissimis, ebriosos sobriis, dormi- 125 
entis vigilantibus ? qui mihi accubantes in conviviis, com- 
plex! mulieres impudicas, vino languid!, conferti cibo, 
sert!s redimiti, unguent!s obliti, debilitati stupris, eructant 
sermonibus su!s caedem bonorum atque urbis incendia. 

Our country is at peace with the rest of the world : to have removed these 
foes within will be the crowning glory of my consulship. 

11. Quibus ego confido impendere fatum aliquod, et 130 
poenam iam diu improbitatl, nequitiae, sceleri, libldini de- 
bitam aut instare iam plane aut certe appropinquare. Quos 

si meus consulatus, quoniam sanare non potest, sustulerit, 
non breve nescio quod tempus, sed multa saecula propagarit 
rei publicae. Xulla est enim natio quam pertimescamus ; 135 
nullus rex qui bellum populo Romano facere possit. Omnia 
sunt externa unius virtute terra maiique pacata. Domesti- 



26 CICEKO'S OKATIONS 

cum bellum manet ; intus insidiae sunt; intus inclusum 
peiiculum est ; intus est hostis. Cum luxuria nobis, cum 

140 amentia, cum scelere certandum est. Huic ego me bello 
ducem profiteor, Quirites. Suscipio inimicitias hominum 
perditorum. Quae sanari poterunt, quacumque ratione 
sanabo; quae resecanda erunt, non patiar ad perniciem 
civitatis manere. Proinde aut exeant aut quiescant, aut, si 

145 et in urbe et in eadem mente permanent, ea quae merentur 
exspectent. 

" Catiline an exile" my fellow-citizens ? Poor fellow ! But not he : 
he has gone, not to JIassilia, but to the camp of Ifanlius in 
Etruria. 

VI. 12. At etiam sunt qui dicant, Quirites, a me in 
exsilium eiectum esse Catilinam. Quod ego si verbo adse- 
qui possem, istos ipsos eicerem, qui haec loquuntur. Homo 

150 enim videlicet timidus, aut etiam permodestus, vocem 
consulis ferre non potuit : simul atque ire in exsilium 
iussus est, paruit. Quid ? ut hesterno die, Quirites, cum 
domi meae paene interfectus essem, senatum in aedem Iovis 
Statoris convocavi, rem omnem ad patres conscriptos detuli : 

155 quo cum Catilina venisset, quis eum senator appellavit ? 
quis salutavit ? quis denique ita aspexit ut perditum civem, 
ac non potius ut importunissimum hostem ? Quin etiam 
principes eius ordinis partem illam subselliorum, ad quam 
ille accesserat, ntidam atque inanem reliquerunt. 13. Hie 

160 ego vehemens ille consul, qui verbo citis in exsilium eicio, 
quaesivi a Catilina in nocturno conventu. ad M. Laecam 
fuisset necne. Cum ille, homo audacissimus, conscientia 
convictus, primo reticuisset, patefeci cetera. Quid ea nocte 
egisset, quid in proximam constituisset, quern ad modum 

165 esset ei ratio totius belli descripta, edocui. Cum haesitaret, 
cum teneretur, quaesivi quid dubitaret proficisci eo, quo 
iam pridem pararet, cum arma, cum securis, cum fascis, 
cum tubas, cum signa militaria, cum aquilam illam argen- 
team^ cui ille etiam sacrarium scelerum domi suae fecerat. 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 2J 

scirem esse praemissam. 14. In exsilium eiciebam, quern 170 
iam ingressum esse in bellum videbam ? Etenim, credo, 
Manlius iste centurio, qui in agro Faesulano castra posuit, 
bellum populo Eomano suo nomine indixit, et ilia castra 
nunc non Catilinam ducem exspectant, et ille eiectus 
in exsilium se Massiliam, ut aiunt, non in haec castra 175 
conferet. 

Let him, if he will, go into exile. If he does, I may be misjudged, 
but I will gladly bear the consequences, be they what they may, if 
only the country be saved. But in three days you will know the 
truth. 

VII. condicionem miseram non modo administran- 
dae, verum etiam conservandae rei publicae ! Nunc si L. 
Catilina, consiliis, laboribus, periculis meis circumclusus 
ac debilitatus, subito pertiniuerit, sententiam mutaverit, 180 
deseruerit suos, consilium belli faciendi abiecerit, ex hoc 
cursu sceleris ac belli iter ad f ugam atque in exsilium con- 
verter^ non ille a me spoliatus armis audaciae, non obstu- 
pefactus acperterritus mea diligentia, non de spe conatuque 
depulsus, sed indemnatus, innocens in exsilium eiectus a 185 
n 6nsule vi et minis esse dicetur : et erunt qui ilium, si hoc 
fecerit, non improbum sed miserum, me non diligentis- 
simum consulem sed crudelissimum tyrannum, existimari 
velint ! 15. Est mihi tanti, Quirites, huius invidiae falsae 
atque iniquae tempestatem subire, dum modo a vobis huius 190 
horribilis belli ac nefarii periculum depellatur : dicatur 
sane eiectus esse a me, dum modo eat in exsilium. Sed 
mihi credite, non est iturus. Numquam ego a dis immor- 
talibus optabo, Quirites, invidiae meae levandae causa, ut 
L. Catilinam ducere exercitum hostium atque in armis 195 
volitare audiatis ; sed triduo tamen audietis, multoque 
magis illud timeo, ne mihi sit invidiosum aliquando, quod 
ilium emlserim potius quam quod eiecerim. Sed cum sint 
homines qui ilium, cum profectus sit, eiectum esse dicant, 
eldem, si interfectus esset, quid dicerent ? 16. Quamquam 200 



28 cicero's orations 

isti qui Catillnam Massiliam Ire dictitant, non tarn hoc 
queruntur quam verentur. Nemo est istorum tarn mise- 
ricors qui ilium non ad Manlium quam ad Massiliensls 
ire malit. Ille autem, si me hercule hoc, quod agit, num- 
205 quam antea cogitasset, tamen latrocinantem se interfici 
mallet quam exsulem vlvere. Nunc vero, cum el nihil 
adhuc praeter ipsius voluntatem cogitationemque accident, 
nisi quod vivis nobis Koma profectus est, optemus potius ut 
eat in exsilium quam queramur. 

But leaving Catiline now as a self-confessed enemy, let me describe 
the classes to which his followers belong, 

210 VIII. 17. Sed cur tarn diu de uno hoste loquimur, et 
de hoste qui iam fatetur se esse hostem, et quern, quia, 
quod semper volui, murus interest, non timeo. De eis qui 
dissimulant, qui Eomae remanent, qui nobiscum sunt, nihil 
dicimus ? Quos quidem ego, si ullo mod 6 fieri possit, non 

215 tarn ulcisci studeo quam sanare sibi ipsos, placare rei publi- 
cae ; neque, id qua re fieri non possit, si me audlre volent, 
intellego. Exponam enim vobls, Quiiites, ex quibus gene- 
ribus hominum istae copiae comparentur ; deinde singulis 
mediclnam consill atque orationis meae, si quam potero, 

220 adferam. 

The first class consists of propertied men who are yet deeply in debt. 

18. Unum genus est eorum qui magnp in aere alieno 
maiores etiam possessiones habe'nt, quarum amore adductl 
dissolvl nullo modo possunt. Horum hominum species est 
honestissima ; sunt enim locupletes. Voluntas yero et 

225 causa impudentissima. Tu. agrls, tii aedificils, tu argento, 
tu familia, tu rebus omnibus ornatus et copiosus sis, et 
dubites de possessione detrahere, adqulrere ad ficlem ? Quid 
enim exspectas ? bellum ? Quid ergo ? in vastatione omnium 
tuas possessiones sacrosanctas futiiras putas ? An tabulas 

230 novas ? Errant qui istas a Catilina exspectant : meo bene- 



SECOND ORATIOK AGAtKST CATILINE 2g 

ficio tabulae novae proferentur, verum auctionariae; neque 
enim isti, qui possessions habent, alia ratione ulla salvi 
esse possunt. Quod si maturius facere voluissent, neque 
(id quod stultissimum est) certare cum usuris fructibus 
praediorum, et locupletioribus his et melioribus civibus 235 
uteremur. Sed hosce homines minime puto pertimescendos, 
quod aut deduci de sententia possunt, aut, si permanebunt, 
magis mihi yidentur vota facturi contra rem publicam 
quam arma laturi. 

The second class, of needy but ambitious politicians. 

IX. 19. Alterum genus est eorum qui, quamquam 240 
premuntur aere alieno, dominationem tamen exspectant, 
rerum potiri volunt, honores, quos quieta re publica despe- 
rant, perturbata se consequi posse arbitrantur. Quibus 
hoc praecipiendum videtur (unum scilicet et idem quod 
reliquis omnibus), ut desperent id, quod conantur, se con- 245 
sequi posse : primum omnium me ipsum vigilare, adesse, 
providere rei publicae ; deinde magnos animos esse in bonis 
viris, magnam concordiam in maxima multitudine, magnas 
praeterea copias militum ; deos denique immortalis huic 
invicto populo, clarissimo imperio, pulcherrimae urbi con- 250 
tra tantam vim sceleris praesentis auxiliam esse latiiros. 
Quod si iam sint id, quod cum summo furore cupiunt, 
adepti, num ill! in cinere urbis et in sanguine clvium, quae 
mente conscelerata ac nefaria concupiverunt, se consules ac 
dictatores aut etiam reges sperant futuros? Xon yident id 255 
se cupere, quod si adepti sint, fugitivo alicui aut gladia- 
tor! concedi sit necesse ? 

The third class, of Sully's veterans spoiling for another ivar. 

20. Tertium genus est aetate iam adfectum, sed tamen 
exercitatione robustum. Quo ex genere iste est Manlius, 
cui nunc Catilma succedit. Sunt homines ex els coloniis 260 
quas Sulla constituit ; quas ego universas civium esse opti- 



$6 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

morum et fortissimorum virorum sentio, sed tamen ei sunt 
colon! qui se in msperatis ac repentinis pecuniis sumptuosius 
insolentiusque iactarunt. Hi dum aedificant tamquam 

265 beati, dum praediis lectis, familiis magnis, conviviis appa- 
ratus delectantur, in tantum aes alienum inciderunt, ut, si 
salvi esse velint, Sulla sit eis ab inferis excitandus ; qui 
etiam non nullos agrestis, homines tenuis atque egentis, in 
eandem illam spem rapmarum veterum impulerunt : quos 

270 ego utrosque in eodem genere praedatorum direptorumque 
pono. Sed eos hoc moneo : desinant furere, ac proscrip- 
tion's et dictaturas cogitare. Tantus enim illorum tem- 
porum dolor inustus est civitati, ut iam ista non modo 
homines, sed ne pecudes quidem mihi passurae esse vide- 

275 antur. 

The fourth, of hopeless bankrupts, a motley crew. t 

X. 21. Quartum genus est sane varium et mixtum et 
turbulentum, qui iam pridem premuntur, qui numquam 
emergunt ; qui partim inertia, partim male gerendo nego- 
tio, partim etiam sumptibus in vetere aere alieno vacillant ; 

280 qui vadimoniis, iudiciis, proscriptione bonorum defatigati, 
permulti et ex urbe et ex agris se in ilia castra conferre 
dicuntur. Hosce ego non tarn milites acris quam Infitia- 
tores lentos esse arbitror. Qui homines primum, si stare 
non possunt, conruant, sed ita, ut non modo civitas, sed ne 

285 vicini quidem proximi sentiant. Nam illud non intellego, 
quam ob rem, si vivere honeste non possunt, perire turpiter 
velint ; aut cur minore dolore perituros se cum multis, 
quam si soli pereant, arbitrentur. 

The fifth, of criminals of every sort ; and the sixth and last, of young 
debauchees, Catiline's especial favorites. 

22. Quintum genus est parricidarum, sicariorum, deni- 

290 que omnium facinorosorum. Quos ego a Catilina non 

revoco ; nam neque ab eo divelli possunt, et pereant sane in 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 31 

latrocinio, quoniam sunt ita multl, ut eos career capere non 
possit. 

Postremum autem genus est non solum numero, verum 
etiam genere ipso atque vita, quod proprium Catilinae est, 295 
de eius dllectu, immo vero de complexu eius ac sinu ; quos 
pexo capillo, nitidos, aut imberbls aut bene barbatos videtis, 
manicatls et talaribus tunicls, yells amictos, non togls, 
quorum omnis industria vltae et vigilandl labor in antelu- 
canis cenis expromitur. 23. In his gregibus omnes alea- 300 
tores, omnes adulter!, omnes impuri impudlclque versantur. 
HI pueri tarn lepidi ac dencati non solum amare et amari, 
neque saltare et canta^ s^d^tiam slcas vibrare et spargere 
venena didicerunt ; qul%ni^ exeunt, nisi pereunt, etiam si 
Catilina perierit, scitote JK>c in re publica seminarium 305 
Catillnarum futurum. VerSin jfcamen quid sibi isti miser! 
yolunt ? \ Num suas secum mulierculas sunt in castra duc- 
turi ? Quern ad modum autem illis carere poterunt, his 
praesertim iam noctibus ? Quo autem pacto ill! Apenninum 
atque illas pruinas ac nivls perf erent ? nisi idcirco se facilius 310 
hiemem toleraturos putant, quod nudl in convivils saltare 
didicerunt. 

Contrasting the two sides, your own and that of Catiline, we find that 
we have nothing to fear ; for this is a war between strength and 
weakness, virtue and vice, right and wrong, the result of which 
can be safely foretold, 

XI. 24. bellum magno opere pertimescendum, cum 
hanc sithabiturus Catilina scortorum cohortem praetoriam! 
Instruite nunc, Quirites, contra has tarn praeclaras Catilinae 315 
copias yestra praesidia vestrosque exercitus. Et primum 
gladiator! ill! confecto et saucio consules imperatoresque 
vestros opponite ; deinde contra illam naufragorum eiectam 
ac debilitatam manum florem totlus Italiae ac robur educite. 
Iam vero urbes coloniarum ac municipiorum respondebunt 320 
Catilinae tumulis silvestribus. Neqne ego ceteras copias, 
ornamenta, praesidia vestra cum illius latronis inopia 
6 



32 CICERO'S ORATIOKS 

atque egestate conferre debeo. 25. Sed si, omissis his 
rebus, quibus nos suppeditamur, eget ille (senatti, equitibus 

325 Komanis, urbe, aerario, vectigalibus, cimcta Italia, pro- 
vinces omnibus, exteris nationibus) — si, his rebus omissis, 
causas ipsas quae inter se confligunt contendere velimus, ex 
eo ipso, quam valde illi iaceant, intellegere possumus. Ex 
hac enim parte pudor pugnat, illinc petulantia ; hinc pudi- 

330 citia, illinc stuprum ; hinc fides, illinc fraudatio ; hinc pietas, 
illinc scelus ; hinc constantia, illinc furor ; hinc honestas, 
illinc turpitudo ; hinc continentia, illinc libido ; denique 
aequitas, temperantia, fortitudo, prudentia, virtutes omnes 
certant cum iniquitate, liixuija, Ignayia, temeritate, cum 

335 vitiis omnibus ; postremo copia cum egestate, bona ratio 
cum perdita, mens sana cum^mentia, bona denique spes 
cum omnium rerum desperatione confligit. In eius modi 
certamine ac proelio nonne, etiam si hominum studia defi- 
ciant, di ipsi immortales cogant ab his praeclarissimis virtti- 

340 tibus tot et tanta vitia superari ? 

Guard your homes ; I have provided for the safety of the city. I have 
also taken every means of defence outside. 

XII. 26. Quae cum ita sint, Quirites, yos, quern ad 
modum iam antea, vestra tecta custodiis vigiliisque defen- 
dite ; mihi, ut urbi sine vestro motli ac sine ullo tumultli 
satis esset praesidi, consultum atque provisum est. Colon! 

345 omnes miinicipesque yestri, certiores a me fact! de hac noc- 
turna excursione Catilinae, facile urbis suas f Inisque def en- 
dent. Gladiatores, quam sibi ille manum certissimam fore 
putavit, quamquam animo meliore sunt quam pars patrici- 
orum, potestate tamen nostra continebuntur. Q. Metellus, 

350 quern ego hoc prospiciens in agrum Gallicum Picenumque 
praemisi, aut opprimet hominem, aut omnis eius mottis 
conatiisque prohibebit. Eeliquis autem de rebus constitu- 
endis, matiirandis, agendis iam ad senatum referemus, quern 
^ocari videtis. 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 33 

To the conspirators left behind by Catiline I give warning once more 
Let them go if they will ; for, guilty as they are, I ivill not detain 
them. This war I will wage in the garb of peace, and with the 
least possible disturbance. 

27. Nunc illos, qui in urbe remanserunt, atque adeo qui 355 
contra urbis salutem omniumque vestrum in urbe a Catilina 
relicti sunt, quamquam sunt hostes, tamen, quia sunt cives, 
monitos etiam atque etiam void. Mea lenitas si cui adhuc 
solutior visa est, hoc exspectavit, ut id, quod latebat, 
erumperet. Quod reliquum est, iam non possum oblivisci, 360 
meam hanc esse patriam ; me horum esse consulem ; mini 
aut cum his vJ vendum aut pro his esse moriendum. Nullus 
est portis custos, nullus insidiator viae : si qui exire volunt, 
conivere possum. Qui vero se in urbe commoverit ; cuius 
ego non modo factum, sed inceptum ullum conatumve 365 
contra patriam deprehendero — sentiet in hac urbe esse 
consules yigilantis, esse egregios magistrates, esse fortem 
senatum, esse arma, esse carcerem, quern yindicem nefari- 
orum ac manifestorum scelerum maiores nostri esse yolu- 
erunt. 370 

XIII. 28. Atque haec omnia sic agentur, Quirites, ut 
maximae res minimo motu, pericula summa nullo tumultu, 
bellum intestmum ac domesticum post hominum memoriam 
crudelissimum et maximum me uno togato duce et impera- 
tore sedetur. Quod ego sic administrabo, Quirites, ut, si 375 
Alio modo fieri poterit, ne improbus quidem quisquam in 
hac urbe poenam sui sceleris sufferat ; sed si vis manifestae 
audaciae, si impendens patriae periculum me necessario de 
hac animi lenitate deduxerit, lllud profecto perficiam, quod 
in tanto et tarn insidioso bello vix optandum videtur, ut 380 
neque bonus quisquam intereat, paucorumque poena vos 
omnes salvi esse possitis. 



34 



CICER0 3 S ORATIONS 



We may safely rely on the help of the gods. 



29. Quae quidem ego neque mea prudentia neque hu- 
manis consiliis fretus polliceor vobis., Quirites, sed multis et 

385 non dubiis deorum immortalium significationibus, quibus 
ego ducibus in hanc spem sententiamque sum ingressus; 
qui iam non procuL, ut quondam solebant, ab externo ho- 
ste atque longinquo, sed hie praesentes suo numine atque 
auxilio sua templa atque urbis tecta defendunt. Quos 

390 vos, Quirites, precarL, venerari, implorare debetis, ut, quam 
urbem pulcherrimam florentissimamque esse voluerunt, 
hanc omnibus hostium copiis terra manque superatis a per- 
ditissimorum civium nefario scelere defendant. 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 



35 



Conspirators never think that they have taken precautions enough, 
or have gained allies enough ; and in endeavoring to gain fresh sup- 
port, the Catilinarians made a fatal mistake. — Froude's Caesar. 

Thus Cicero's first object was fully attained ; the conspirators in 
the city, whose machinations had hitherto been hidden from the 
public, were now caught in a flagrant act of rebellion, and an act 
which had conspicuously failed. — Strachan-Davidson's Cicero. 



36 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 

Fellow-citizens, I have saved the state, and am entitled to rank with 
Romulus himself . I will telly oil oriefly what has occurred in the 
Senate. 

Eem publicam, Quirites, vitamque omnium vestrum, 
bona,, fortunas, coniuges liberosque vestros, atque hoc do- 
micilium clarissimi imperii fortunatissimam pulcherrimam- 
que urbem, hodierno die deorum immortalium summo erga 
vos amore, laboribus, consiliis, periculis meis, e flamma 5 
atque ferro ac paene ex faucibus fati ereptam et vobis con- 
servatam ac restitutam videtis. 2. Et si non minus nobis 
iucundi atque inlustres sunt ei dies quibus conservamur, 
quam ill! quibus nascimur, quod salutis certa laetitia est, 
nascendi incerta condicio, et quod sine sensu nascimur, cum 10 
voluptate servamur, profecto, quoniam ilium, qui hanc 
urbem condidit, ad deos immortalis benevolentia famaque 
sustulimus, esse apud vos posterosque vestros in honore 
debebit is qui eandem hanc urbem conditam amplificatam- 
que servavit. Nam toti urbi, templis, delubris, tectis ac 15 
moenibus subiectos prope iam ignis circumdatosque re- 
stinximus ; Idemque gladios in rem publicam destrictos ret- 
tudimus, mucronesque eorum a iugulis vestris deiecimus. 
3. Quae quoniam in senatu inlustrata, patefacta, comperta 
sunt per me, vobis iam exponam breviter, Quirites, ut, et 20 

Questions {for answers see the Notes). — 1. How long a time elapsed 
between the delivery of the Second and the Third Oration against 
Catiline ? £. What action did the Senate take about this time ? 3. 
What was Cicero's object during the interval ? 4. What is the theme 
of the Third Oration ? 

37 



38 cicero's orations 

quanta et qua ratione investigata et comprehensa sint, vos 
qui ignoratis et exspectatis scire possitis. 

From the first it has been my aim, since Catiline } s departure, to 
secure such evidence against the conspirators as could not be 
questioned. 

Prmcipio, ut Catillna paucis ante diebus erupit ex urbe, 
cum sceleris sui socios, lruiusce nefarii belli acerrimos duces, 

25 Eomae reliquisset, semper vigilavi et providi, Quirltes, 
quern ad modum in tantis et tarn absconditis insidils salvT 
esse possemus. II. Nam turn, cum ex urbe Catilinam 
eiciebam — non enim iam vereor huius verbi invidiam, cum 
ilia magis sit timenda, quod vivus exierit — sed turn, cum 

30 ilium exterminari volebam, aut reliquam coniuratorum 
manum simul exituram, aut eos, qui restitissent, Infirmos 
sine illo ac debilfs fore putab&m. 4. Atque ego, ut vidi, 
quos maximo furore et scelere esse inflammatos sciebam, 
eos nobiscum esse et Eomae remansisse, in eo omnis dies 

85 noctisque consumpsi, ut quid agerent, quid molirentur, 
sentirem ac viderem, ut, quoniam auribus vestris propter 
incredibilem magnitudinem sceleris minorem fidem faceret 
oratio mea, rem ita comprehenderem, ut turn demum animis 
saliiti vestrae provideretis, cum oculis maleficium ipsum 

40 videretis. 

I learned that certain delegates of the Gauls, visiting our city, had 
been tampered with by Lentulus, and that they with Volturcius, 
the representative of the conspirators, were to bear to their coun- 
trymen and to Catiline important letters, written by the revolution- 
ists in the city. Accordingly I yesterday sent two praetors, Flac- 
cus and Pomptinus, to intercept the party at the Mulvian bridge. 
The arrests were made early this morning, and the prisoners with 
the letters were brought to me. 

Itaque ut comperi legatos Allobrogum, belli Trans- 
alpini et tumultus Gallic! excitandi causa, a P. Lentulo 
esse sollicitatos, eosque in Galliam ad suos civis eodemque 
itinere cum litteris mandatisque ad Catilinam esse missos, 



THIKD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 3g 

comitemque eis adiunctum esse T. Volturcium, atque huie 45 
ad Catilinam esse datas lltteras, facultatem mihi oblatam 
putavl, ut (quod erat difficillimum, quodque ego semper 
optabam ab dis immortalibus) tota res non solum a me, 
sed etiam a senatu et a vobls manifesto deprehenderetur. 
5. Itaque hesterno die L. Flacum^i cfc C. Pompunum 50 
praetores, fortissimos atque amantissimos rei publicae viros, 
ad me vocavi. Eem exposui ; quid fieri placeret, ostendi. 
111! autem, qui omnia de re publica praeclara atque egregia 
sentirent, sine recusatione ac sine ulla mora negotium sus- 
ceperunt ; et, cum advesperasceret, occulte ad pontem 55 
Mulvium pervenerunt, atque ibi in proximis villis ita bi- 
partito fuerunt, ut Tiberis inter eos et pons interesset. 
Eodem autem et ipsi sine cuiusquam stispicione multos 
fortis viros eduxerant, et ego ex praefectura Eeatina com- 
pluris delectos adulescentis, quorum opera utor adsidue in 60 
re publica, praesidio cum gladiis miseram. 6. Interim, 
tertia fere vigilia exacta, cum iam pontem Mulvium magno 
comitatu legati Allobrogum ingredi inciperent, tinaqne 
Volturcius, fit in eos impetus. Ediicuntur et ab illis gladii 
et a nostris. Ees praetoribus erat nota soils, ignorabatur 65 
a ceteris. III. Turn interventu Pomptmi atque Flacci 
pugna quae erat commissa sedatur. Litterae, quaec uni- 
que erant in eo comitatu, integris signis praetoribus tra- 
duntur. Ipsi comprehensi ad me, cum iam dilucesceret, 
deducuntur. Atque horum omnium scelerum improbis- 70 
simum machinatorem Cimbrum Gabmium statim ad me, 
nihil dum suspicantem, vocavi ; deinde item arcessitus est 
L. Statilius et post eum C. Cethegus ; tardissime autem 
Lentulus venit, credo quod in litteris dandis praeter con- 
suetudinem proxima nocte vigilarat. 75 

After consulting certain prominent citizens, I immediately assembled 

the Senate. 

7. Cum summis ac clarissimis huius civitatis viris, qui 
audita re frequentes ad me mane convenerant, litteras a me 



4Q 



CICERO'S ORATIONS 



prius aperiri quam ad senatum deferrem, placeret (ne, 

si nihil esset inventum, temere a me tantus tumultus in- 

80 iectus eivitati videretur), negavi me esse facturum ut de 

•iculo publico non ad consilium publicum rem integram 

<!eferrem. Etenim, Quirites, si ea, quae erant- ad me 

delata, reperta non ebboiit, tamen ego non arbitrabar, in 

itis rei publicae periculis, esse mihi nimiam diligentiam 

endam. Senatum frequentem celeriter, ut vi- 

distis, coegi. 8. Atque interea statim, admonitu. Allobro- 

gum\, C. Sulpicium praetorem, fortem virum, misi, qui ex 

aedibus Cethegi, si quid telorum esset, efferret ; ex quibus 

ille maximum sicarum numerum et gladiorum extulit. 

Before the Senate, Volturcius under a promise of immunity made a 
full confession, after which the Gauls were summoned to appear, 
and told the whole story. 

90 v IV. Introduxi Volturcium sine Gallis ; fidem publicam 
iussu senatus dedi ; hortatus sum, ut ea quae sciret sine 
timore indicaret. Turn ille dixit, cum yix se ex magno 
timore recreasset, ab Lentulo se habere ad Catilinam 
mandata et litteras, ut servorum praesidio uteretur, ut ad 

95 urbem quam primum cum exercitu accederet ; id autejn 
eo consilio, ut, cum urbem ex omnibus partibus, quern 
ad modum discriptum distributumque erat, incendissent, 
caedemque infinitam civium fecissent, praesto esset ille qui" 
et fugientis exciperet, et se cum his urbanis ducibus con- 

100 iungeret. 9. Introducti autem Galli ius iurandum sibi et 
lltteras ab Lentulo,, Cethego, Statilio ad suam gentem data 
esse dixerunt, atque ita sibi ab his et a L. Cassio esse prae- 
-jriptum, ut equitatum in Italiam quam primum mitterent; 
pedestris sibi copias non defuturas ; Lentulum autem sibi 

105 confirmasse, ex fatis Sibyllmis haruspicumque responsis, se 

e ; ertium ilium Cornelium ad quern regnum huius urbis 

atque imperium pervenire esset necesse : Cinnam ante se et 

Sullam fuisse ; eundemque dixisse, fatalem hunc annum 

esse ad interitum huius urbis atque imperi, qui esset annus 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST C ATILIKE 4 1 

decimus post virginum absolutionem, post Capitol! autem 110 
incensionem vicesimus. 10. Hanc autem Cethego cum 
ceteris controversiam fuisse dixerunt, quod Lentulo et aliis 
Saturnalibus caedem fieri atque urbem incendi placeret^ 
Cethego nimium id longum videretur. 

Not to detain you, the prisoners were confronted with the letters. 
Cethegus and Statilius, forced to acknowledge their seal and 
handwriting, soon made confession. Lentulus was next examined 
and liis letter read. Upon his cross-examining the Gauls, their 
straightforward replies finally resulted in his confessing also. 
He was especially agitated when his unsigned letter to Catiline 
was read. Gabinius was then examined with the same result. 
To my mind the prisoners were convicted as much by their looks 
and manner as by the letters. 

^ V. Ac ne longum sit, Quirites, tabellas profem iussi- 115 
mus, quae a quoque dicebantur datae. Primum ostendi- 
mus Cethego signum ; cognovit. Xos linum incidimus ; 
legimus. Erat scriptum ipsius manu Allobrogum sena- 
tui et populo, sese quae eorum legatis conflrmasset fac- 
turum esse ; orare ut item ill! facerent quae sibi eorum 120 
legati recepissent. Turn Cethegus, qui paulo ante ali- 
Quid tamen de gladiis ac sicis, quae apud ipsum erant 
deprehensa, respondisset, dixissetque se semper bonorum 
ferramentorum studiosum fuisse, recitatis litteris debili- 
tatus atque abiectus conscientia repente conticuit. Intro- 125 
ductus est Statilius ; cognovit et signum et manum suam : 
recitatae sunt tabellae in eandem fere sententiam ; cdnfes- 
sus est. j Turn ostendi tabellas Lentulo, et quaesivi cogno- 
sceretne signum. Adnuit. ' Est vero/ inquam, ' notum 
quidem signum, imago avi tui, clarissimi viri, qui amavit 130 
unice patriam et civls suos ; quae quidem te a tan to scelere 
etiam mtita revocare debuit.' 11. Leguntur eadem ratione 
ad senatum Allobrogum populumque litterae. Si quid de 
his rebus dicere vellet, feci potestatem. Atque ille primo 
quidem negavit ; post autem aliquanto, toto iam indicio 135 
exposito atque edito, surrexit ; quaesivit a Gallis quid sibi 



4 2 CICERO^ ORATIONS 

esset cum els, quam ob rem domum suam venissent, item- 
que a Volturcio. Qui cum ill! breviter constanterque 
respondissent, per quern ad eum quotiensque venissent, 

140 quaesissentque ab eo, nihilne secum esset de fatis Sibvllinis 
locutus, turn ille subito s'celere demens quanta conscientiae 
vis esset ostendit. Nam cum id posset infitiari, repente 
praeter opmionem omnium confessus est. <Ita eum non 
modo ingenium illud et dicendi exercitatio, qua semper 

145 valuit, sed etiam propter vim sceleris manifest! atque de- 
prehensi impudentia, qua superabat omnis, improbitasque 
defecit. 12. Volturcius vero subito Htteras proferri atque 
aperiri iubet, quas sibi a Lentulo ad Gatilinam datas esse 
dicebat. Atque ibi vehementissime perturbatus Lentulus 

150 tamen et signum et manum suam cognovit. Erant autem 
scriptae sine nomine, sed ita : ' Quis sim, scies ex eo quern 
ad te misi. Cura ut vir sis, et cogita quern in locum sis 
progressus ; vide ecquid tibi iam sit necesse, et cura ut 
omnium tibi auxilia adiungas, etiam infimorum/* Gabinius 

155 deinde introductus, cum primo impudenter respondere 
coepisset, ad extremum nihil ex els quae Galli Insimu- 
labant negavit. * 13. Ac mihi quidem, Quintes, cum ilia 
certissima visa sunt argumenta atque indicia sceleris — 
tabellae, slgna, manus, denique unlus cuiusque confessio, 

160 turn multo certiora ilia — color, oculi, voltus, taciturnitas. 
Sic enim obstupuerant, sic terram intuebantur, sic furtim 
non numquam inter sese aspiciebant, ut non iam ab aliis 
indicari, sed indicare se ipsi viderentur. 

At the close of these proceedings the Senate passed a vote of thanks to 
me, to the two praetors, and to Antonius my colleague. They then 
directed that Lentulus, Cethegus, Statilius, Gabinius, and five 
others should be placed under arrest. And still further they 
honored me with a supplicatio under circumstances that have no 
parallel. Of course, to remove every religious scruple, Lentulus 
was first required to resign his magistracy. 

VI. Indiciis expositis atque editis, senatum consului, de 
165 summa re publica quid fieri placeret. Dictae sunt a. j rin- 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 43 

cipibus acerrimae ac fortissimae senteutiae, quas senatus 
sine ulla varietate est secutus. Et quoniam nondum est 
perscrlptum senatus consultum, ex memoria vobis, Quirites, 
quid senatus censuerit exponam. ^14. Primum milii gratia e 
verbis amplissimis aguntur, quod virtute, consilio. provi- 170 
dentia mea res publica maximis peiiculis sit liberata ; 
deinde L. Flaccus et C. Pomptinus praetores, quod eorum 
opera forti fidellque usus essem, merito ac iure laudantur ; 
atque etiam viro fortl, conlegae meo, laus impertitur, quod 
eos, qui huius coniurationis participes f uissent, a suis et a 175 
rei publicae consiliis removisset. Atque ita censueritnt, ut 
^PT Lentulus, cum se praetura abdicasset, in custodiam tra- 
deretur ; itemque utT C. Cethegus, L. Statilius, P. Gabi- 
nius, qui omnes praesentes erant, in custodiam traderentur. 
Atque idem hoc clecretum est in L. Cassium, qui sibi procu- iso 
rationem incendendae urbis depoposcerat ; in M. Ceparium, 
cm ad sollicitandos pastores Aptiliam attributam esse erat 
indicatum $ in P. Furium,, qui est ex els colonis, quos 
Faesulas'L. Sulla deduxit ; in Q. Annium Chilonem, qui 
una cum hoc Furio semper erat in hac Allobrogum sollici- 185 
tatione versatus ; in P. Umbrenum, llbertinum hominem, a 
quo primum Gallos ad Gabinium perductos esse constabat. 
Atque ea lenitate senatus est usus,, Quirites, ut ex tanta 
coniuratione tantaque hac multitudine domesticorum ho- > 
stium, novem hominum perditissiniorum poena re publica 190 
conservata, reliquorum mentis sanari posse arbitraretur. 
\ 15. Atque etiam supplicatio dis immortalibus pro singular! 
eorum merito meo nomine decreta est, quod mihi primum 
post hanc urbem conditam togato contigit, et his verbis 
decreta est : quod urbem incendiis, caede clvls, Italiam 195 
bello liberassem. Quae supplicatio si cum ceteris confera- 
tur, hoc interest, quod ceterae bene gesta, haec una con- 
servata re publica constituta est. Atque illud, quod 
faciendum primum fuit, factum atque transactum est. 
Nam P. Lentulus, quamquam patefactis indiciis, confes- 200 
sionibus suis, iudicio senatus 11 on modo praetoris ivis, verum 



44 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

etiam civis amiserat, tamen magistrate se abdicavit, ut, 
quae religio C. Mario, clarissimo viro, non fuerat, quo mi- 
nus C. Glauciam, de quo nihil nominatim erat decretum, 
205 praetorem occlderet, ea nos religione in privato P. Lentulo 
puniendo liberaremur. 

The conspiracy was doomed, felloiv-citizens, from the moment I drove 
Catiline, its master spirit, out of the city. 

VII. 16. Nunc quoniam, Quirites, consceleratissimi pe- 
riculosissimiqne belli nefarios duces captosiam et compre- 
hensos tenetis, existimare debetis omnis Catilinae copias, 

210 omnis spes atque opes, his depulsis urbis periculis, con- 
cidisse. Quern quidem ego cum ex urbe pellebam, hoc 
providebam animo, Quirites : remoto Catilma, non mihi 
esse P. Lentuli somnum nee L. CassT adipes nee C. 
Cethegi furiosam temeritatem pertimescendam. Ille erat 

215 unus timendus ex istis omnibus, sed tarn diu, dum urbis 
moenibus continebatur. Omnia norat, omnium aditus 
tenebat ; appellare, temptare, sollicitare poterat, audebat ; 
erat ei consilium ad facinus aptum, consilio autem neque 
manus neque lingua deerat. lam ad certas res conficiendas 

220 certos homines delectos ac descriptos habebat. Neque ' 
yero, cum aliquid mandarat, confectum putabat : nihil 
erat quod non ipse obiret, occurreret, yigilaret, laboraret. 
Frigus, sitim, famem ferre poterat. 17. Hunc ego homi- 
nem tarn acrem, tarn audacem, tarn paratum, tam calli- 

225 dum, tam in scelere vigilantem, tam in perditis rebus 
diligentem, nisi ex domesticis InsidiTs in castrense latro- 
cinium compulissem (dicam id quod sentio, Quirites), non 
facile hanc tantam molem mail a ceryicibus vestris depu- 
lissem. Non ille nobis Saturnalia constituisset, neque 

230 tanto ante exsili ac fati diem rei publicae dentin tiarisset j 
neque commisisset, ut slgnum, ut litterae suae testes 
manifest! sceleris deprehenderentur. Quae nunc, illo 
absente, sic gesta sunt, ut nullum in piivata domo furtum 
umquam sit tam palam inventum, quam haec tanta in re 



THIRD ORATIOH aGAIHST CATILINE 45 

publica coniuratio manifesto inventa atque deprehensa est. 235 
Quod si Catilma in urbe ad hanc diem remansisset, quam- 
quam, quoad fuit, omnibus eius consiliis occurri atque 
obstiti, tamen, ut levissime dicam, dimicandum nobis 
cum ill 6 fuisset ; neque nos umquam, cum ille in urbe 
hostis esset, tantis periculis rem publicam tanta pace, 240 
tanto otio, tanto silentio liberassemus. 

That the gods ivere with us we have ocular proof. When Cotta and 
Torquatus were consuls, two years ago, we were reminded by the 
soothsayers of the learning given when lightning struck the 
Capitol. To ward off disaster they then directed that a new 
statue — a larger one — should he erected to face the east, and the 
work after great delay was finished on this very day. That such 
a coincidence between the completion of the work and the discovery 
of the conspiracy marks a divine intervention, no man can be so 
blind as to deny. 

VIII. 18. Quamquam haec omnia, Quirites, ita sunt a 
me administrata, ut deorum immortalium nutu atque 
consilio et gesta et provisa esse videantur ; idque cum 
coniectnra consequi possumus, quod vix videtur human! 245 
consili tantarum rerum gubernatio esse potuisse, turn vero 
ita praesentes his temporibus opem et auxilium nobis 
tulerunt, ut eos paene oculis videre possemus. Nam ut 
ilia omittam, visas nocturno tempore ab occidente faces 
ardoremque caell ; ut fulminum iactus, ut terrae motus 250 
relinquam ; ut omittam cetera, quae tarn multa nobis 
consulibus facta sunt, ut haec, quae nunc fiunt, canere di 
immortales yiderentur — hoc certe, quod sum dicturus, 
neque praetermittendum neque relinquendum est. 

19. Nam profecto memoria tenetis,- Cotta et Torquato 255 
consulibus, compluris in Capitolio res de caelo esse per- 
cussas, cum et simulacra deorum depulsa sunt, et statuae 
veterum hominum deiectae, et legum aera liquefacta. 
Tactus est etiam ille, qui hanc urbem condidit, Romulus, 
quern inauratum in Capitolio, parvum atque lactentem, 2G0 



46 ClCERO^S ORATIOKS 

1 

uberibus lupinis inhiantem, fuisse meministis. Quo qui- 
dem tempore cum haruspices ex tota Etruria convenissent, 
caedes atque incendia et legum interitum et bellum civile 
ac domesticum et totius urbis atque imperi occasum ap- 

265 propinquare dixerunt, nisi di immortales, omni ratione 
placati, suo numine prope fata ipsa flexissent. 20. Itaque 
illorum responsis turn et ludi per decern dies fact! sunt, 
neque res ulla quae ad placandos deos pertineret praeter- 
missa est ; idemque iusserunt simulacrum Iovis facere 

270 maius, et in excelso conlocare, et contra atque antea fuerat 
ad orientem convertere ; ac se sperare dixerunt, si illud 
signum quod videtis, solis ortum et forum curiamque" 
conspiceret, fore ut ea consilia, quae clam essent inita 
contra salutem urbis atque imperi, inlustrarentur, ut a 

275 senatu populoque Eomano perspici possent. Atque illud 
signum conlocandum consules ill! locaverunt : sed tanta 
fuit operis tarditas, ut neque superioribus consulibus, 
neque nobis ante hodiernum diem conlocaretur. 

IX. 21. Hie quis potest esse tarn aversus a vero, tarn 

280 praeceps, tarn mente captus, qui neget haec omnia quae 
videmus/ praecipueque hanc urbem, deorum immortalium 
nutu. ac potestate administrari ? Etenim cum esset ita 
responsum, caedes, incendia, interitum rei , publicae com- 
parari, et ^ea per civis (quae turn propter magnitudinem 

285 scelerum non nullis incredibilia videbantur), ea non modo 
cogitata a nef arils civibus, verum etiam suscepta esse 
sensistis. Illud vero nonne ita praesens est, ut nutu Iovis 
Optimi Maximi factum esse videatur, ut cum hodierno 
die mane per forum meo iussu et coniurati et eorum in- 

290 dices in aedem Concordiae ducerentur, eo ipso tempore 
signum statrteretur ? quo conlocato atque ad vos senatum- 
que converso, omnia et senatus et vos, quae erant cogitata 
contra salutem omnium, inlustrata et patefacta vidistis. 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 47 

That our enemies were deprived of their senses by Jupiter is clear 
from their conduct, and is another proof of his protecting care 
over us. 

22. Quo etiam maiore sunt isti odio supplicioque digni, 
qui non solum vestris domiciliis atque tectis, sed etiam 295 
deorum templis atque delubris sunt funestos ac nefarios 
ignis Inferre conati. Qnibus ego si me restitisse dicam, 
nimium mihi sumam et non sim ferendus. Ille, ille Iuppi- 
ter restitit ; ille Capitolium, ille haec templa, ille cunctam 
urbem, ille vos omnis salvos esse voluit. DTs ego immor- 300 
talibus ducibus hanc mentein, Quirites, voluntatemque 
suscepi, atque ad haec tanta indicia perveni. lam vero 
ab Lentulo ceterisque domesticis hostibus tarn dementer 
tantae res creditae, et ignotis et barbaris commissae lit- 
tv -ae numquam essent profecto, nisi ab dis immortalibus 305 
hnlc tantae audaciae consilium esset ereptum. Quid 
vero ? ut homines Galli ex civitate male pacata, quae 
gens una restat quae bellum populo Eomano facere posse 
et non nolle videatur, spem imperi ac rerum maximarum 
ultro sibi a patriciis hominibus oblatam neglegerent, 310 
vestramque salutem suis opibus anteponerent, id non di- 
vinitus esse factum putatis ? praesertim qui nos non pu- 
gnando, sed tacendo superare potuerint. 

Never was occasion more meet for thanksgiving, fellow-citizens. Since 
the days of Sulla we have had many dissensions in our city, but 
in all these troubles revolution was the object of selfish politicians : 
in this our latest disturbance the very life of the state itself* was 
at stake. 

X. 23. Quam ob rem, Quirites, quoniam ad omnia 
pulvmaria supplicatio decreta est, celebratote illos dies 315 
cum coniugibus ac Hberis vestris. Nam multl saepe 
honores dis immortalibus iusti habiti sunt ac debit!, sed 
profecto iiistiores numquam. Erepti enim estis ex cru.de- 
lissimo ac miserrimo interitu. ; erepti sine caede, sine 
sanguine, sine exercitu, sine dimicatione. Togati me uno 320 

togato duce et imperatore vicistis. 24. Etenim recorda- 

7 



/ 

48 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

mini, Quirites, omnis civilis dissensiones — non solum eas 
quas audistis, sed eas quas vo&niet ipsi meministis atque 
vidistis. L. Sulla P. Sulpicium oppressit ; eiecit ex urbe 

325 C. Marium, custodem huius urbis ; multosque fortis viros 
partim eiecit ex civitate, partim interemit. Cn. Octavius 
consul armis expulit ex urbe conlegam : omnis hie locus 
acervis corporum et civium sanguine redundavit. Supera- 
vit postea Cinna cum Mario : turn vero, clarissimis viris 

300 interfectis, lumina civitatis exstincta sunt. Ultus est 
huius victoriae crudelitatem postea Sulla : ne dici quidem 
opus est quanta deminutione civium et quanta calamitate 
rei publicae. Dissensit M. Lepidus a clarissimo ac fortis- 
simo viro Q. Catulo : attulit non tarn ipsius interitus re! 

335 publicae luctum quam ceterorum. 25. Atque illae tamen 
omnes dissensiones erant eius modi, quae non ad delen- 
darn, sed ad commutandam rem publicam pertinerent. 
Non ill! nullam esse rem publicam, sed in ea, quae esset, 
se esse principes, neque hanc urbem conflagrare, sed se in 

340 hac urbe florere, yoluerunt. Atque illae tamen omnes 
dissensiones, quarum nulla exitium rei publicae quaesivit, 
eius modi fuerunt, ut non reconciliatione concordiae sed 
internecione civium diiridicatae sint. In hoc autem uno 
post hominum memoriam maximo crudelissimoque bello, 

345 quale bellum nulla umquam barbaria cum sua gente ges- 
sit, quo in bello lex haec fuit a Lentulo, Catilina, Cethego, 
Cassio constitiita, ut omnes, qui salva urbe salvi esse pos- 
sent, in hostium numero ducerentur, ita me gessi, Quirl- 
tes, ut salvi omnes conservaremini ; et, cum hostes vestri 

350 tantum civium superfuturum putassent, quantum" infinitae 
caedi restitisset, tantum autem urbis, quantum flamma 
obire non potuisset, et urbem et civis integros incolumis- 
que servavi. 

In return for my services I ash for no reward other than the memory 
of my achievements. 
XI. 26. Quibus pro tantis rebus, Quirites, nullum ego 
355 a vobis praemium virtutis, nullum insigne honoris, nul- 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 49 

/ 

lum monumentum laudis postulo, praeterquam huius diei 
memoriam sempiternam. In animis ego vestris omnis 
triumphos meos, omnia ornamenta honoris, monumenta 
gloriae, laudis insignia, condi et conlocari volo. Nihil me 
mutum potest delectare, nihil taciturn, nihil denique eius 360 
modi, quod etiam minus digni adsequi possint. Memoria 
vestra, Quirites, res nostrae alentur, sermonibus crescent, 
litterarum monumentis inveterascent et conroborabuntur ; 
eandemque diem intellego (quam spero aeternam fore) 
propagatam esse et ad salutem urbis et ad memoriam con- 365 
sulatus mei ; unoque tempore in hac re publica duos civis 
exstitisse, quorum alter finis vestrT imperT non terrae, sed 
caelT regionibus terminaret, alter eiusdem imperi domi- 
cilium sedisque servaret. 

Such services as mine have been, impose upon you a corresponding 
obligation, for it will be your duty in future to see that I suffer 
nothing at the hands of those whom ffiave for your sake made my 
enemies. This is all I ask of you, since you nave already bestowed 
on me the noblest gifts to which I could aspire. A nd as night is 
now upon us, fellow-citizens, with prayers to Jupiter, guard your 
homes as before ; you shall soon be free from aU anxiety. 

XI. 27. Sed quoniam earum rerum, quas ego gessT, 370 
non eadem est fortuna atque condicio quae illorum, qui 
externa bella gesserunt, quod mihi cum els yivendum est 
quos vici ac subegT, isti hostis ant interfectos aut oppressos 
reliquerunt, vestrum est, Quirites, si ceteris facta sua recte 
prosunt, mihi mea ne quando obsint, providere. Mentes 375 
enim hominum audacissimorum sceleratae ac nefariae ne 
vobis nocere possent, ego providi ; ne mihi noceant, vestrum 
est providere. Quamquam, Quirites, mihi quidem ipsi 
nihil ab istis iam noceri potest. Magnum enim est in bonis 
praesidium, quod mihi in perpetuum comparatum est ; 380 
magna in re publica dignitas, quae me semper tacita de- 
fendet ; magna vis conscientiae, quam qui neglegunt, cum 
me violare volent, se ipsi indicabunt. 28. Est etiam nobis 
is animus, Quirites, ut non modo nullius audaciae cedamus, 



• \ 

50 CICEBO'S ORATIONS 

385 sed etiam omnis improbos ultro semper lacessamus. Quod 
si omnis impetus domesticorum hostium, depulsus a vobis, 
se in me unum convertit, vobis erit videndum, Quirites, 
qua condicione posthac eos esse velitis, qui se pro salute 
vestra obtulerint invidiae periculisque omnibus. Mihi 

390 quidem ipsi, quid est quod iam ad vltae fructum possit 
adquiri, cum praesertim, neque in honore vestro, neque in 
gloria virtutis, quicquam videam altius, quo mihi libeat 
ascendere. 29. Illud profecto perficiam, Quirites, ut ea, 
quae gessi in consulatu, privatus tuear atque ornem, ut, 

395 si qua est invidia conservanda re publica suscepta, laedat 

invidos, mihi valeat ad gloriam. Denique ita me in re 

publica tractabo, ut meminerim semper quae gesserim 

curemque ut ea virtute, non casu gesta esse videantur. 

Vos, Quirites, quoniam iam nox est, venerati ~Iovem, 

400 ilium custodem huius urbis ac vestrum, in vestra tecta 
discedite ; et ea, quamquam iam est periculum depulsum, 
tamen aeque ac priore nocte custodiis vigiliisque defen- 
dite. Id ne vobis diutius faciendum sit, atque ut in per* 
petua pace esse possitis, providebo. 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 



51 



\ 



By cutting the evil at the root, by surprising and punishing the 
conspiracy before it broke oat, Cicero perhaps delayed the advent of 
monarchical government at Rome for fifteen years. He was not 
wrong, then, in boasting of the services he rendered at that time to his 
country's liberty, and we must acknowledge with Seneca that if he 
praised his consulship without measure, he has not done so without 
reason. — Boissier's Cicero and His Friends. 



52 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 



Gratifying, conscript fathers, as are the evidences of your anxiety 
on my account, yet I pray you dismiss your fears as unworthy of 
my position. 1 will cheerfully hear whatever fate may have in 
store for me. 

Video, patres conscript!, in me omnium vestrum ora 
atque oculos esse conversos ; video vos non solum de vestro 
ac rei publicae, verum etiam, si id depulsum sit, de meo 
periculo esse sollicitos. Est mihi iucunda in malls et grata 
in dolore vestra erga me voluntas ; sed earn, per deos im- 5 
mortalrs, deponite, atque obliti saltitis meae de vobis ac de 
vestris liberis cogitate. Mihi si haec condicio consulates 
data est, ut omnis acerbitates, omnis dolores cruciatusque 
perferrem, feram non solum fortiter, verum etiam libenter, 
dum modo meis laboribus vobis populoque Komano dignitas 10 
salusque pariatur. 2. Ego sum ille consul, patres con- 
script!, cui non forum, in quo omnis aequitas continetur, 
non campus consularibus auspieiis consecratus, non curia, 
summum auxilium omnium gentium, non domus, commune 

Questions (for answers see the Notes). — 1. Give the date of this 
speech. 2. Before what body was it delivered ? 3. Where ? 4. Why 
was Silanus first called on for his opinion ? 5. What was Caesar's 
rank at this time ? 6. Give an account of the debate. 7. Also of the 
execution. 8. What bearing on the question of the legality of the 
executions had the lex Sempronia? (9. Why called lex Sempronia?) 
10. Cicero's answer to this point ? 11. The weakness of this answer ? 

12. What other consideration makes for the legality of this course ? 

13. Does this settle the matter finally ? 14. What is the strongest 
justification Cicero had for doing what he did ? 15, Give some account 
of Catiline's defeat in battle and his death. 

$3 



CICER0*S 






54 CICERO*S ORATIONS 

15 perfugium, non lectus ad quietem datus, non denique haec 
sedes honoris,, sella curulis, umqnam vacua mortis periculo 
atque Insidiis fuit. Ego multa tacui, multa pertuli, multa 
concessit multa meo quodam dolore in vestro timore sanavi. 
Nunc, si hunc exitum consulates mei di immortales esse 

20 voluerunt, ut vos populumque Komanum ex caede miser- 
rima, coniuges liberosque vestros virginesque Vestalis ex 
acerbissima vexatione, templa atque deliibra, hanc pul- 
cherrimam patriam omnium nostrum ex foedissima flamma, 
totam Italiam ex bello et vastitate eriperem, quaecumque- 

25 mihi uni proponetur fortuna, subeatur. Etenim si P. 
Lentulus suum nomen, inductus a vatibus, fatale ad per- 
niciem rei ptiblicae fore putavit, cur ego non laeter meum 
consulatum ad salutem populi Komani prope fatalem ex- 
stitisse ? 

Therefore let your present thoughts be only for fatherland and family. 
Do not suppose, however, that I am not moved by the anxiety and 
the tears of my loved ones : rather do these evidences of affection 
stir me to more energetic action that I may save them from threat- 
ened destruction. 

30 II. 3. Qua re, patres conscript!, consulite vobls ; pro- 
spicite patriae ; conservate vos, coniuges, liberos fortunas- 
que vestras, populi Komani nomen salutemque defendite : 
mihi parcere ac de me cogitare desinite. Nam primum 
debeo sperare omnis deos qui huic urbi praesident, pro eo 

35 mihi ac mereor relaturos esse gratiam ; deinde, si quid 
obtigerit, aequo animo paratoque moriar. Nam neque 
turpis mors forti viro potest accidere, neque immatura 
consular!, nee misera sapient!. Nee tamen ego sum ille 
ferreus, qui fratris carissimi atque amantissimi praesentis 

40 maerore non movear, horumque omnium lacrimis, a quibus 
me circumsessum videtis. Neque meam mentem non 
domum saepe revocat exanimata uxor, et abiecta metii 
filia, et parvolus filius, quern mihi videtur amplest! res 
publica tamquam obsidem consulates mel, neque ille qui> 



FOURTH OKATION AGAINST CATILINE 55 

exspectans huius exitum die!, adstat in conspectu meo, 45 
gener. Moveor his rebus omnibus ; sed in earn partem, 
uti salvi sint vobiscum omnes, etiam si me vis aliqua op- 
presserit, potius quam et ill! et nos una rei piiblicae peste 
pereamus. 

For the present crisis is far more grave than those of former years, 

4. Qua re, patres conscript!, incumbite ad salutem rei 50 
piiblicae ; circumspicite omnis procellas quae impendent, 
nisi providetis. Non Ti. Gracchus, quod iterum tribu- 
nus plebis fieri yoluit ; non C. Gracchus, quod agrarios 
concitare conatus est ; non L. Saturninus, quod C. Mem- 
mium occidit, in discrimen aliquod atque in vestrae 55 
severitatis iudicium adducitur. Tenentur ei qui ad urbis 
incendium, ad vestram omnium caedem, ad Catilmam 
accipiendum Eomae restiterunt ; tenentur litterae, signa, 
maniis, denique unius cuiusque confessio : sollicitantur 
Allobroges, servitia excitantur, Catilina arcessitur ; id est CO 
initum consilium, ut, interfectis omnibus, nemo ne ad 
deplorandum quidem populi EomanT nomen atque ad la- 
mentandam tanti imperi calamitatem relinquatur. 

These things are clear from the evidence and from the confession of 
the prisoners, and you have already by your acts condemned the 
prisoners ; and yet as if it were still an open question, 1 will lay 
the matter before you now with the reminder that, whatever your 
course, you should decide before night. 

III. 5. Haec omnia indices detulerunt, rei confess! 
sunt, vos multis iam iudiciis iudicavistis: primum, quod 65 
mihi gratias egistis singularibus verbis, et mea virtfite 
atque diligentia perditorum hominum coniurationem pate- 
factam esse decrevistis ; deinde, quod P. Lentulum se 
abdicare praetura coegistis ; turn, quod eum et ceteros, de 
quibus iudicastis, in custodiam dandos censuistis ; maxi- 70 
meque quod meo nomine supplicationem decrevistis, qui 
honos togato habitus ante me est nemini ; postremo, he- 



56 cicero's orations 

^terno die praemia legatis Allobrogum Titoque Volturcio 
dedistis amplissima. Quae sunt omnia eius modi, ut ei, 

75 qui in custodiam nomiuatim dati sunt, sine ulla dubita- 
tidne a vobis damnati esse videantur. 

6. Sed ego institui referre ad vos, patres conscript!, 
tamquam integrum, et de facto quid iudicetis, et de poena 
quid censeatis. Ilia praedicam quae sunt consulis. Ego 

80 magnum in re publica versari furorem, et nova quaedam 
misceri et concitari mala, iam pridem videbam ; sed hanc 
tantam, tani exitiosam liaberi coniurationem a civibus 
numquam putavi. Nunc quicquid est, quocumque vestrae 
mentes inclinant atque sententiae, statuendum vobis ante 

85 noctem est. Quantum facinus ad vos delatum sit, videtis. 
Huic si paucos putatis adfinis esse, vebementer erratis : 
latius opinione disseminatum est hoc malum. Manavit 
non solum per Italiam, verum etiam transcendit AlpTs et 
obscure serpens multas iam provincias occupavit. Id op- 

90 primi sustentando ac prolatando nullo pacto potest. Qua- 
cumque ratione placet, celeriter vobis vindicandum est. 

Of the two proposals before us, that of Silanus favors the death- 
penalty ; that of Caesar, imprisonment for life and confiscation 
of their property. But Caesar's proposal is hardly practicable, 
and, after all, is the severer of the two. 

IV. 7. Video adhuc duas esse sententias : unam D. 
Silani, qui censet eos, qui haec delere conati sunt, morte 
esse multandos ; alteram C. Caesaris, qui mortis poenam 
95 removet, ceterorum suppliciorum omnis acerbitates am- 
plectitur. Uterque et pro sua dignitate et pro rerum 
magnitudine in gumma severitate versatur. Alter eos, 
qui nos omnis, qui populum Romanum, vita privare conati 
sunt, qui delere imperium, qui populi Romani nomen 
100 exstinguere, punctum temporis frui vita et hoc communi 
spiritu non putat oportere ; atque hoc genus poenae saepe 
in improbos civis in hac re publica esse usurpatum recor- 
datur. Alter intellegit mortem ab dis immortalibus non 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 57 

esse supplici causa constitutam ; sed aut necessitatem na- 
turae, aut laborum ac miseriarum quietem. Itaque earn 105 
sapientes numquam inviti, fortes saepe etiam libenter, 
oppetiverunt. Vincula vero, et ea sempiterna, eerte ad 
singularem poenam nefarii sceleris inventa sunt. Munici- 
piis dispertiri iubet. Habere videtur ista res.iniquitatem 
si imperare veils, difficultatem, si rogare. Decernatur 110 
tamen, si placet. 8. Ego enim suscipiam et, ut spero, 
reperiam qui id, quod salutis omnium causa statueritis, 
non putent esse suae dignitatis recusare. Adiungit gra- 
vem poenam municipibus, si quis eorum vincula rviperit ; 
horribilis custodies circumdat, et dignas scelere hominum 115 
perditorum. Sancit ne quis eorum poenam quos con- 
demnat, aut per senatum aut per populum levare possit ; 
eripit etiam spem, quae sola hominem in miseriis consolari 
solet. Bona praeterea publican iubet. Vitam solam re- 
linquit nefariis hominibus : quam si eripuisset, multos 120 
uno dolores animi atque corporis et omnis scelerum poenas 
ademisset. Itaque ut aliqua in vita formido improbis 
esset posita, apud inferos eius modi quaedam ill! antiqui 
supplicia impiis constituta esse voluerunt, quod videlicet 
intellegebant, els remotis, non esse mortem ipsam perti- 125 
mescendam. 

Since Caesar is a popular leader, to follow his opinion would perhaps 
he the safer course ; hut no such consideration shall influence me. 
One of these ivould-be democrats, I see, is absent to-day to avoid 
the necessity of voting in a capital case. Having already declared 
himself on the question, he is inconsistent. Caesar is aware that 
our laws were not made for enemies, and hence Lentulus deserves 
perpetual imprisonment. 

V. 9. Xunc, patres conscript!, ego mea video quid in- 
tersit. Si eritis secuti sententiam C. Caesaris, quoniam 
banc is in re publica viam, quae popularis habetur, secutus 
est, fortasse minus erunt, hoc auctore et cognitore huiusce 130 
sententiae, mihi populares impetus pertimescendi ; sin 
illam alteram, nescio an amplius mihi negoti contrahatur. 



$8 CICEKO'S ORATIONS 

Sed tamen meorum periculorum rationes utilitas rei publi- 
cae vincat. Habemus enim -a Caesare, sicut ipsius dig- 

135 nitas et maiorum eius amplitudo postulabat, sententiam, 
tamquam obsidem perpetuae in rem publicam voluntatis. 
Intellectum est quid interesset inter levitatem contionato- 
rum et animum vere popularem, saluti populi consulentem. 
10. Video de istis, qui se popularis haberi volunt, abesse 

140 non neminem, ne de capite videlicet civium Komanorum 
sententiam ferat. At is et nudius tertius in custodiam 
civis Komanos dedit, et supplicationem mihi decrevit, et 
indices hesterno die maximis praemiis adfecit. lam hoc 
nemini dubium est, qui reo custodiam, quaesitori gratula- 

145 tionem, indici praemium decrevit, quid de tota re et causa 
iudicarit. At vero C. Caesar intellegit, legem Semproniam 
esse de civibus Eomanis constitutam ; qui autem rei pnbli- 
cae sit hostis, eum civem nullo modo esse posse ; denique 
ipsum latorem Semproniae legis, iussii populi, poenas rei 

150 publicae dependisse. Idem ipsum Lentulum, largitorem 
et prodigum, non putat, cum de pernicie populi Eornani, 
exitio huius urbis tarn acerbe, tarn crudeliter cogitarit, 
etiam appellari posse popularem. Itaque homo mitissimus 
atque lenissimus non dubitat P. Lentulum aeternis tenebris 

155 vinculisque mandare, et sancit in posterum, ne quis huius 
supplicio levando se iactare, et in perniciem populi Eornani 
posthac popularis esse possit : adiungit etiam publicationem 
bonorum, ut omnis animi cruciatus et corporis etiam ege- 
stas ac mendicitas consequatur. 

Whatever you decide, cruelty cannot be charged against you. 

When I think of Lentulus lording it as king, Gabinius his grand 
vizier, the outrages that would follow such a state of things assure 
me that severity in this case is the truest humanity. " Remember 
the words of Lucius Caesar and the example of the elder Lentulus. 

160 VI. 11. Quam ob rem, sive hoc statueritis, dederitis 
mihi comitem ad contionem populo carum atque iucun- 
dum ; sive Silani sententiam sequi malueritis, facile me 



PRrgENT-VLOOR OF LOWER CHURCH 




THE TULLIANUM 



The prison consists of a large upper chamber and a 
smaller underground circular dungeon, cut in the solid rock. 
The latter was originally a kind of well-house and probably 
extended upwards to a point (G). This upper part was 
afterwards cut off when the upper prison was added, and a 
veiling of overlapping stone slabs was built with a small 
hole (A) through which criminals were thrust, and either 
left there to die of cold and starvation, or strangled by the 
executioner (see page 352). According to tradition, St. 
Peter and St. Paul were confined in the upper prison in the 
time of Nero, and therefore a church dedicated to St. Peter 
and called S. Pietro in Carcere (St. Peter in Prison) was 
built above it. 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 59 

atque vos crudelitatis yituperatione exsolveritis, atque 
obtinebo earn multo leniorem fuisse. Quamquam, patres 
conscript!, quae potest esse in tanti sceleris immanitate 165 
punienda crudelitas ? Ego enim de meo sensfi. iudico. 
Nam ita mihi salva re piiblica vobiscum perfrui liceat, ut 
ego, quod in hac causa vehementior sum, non atrocitate 
animi moveor — quis est enim me nntior ? — sed singular! 
quadam humanitate et misericordia. Yideor enim mihi 170 
yidere hanc urbem, lucem orbis terrarum atque arcem om- 
nium gentium, subito uno incendio concidentem. Cerno 
animo sepulta in patria miseros atque insepultos acervos 
civium. Versatur mihi ante oculos aspectus Cethegi et 
furor in vestra caede bacchantis. 12. Cum vero mihi pro- 175 
posui regnantem Lentulum, sicut ipse ex fatis se sperasse 
confessus est ; purpuratum esse huic Gabmium ; cum 
exercitu yenisse Catilmam ; — turn lamentationem matrum 
familias, turn fugam yirginum atque puerorum, ac yexa- 
tionem virginum Vestalium perhorresco. Et, quia mihi 180 
yehementer haec yidentur misera atque miseranda, idcirco, 
in eos, qui ea perficere yoluerunt, me seyerum yehemen- 
temque praebeo. Etenim quaero, si quis pater familias, 
liberis suis a seryo interfectis, uxore occisa, incensa domo, 
supplicium de seryo non quam acerbissimum sumpserit, 185 
utrum is clemens ac misericors, an inhumanissimus et 
crudelissimus esse yideatur. Mihi yero importunus ac fer- 
reus, qui non dolore et cruciatu nocentis suum dolorem 
cruciatumque lenierit. Sic nos in his hominibus, qui nos, 
qui coniuges, qui liberos nostros trucidare yoluerunt ; qui 190 
singulas unius ciiiusque nostrum domos, et hoc uniyersum 
rei publicae domicilium delere couati sunt ; qui id egerunt, 
ut gentem Allobrogum in yestigiis huius urbis atque in 
cinere deflagrati imperi conlocarent, si yehementissimi 
fuerimus, misericordes habebimur ; sin remissiores esse 195 
voluerimus, summae nobis crudelitatis in patriae civium- 
que pernicie fama subeunda est. 13, IXisi yero cuipiam L. 
Caesar^ vir fortissimus et amantissimus rei publicae, cru- 



60 CICERO'S OR ! N"S 

delior nudius tertius vl est, oum sororis suae, feminae 

200 lectissimae, yirum prae em et audientem vita privandum 
esse dixit, cum avum suum itissu consulis interfectum, 
filiumque eius impuberem, legatum a patre missum, in 
carcere necatum esse dixit. Quorum quod simile factum ? 
quod initum delendae rei piiblicae consilium ? Largitionis 

205 voluntas turn in re public aversata est, et partium quaedam 
contentio. Atque eo tempore huius avus Lentuli, vir cla- 
rissimus, armatus Gracchum est persecutus. Ille etiam 
grave turn volnus accepit, ne quid de summa re publica 
deminueretur : hie ad evertenda rei publicae fundamenta 

210 Gallos arcessit, servitia concitat, Catilmam vocat, attribuit 
nos trucidandos Cethego, et ceteros civis interficiendos Ga- 
binio, urbem lnflammandam Cassio, totam Italiam vastan- 
dam diripiendamque Catilinae. Vereamini, censed, ne in 
hoc scelere tarn immani ac nefando nimis aliquid severe 

215 statuisse videamini : multo magis est verendum, ne remis- 
sione poenae crudeles in patriam, quam ne severitate ani- 
madversionis nimis vehementes in acerbissimos hostis fuisse 
videamur. 

Let not the whispered fears that we lack the strength to deal with our 
enemies disturb you, I have made every preparation to meet the 
issue. Consider the unanimity of all good citizens : the knights, 
who may yield to you in rank, but not in patriotism ; the no less 
zealous civil servants, freedmen, and even slaves, while the shop- 
keepers are ever on the side of peace and order. 

VII. 14. Sed ea quae exaudio, patres conscript!, dis- 
220 simulare non possum. Iaciuntur enim voces, quae per- 
veniunt ad auris meas, eorum qui vereri videntur, ut 
habeam satis praesid" id ea, quae vos statueritis hodierno 
die, transigunda. Om ia et pro visa et parata et constittita 
sunt, patres conscript!, cum mea summa cura atque dili- 
225 gentia, turn multo etiam maiore populi Eomani ad summum 
imperium retinendum et ad communis fortunas conservan- 
das voluntate, Omnes adsimt omnium ordinum homing 



FOURTH ORATION A^at^ST CATILINE 6l 

omnium denique aetatum , ^u^uja 3st forum, plena tem- 
pla circum forum, plenl omnes ; "s huius tempi! ac 
loci. Causa est enim post urbem :i am haec inventa 230 

sola, in qua omnes sentlrent uni x ae idem, praeter 

eos, qui cum sibi viderent esse pe .^dum, cum omnibus 
potius quam soli perire voluerunt. 15. Hosce ego homi- 
nes excipio et secerno libenter ; neque in improborum 
clvium, sed in acerbissimorum hostium numero habendos 235 
puto. Ceteri vero, di immortales ! qua frequentia, quo 
studio, qua virttite ad communem salutem dignitatemque 
consentiunt ! 

Quid ego hie equites Eomanos commemorem ? qui 
vobis ita summam ordinis consilique concedunt, ut vobis- 240 
cum de am ore rei publicae certent ; quos ex multorum 
annorum dissensione huius ordinis ad societatem concor- 
diamque revocatos hodiernus dies vobiscum atque haec 
causa coniungit. Quam si coniunctionem, in consulatu. 
confirmatam meo, perpetuam in re publica tenuerimus, 245 
confirmo vobis nullum posthac malum civile ac domesti- 
cum ad ullam rei publicae partem esse ventiirum. 

Pari studio defendundae rei publicae convenisse video 
tribunos aerarios, fortissimos viros ; sciibas item univer- 
sos, quos cum casu hie dies ad aerarium frequentasset, 250 
video ab exspectatione sortis ad salutem communem esse 
conversos. 

16. Omnis ingenuorum adest multitudo, etiam tenuis- 
simorum. Quis est enim cul non haec templa, aspectus 
urbis, possessio Hbertatis, lux denique haec ipsa et hoc 255 
commune patriae solum, cum sit carum, turn vero dulce 
atque iucundum ? VIII. Operae pretium est, patres con- 
script!, Hbertlnorum hominum str cognoscere, qui, 
sua virtute fortunam huius clvitati. « ^cutl, hanc suam 
patriam iudicant, quam quldam hL ., et summo loco 260 
nati, non patriam suam, sed urberr ostium, esse iudica- 
verunt. Sed quid ego hosce >"^lnes ordinesque comme- 
moro, quos prlvatae fortunae, o»s communis res publica, 



62 CICERO'S ORATIOKS 

quos denique libertas, ea quae dulcissima est, ad salutem 

265 patriae defendendam excitavit ? Servus est nemo, qui 
modo tolerabil! condicione sit servitutis, qui non audaciam 
clvium perhorrescat ; qui non haec stare cupiat ; qui non, 
quantum audet et quantum potest, conferat ad salutem 
voluntatis. 

270 17. Qua re, si quern yestrum forte commovet hoc quod 
auditum est — lenonem quendam Lentuli concursare cir- 
cum tabernas, pretio sperare sollicitari posse animos egen- 
tium atque imperltorum — est id quidem coeptum atque 
temptatum ; sed null! sunt invent! tarn aut fortuna miser! 

275 aut voluntate perditi, qui non ilium ipsum sellae atque 
operis et quaestus cotidiani locum, qui non cubile ac lec- 
tulum suum, qui denique non cursum hunc otiosum vitae 
suae salvum esse velint. Multo vero maxima pars eorum 
qui in tabernis sunt, immo vero — id enim potius est 

280 dicendum — genus hoc universum amaiitissimum est oti. 
Etenim omne instrumentum, omnis opera atque quaestus, 
frequentia civium sustentatur, alitur otio. Quorum si 
quaestus occlusis tabernis minui solet, quid tandem in- 
censis futurum fuit ? 

With every advantage, therefore, in your favor, and with everything 
that is dear at stake, so act that never again may such a con- 
spiracy be possible. 

285 18. Quae cum ita sint, patres conscript!, vob!s popul! 
Boman! praesidia non desunt : vos ne populo Komano 
deesse videamin!, providete. IX. Habetis consulem ex 
plurimis perlculis et Insidi!s atque ex media morte, non ad 
vitam suam sed ad salutem vestram reservatum. Omnes 

290 ordines ad conservandam rem publicam mente, voluntate, 
voce consentiunt. Obsessa facibus et tells impiae coniura- 
ti-onis vob!s supplex manus tendit patria communis ; vob!s 
se, vobls vitam omnium clvium, vob!s arcem et Capitolium, 
vobls aras Penatium, vob!s ilium !gnem Vestae sempi- 
295 ternum, vob!s omnium deorum templa atque delubra, vobls 



j 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 63 

muros atque urbis tecta commendat. Praeterea de vestra 
vita, de coniugum vestrarum atque liberorum anima, de 
fortunis omnium, de sedibus, de focis vestris, hodierno die 
vobis iudicandum est. 19. Habetis ducem memorem vestri, 
oblitum sui, quae 11611 semper facultas datur ; habetis omnls 300 
ordines, omnis homines, imiversum populum Eomanum (id 
quod in civil! causa hodierno die primum videmus) unum 
atque idem sentientem. Cogitate quantis laboribus fun- 
datum imperium, quanta virtute stabilitam libertatem, 
quanta deorum benignitate auctas exaggeratasque fortunas, 305 
una nox paene delerit. Id ne umquam posthac non modo 
non confici, sed ne cogitari quidem possit a civibus, hodi- 
erno die providendum* est. Atque haec non ut vos, qui 
mihi studio paene praecurritis, excitarem, locutus sum ; sed 
ut mea vox, quae debet esse in re piiblica princeps, officio 310 
functa consularl videretur. 

As for myself, come ivhat may, I shall never repent of my course. 
Let Scipio the elder and his younger namesake, let Paulus and 
Marius, and Pompey, greatest of them all, enjoy the glory to 
which they are entitled : beside these names my own shall have 
its modest place. Meanwhile 4he violence of my private enemies 
will be harmless against the support for which I look to you. 

X. 20. Nunc, ante quam ad sententiam redeo, de me 
pauca dicam. Ego, quanta manus est coniuratorum, quam 
videtis esse permagnam, tantani me inimicorum multitu- 
dinem suscepisse video ; sed earn iudico esse turpem et 315 
infirmam et. abiectam. Quod si aliquando alicuius furore 
et scelere concitata manus ista plus valuerit quam vestra 
ac rei publicae dignitas, me tamen meorum factorum at- 
que consiliorum numquam, patres conscript!, paenitebit. 
Etenim mors, quam illi fortasse minitantur, omnibus est 320 
parata. Vitae tantam laudem, quanta vos me vestris de- 
cretis honestastis, nemo est adsecutus ; ceteris enim sem- 
per bene gesta, mihi uni conservata re publica, gratula- 
tionem decrevistis. 21.fSit Scipio ille clarus, cuius consilio 
8 



64 Cicero's orations 

325 atque virtute Hannibal in Africam redire atque Italia 
decedere coactus est ; ornetur alter eximia laude Africanus, 
qui duas urbis huic imperio Infestissimas, Karthaginem 
Numantiamque, delevit ; habeatur vir egregius Paulus ille, 
cuius currum rex potentissimus quondam et nobilissimus 

330 Perses honestavit ; sit aeterna gloria Marius, qui bis Italiam 
obsidione et metu. servitutis liberavit ; anteponatur omnibus 
Pompeius, cuius res gestae atque virtutes Isdem, quibus 
solis cursus, regionibus ac terminis continentur : — erit 
profecto inter horum laudes aliquid loci nostrae gloriae, 

335 nisi forte maius est patefacere nobis provincial quo exire 
possnnus,, quam curare ut etiam illi, qui absunt, habeant 
quo victores revertantur. 22. Quamquam est uno loco 
condicio melior externae victoriae quam domesticae, quod 
hostes alienigenae aut oppress! serviunt aut recepti in 

340 amicitiam beneficio se obligatos putant : qui autem ex 
numero civium, dementia aliqua depravati, hostes patriae 
semel esse coeperunt, eos cum a pernicie rei publicae rep- 
puleris, nee vi coercere nee beneficio placare possis. Qua 
re mihi cum perditis civibus aeternum bellum susceptum 

345 esse vid eo.) Id ego vestro bonorumque omnium auxilio, 
memoriaque tantorum periculorum (quae non modo in hoc 
populo qui servatus est, sed in omnium gentium sermo- 
nibus ac mentibus semper haerebit) a me atque a meis fa- 
cile propulsari posse confido. Neque ulla profecto tanta 

350 vis reperietur, quae coniunctionem vestram equitumque 
Komanorum, et tantam conspirationem bonorum omnium 
confringere et labefactare possit. 

Let my reward be your recollection of these events and your 'protection 
of my son. Decide, then, fearlessly, and I will do your will. 

XL 23. Quae cum ita sint, pro imperio, pro exercitu, 

pro provincia quam neglexL, pro triumpho ceteiisque 

355 laudis insignibus quae sunt a me propter urbis vestraeque 

salutis custodiam repudiata, pro clientelis hospitiisque pro- 

vincialibus, quae tamen urbanis opibus non minore labore 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 65 

tueor quam comparo — pro his igitur omnibus rebus, pro 
meis in vos singularibus studiis, proque hac quam per- 
spicitis ad conservandam rem piiblicam diligentia, nihil a 360 
vobis, nisi huius temporis totiusque mei consulates memo- 
riam, postulo : quae dum erit vestris fixa mentibus, tutis- 
simo me nruro saeptum esse arbitraborj Quod si meam 
spem vis improborum fefellerit atque superaverit, com- 
mendo vobis parvum meum f ilium ; cui profecto satis erit 365 
praesidi, non solum ad salutem, verum etiam ad dignita- 
tem, si eius, qui haec omnia suo solius periculo conser- 
varit, ilium filium esse memineritis. 24. Quapropter de 
summa salute vestra populique Komani, de vestris coniu- 
gibus ac HberTs, de aris ac focis, de fanis atque templis, de 370 
totius urbis tectis ac sedibus, de imperio ac libertate, de 
salute Italiae, de iiniversa re ptiblica decernite diligenter, 
nt Instituistis, ac fortiter. Habetis eum consulem qui et 
parere vestris decretis non dubitet, et ea quae statueritis, 
quoad vivet, def endere et per se ipsum praestare possit. 375 



DEFENCE OF ARCHIAS 



67 



"Strange words these to fall from the pleader's lips in the dusty 
atmosphere of the praetor's court ! noa fori, neque iudiciali con- 
suetudine, says Cicero himself, in the few words of graceful apology 
with which the speech ends. But in truth, as he well knew, he was 
not speaking to the respectable gentlemen on the benches before him. 
He addressed a larger audience : posterity and the civilized world.'' — 
Mackail's Latin Literature. 



68 



DEFENCE OF AECHIAS 



Whatever talent or skill I may possess, I am bound to devote it to the 
defence of A. Licinius here, for all that I am I owe to him. 

Si quid est in me ingeni, iudices, quod sentio quam sit 
exiguum, aut si qua exercitatio dicendi, in qua me non | 
infitior mediocriter esse versatum, aut si huiusce rei ratio 
aliqua ab optimarum artium studiis ac disciplina profecta, 
a qua ego nullum confiteor aetatis meae tempus abhorru- 5 
isse — earum rerum omnium vel in primis hie A. Licinius 
fructum a me repetere prope suo iure debet. Nam quoad 
longissime potest mens mea respicere spatium praeteriti 
temporis, et pueritiae memoriam recordari ultimam, hide 
usque repetens lmnc video mihi principem et ad suscipi- 10 
endam et ad ingrediendam rationem liorum studiorum 
exstitisse^j Quod si haec vox, huius hortatu praeceptisque 
conformata, non nullis aliquando saluti fuit, a quo id 
accepimus quo ceteris opitulari et alios servare possemus, 
huic j>rofecto ipsi, quantum est situm in nobis, et opem et 15 
salutem ferre debemus. 2. Ac ne quis a nobis hoc ita dici 
forte miretur, quod alia quaedam in hoc facultas sit 
ingeni, neque haec dicendi ratio aut disciplina, ne nos 
quidem huic uni studio penitus umquam dediti fuimus. ? ■& 
Etenim omnes artes quae ad humanitatem pertinent, 20 

Questions (for the answers see the Notes). — 1. When was the Pro 
Archia delivered.? 2. What was its object ? 3. The true secret of 
the prosecution ? 4. Give a short sketch of the life of Archias. 5. His 
earliest association with Cicero? 6. What city gave him its fran- 
chise ? 7. Discuss the legal aspects of the case. 8. In what does the 
real interest of the speech lie ? 

69 



7° cicero's orations 

habent quoddam commune vinculum, et, quasi cogna- 
tione quadem, inter se continentur. 

For the unusual character of my speech my apology must be the char- 
acter of my client and of this court. 

II. 3. Sed ne Mi vestrum mirum esse videatur, me in 
quaestione legitima et in iudicio publico (cum res agatur 

25 apud praetorem populi Komani, lectissimum virum, et 
apud severissimos iudices, tanto conventu hominum ac 
frequentia) hoc uti genere dicendi, quod non modo a con- 
suetudine iudiciorum, verum etiam a forensi sermone ab- 
horreat, quaeso a vobis, ut in hac causa mihi detis hanc 

30 veniam,) adcommodatam liuic reo, vobis, quern ad modum 
spero, non molestam, ut me pro summo poeta atque erudi- 
tissimo homine dicentem, lioc concursu hominum littera- 
tissimorum, hac vestra humanitate, hoc denique praetore 
exercente iudicium, patiamini de studiis humanitatis ac 

35 litterarum paulo ldqifi liberius, et in eius modi persona, 
quae propter otium ac studium minime in iudiciis pericu- 
lisque tractata est, uti prope novo quodam et inusitato 
genere dicendi.i 4. Quod si mihi a vobis tribui concedi- 
que sentiam, perficiam profecto ut hunc A. Licinium non 

40 modo non segregandum, cum sit civis, a numero civium, 
verum etiam si non esset, putetis asciscendum fuisse.l ! 

From his earliest years Archias displayed astonishing talents, and 
these were developed by study and travel. In Italy he received a 
most flattering ivelcome. Finally settling at Borne, he soon num- 
bered our leading men among his friends. 

III. Nam ut primum ex.pueris excessit Archias, atque 
ab eis artibus quibus aetas puerilis ad humanitatem infor- 
mari solet, se ad scribendi studium contulit, primum Anti- 

45 ochiae — nam ibi natus est loco nobili — celebri quondam 

H . . . . 

urbe et copiosa, atque eruditissimis hominibus liberalissi- 
misque studiis adfluenti, celeriter antecellere omnibus 
ingeni gloria contigit. Post in ceteris Asiae partibus 



DEFENCE OF ARCHIAS 7 1 

cunctaeque Graeciae sic eius adventus celebrabantur, ut 
famam ingeni exspectatio hominis, exspectationem ipsius 50 
adventus admiratioque superaret. 5. Erat Italia tunc 
plena Graecarum artium ac disciplinarum,, studiaque haec 
et in Latio vehementius turn colebantur quam nunc eis- 
dem in oppidis, et hie Romae propter tranquillitatem rei 
publicae non neglegebantur. Itaque hunc et Tarentini et 55 
Eegini et Neapolitani civitate ceterisque praemiis donarunt, 
et omnes/qui aliquid de ingeniis poterant iudicare, cogni- 
tion e atque hospitio dignum existimarunt. Hac tanta ce- 
lebritate famae cum esset iam absentibus notus, Eomam 
venit, Mario consule et Catulo, Nactus est primum con- 60 
sules eos quorum alter res ad scribendum maximas, alter 
cum res gestas, turn etiam studium atque auris, adhibere 
posset. Statim Lueulli, cum praetextatus etiam turn Ar- 
chias esset, eum domum suam receperunt. Sed etiam hoc 
non solum ingeni ac litterarum, verum etiam naturae 65 
atque virtutis, ut domus quae huius adulescentiae prima 
fuit eadem esset familiarissima senectuti. 6. Erat tem- 
poribus illis iucundus Metello illi Numictico et eius Pio 
filio ; audiebatur a M. Aemilio ; vivebat cum Q. Catulo 
et patre et filio ; a L. Crasso colebatur ; Lucullos vero 70 
et Drusum et Octavios et Catonem et totam Hortensi- 
orum domum devinctam consuetudine cum teneret, ad- 
ficiebatur summo honore, quod eum non solum colebant 
qui aliquid percipere atque audire studebant, verum etiam 
ei qui forte simulabant. 75 

While travelling with Lucullus he was enrolled as a citizen of Hera- 
clia, and having duly fulfilled every legal requirement he was 
entitled under the law to the Roman citizenship, 

IV. Interim satis longo intervallo, cum esset cum M. 
Lucullo in Siciliam profectus, et cum ex ea provincia cum 
eodem Lucullo decederet, venit Ileracliam. Quae cum 
esset civitas aequissimo iure ac foedere, ascribi se in earn 
civitatem voluit ; idque, cum ipse per se dignus putaretur, 80 



7 2 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

turn auctoritate et gratia Luculli ab Heracliensibus impe- 
travit. 7. Data est civitas Silvani lege et Carbonis : si 

QUI FOEDERAT1S CIVITATIBUS ASCRIPTI FUISSENT I SI TUM, 

CUM LEX FEREBATUR, IN ITALIA DOMICILIUM HABUISSENT, 

85 ET SI SEXAGINTA DIEBUS APUD PRAETOREM ESSEN T PRO- 

fessi. iCum hie domicilium Eomae multos iam annos 
habere^ professus est apud praetorem Q. Metellum famili- 
arissimum suum. 

What more needs to he said ? His citizenship of Heraclia is vouched 
for, Gratius, by the upright Lucullus, who speaks from actual 
knowledge, and by the noble delegates from Heraclia here present, 
so that ive do not need the missing records of that city. That my 
client has long been a resident of Rome, everybody knows. 
Finally, he made his declaration as required before Metellus, 
ivhose records are above suspicion. 

8. Si nihil aliud nisi de civitate ac lege dicimns, nihil 
90 dico amplius : causa dicta est. Quid enim horum in- 
firmari, Gratis potest ? Heracliaene esse turn ascriptum 
negabis ? Adest vir summa auctoritate et religione et fide, 
M. Lucullus ; qui se non opinari sed scire, non audisse 
sed vidisse, non interfuisse sed egisse dicit. Adsunt He- 
95 raclienses legati, nobilissimi homines ; huius iudici causa 
cum mandatis et cum publico testimonio venerunt ; qui 
hunc ascriptum Heracliensem dicunt. Hie tu tabulas 
desideras Heracliensium publicas, quas Italico bello in- 
censo tabulario interisse scimus omnis. Est ridiculum ad 

100 ea quae habemus nihil dicere, quaerere quae habere non 
possumus ; et de hominum memoria tacere, litterarum 
memoriam flagitare ; et, cum habeas amplissimi viri re- 
ligionem, integerrimi municipi ius iurandum fidemque, ea, 
quae depravari nullo modo possunt, repudiare, tabulas, 

105 quas idem dicis solere corrumpi, desiderare. 9. An do- 
micilium Eomae non habuit is qui tot annis ante civitatem 
datam sedem omnium rerum ac fortunarum suarum Eomae 
conlocavit ? At non est professus. Immo vero eis tabulis 
professus, quae solae ex ilia professione conlegioque prae- 



DEFENCE OF ARCHIAS 73 

torum obtinent publicarura tabularum auctoritatem. V. 110 
Nam; cum Appi tabulae neglegentius adservatae dice- 
rentur, Gabini, quam din incolumis fuit, levitas, post 
damnationem calamitas omnem tabularum fidem resi- 
gnasset, Metellus, homosauctissimus modestissimusque om- 
nium, tauta diligentia fuit, ut ad L. Lentulum praetorem 115 
et ad iudices venerit, et unius nomiuis lit lira se commotum 
esse dixerit. In his igitur tabulis nullam litnram in nomine 
A. Licini videtis. 

The first objection raised to my clients citizenship is absurd, since not 
only Heraclia, but other cities also admitted him to the franchise. 
The second objection — the absence of his name from the census — is 
easily explained, and more than offset by other facts ivell known. 

10. Quae cum ita sint, quid est quod de eius civitate 

dubitetis, praesertim cum aliis quoque in .civitatibus fuerit 12c 

ascriptus ? Etenim cum mediocribus m iritis, et aut nulla 

■ . U 

aut humili aliqua arte' praeditis, gratuito civitatem in 

Graecia homines impertiebant, Eeginos credo aut Locrensis 

aut Xeapolitanos aut Tarentinos, quod scenicis artificibus 

largiri solebant, id huic summa ingeni praedito gloria Uc 

noluisse ! Quid ? cum ceteri non modo post civitatem 

datam, sed etiam post legem Papiam aliquo modo in 

eorum municjpiorum tabulas inrepserunt, hie, qui ne 

utitur quidem illis, in quibus est scriptus, quod semper se 

Heracliensem esse voluit, reicietur ? 13C 

11. Census nostros requiris scilicet. Est enim obscurum 
proximis censoribus hunc cum clarissimo imperatore L. 
Lucullo apud exercitum fuisse ; superioribus, cum eodem 
quaestore fuisse in Asia ; primis Iulio et Crasso nullam 
populi partem esse censam. Sed, quoniam census non ius 135 
civitatis conflrmat, ac tan turn modo indicat eum, qui sit 
census, ita se iam turn gessisse pro cive, eis temporibus, 
quibus tu criminaris ne ipsius quidem iudicio in civium 
Romanorum iure esse versatum. et testamentum saepe 
fecit nostris legibus, et adiit hereditates civium Roma- 140 



74 CICERO S ORATIOHS 

norum, et in beneficiis ad aerarium delatus est a L. Lucullo 
pro consule. VI. Quaere argumenta, si qua potes : num- 
quam enim hie neque suo neque amicorum iudicio revin- 
cetur. 

The reason, Gratius, why I take such delight in the defence of 
Archias, is that he provides us advocates with a necessary relaxa- 
tion. The time that others devote to more frivolous pursuits y I 
have given to literature. 

145 12. Quaeres a nobis, Grati, cur tanto opere hoc homine 
delectemuxj Quia suppeditat nobis ubi et animus ex hoc 
forensi strepitu reficiatur, et aures convicio defessae con- 
quiescant. An tu existimas aut suppetere nobis posse quod 
cotidie dicamus in tanta varietate rerum, nisi animos no- 

150 stros doctrina excolamus ; aut ferre animos tantam posse 
contentionem, nisi eos doctrina eadem relaxerAus ? Ego 
vero fateor, me his studiis esse deditum. Ceferos pudeat^3 : , 
si qui se ita litteris abdiderunt, lit nihil possint ex eis 
neque ad communem adferre fructum, neque in aspectum 

155 lucemque proferre : me autem quid puaeatf qui tot annos 
ita vivo; iudices, ut a nullius umquam me tempore aut 
commodo aut otium meum abstraxerit, aut voluptas avo- 
carit, aut denique somnus retardarit ? 13. Qua re quis 
tandem me reprehendat, aut qnjy=; *mihi hire suscenseat, 

160 si, quantum ceteris ad suas res obeundas, quantum ad festos 
dies ludorum celebrandos, quantum ad alias voluptates et 
ad ipsam requiem animi et corporis conceditur temporum, 
quantum alii tribuunt tempestivis conviviis, quantum 
denique alveolo, quantum pilae, — tantum mihi egomet ad 

165 haec studia recolenda sumpsero ? Atque hoc ideo mihi 
concedendum est magis, quod ex his studiis haec qiioque 
crescit oratio et facultasj quae quantacumque in me est, 
nnmquam amicorum periculis defuit. Quae si cui levior 
videtur, ilia quidem certe, quae summa sunt, ex quo fonte 

170 hauriam, sentio. 



DEFENCE OF ARCHIAS 75 

True merit is ivorth its full cost to attain ; yet its memory would per- 
ish but for the records of literature. Here I find the memorials 
of those great exemplars, the story of whose lives has always sus- 
tained me in my public life. 

14. Nam nisi multorum praeceptis multisque litteris 
mihi ab adulescentia siiasissem, nihil esse in vita magno 
opere expetendum nisi laudem atque honestatem, in ea 
autem persequenda omnis cruciatus corporis, omnia pelli- 
cula mortis atque exsili pa'rvi esse diicenda, numquam 175 
me pro salute vestra in tot ac tantas dimicationes atque 
in hos profligatorum hominum cotidianos impetus obie- 
eissem. \Sed pleni omnes sunt libri ; plenae sapientium 
voces, plena exemplorum vestustas ; quae iacerent in tene- 
bris omnia, nisi litterarum lumen accederet. Quam multas 180 
nobis imagines, non solum ad intuendum, verum etiam ad 
imitandum, fortissimorum virorum expressas scriptores et 
Graeci et Latini reliquerunt ! Quas ego mihi semper in 
administranda re publica j^roponens animum et mentem 
meam ipsa cogitatione ho J mirttim excellentium conforma- 185 
bam. 

" Have the great then themselves always been lettered men ? " This I 
cannot say, but nature and culture have certainly united to pro- 
duce the greatest men. Yet apart from this the delights of litera- 
ture are 'perennial. 

VII. 15. Quaeret quispiam : 'Quid? illi ipsi summi 
viri, quorum virtutes litteris proditae sunt, istane doctrina, 
quam tu effers laudibus, eruditi f uerunt ? '\ Difficile est 
hoc de omnibus confirmare, sed tamen est certe quod 190 
respondeam. Ego multos homines excellenti animo ac 
virtute fuisse, et sine doctrina naturae ipsius habitu prope 
divino per se ipsos et moderatos et gravis exstitisse fateor. 
Etiam illud adiungo, saepius ad laudem atque virtutem 
naturam sine doctrina quam sine natura valuisse doctrinam. 195 
Atque idem ego contendo, cum ad naturam eximiam atque 
inlustrem accesserit ratio quaedam conformatioque doc- 



(Af 



\ r tf 

76 CICERO^ ORATIONS 

trinae, turn illud nescio quid praeclarum ac singulare solere 
exsistere. J 16. Ex hoc esse liunc numero, quern patres 

200 nostri viderunt, divinum hominem Africanum ; ex hoc C. 
Laelium, L. Purium, moderatissimos homines et continen- 
tissimos ; ex hoc fortissimum virum et illis temporibus 
doctissimum, M. Catonem ilium senem ; qui profecto si 
nihil ad percipiendam colendamque virtutem litteris adiu- 

205 varentur, numquam se ad earum studium contulissent. 
Quod si v non hie tantus fructus ostenderetur, et si ex his 
studiis delectatio sola peteretuiv, tamen, ut opinor, hanc 
animi adversionem humanissimam ac liberalissimam iudi- 
caretis. Nam ceterae neque temporum sunt neque aetatum 

210 omnium neque locorum : haec studia adulescentiam alunt, 
senectutem oblectant, secundas res ornant, adversis per- 
fugium ac solacium praebent, delectant domi, 11011 im- 
liediunt foris, pernoctant nobiscum, peregrinantur, rusti- 
cantur. 

Even if without these accomplishments ourselves, we must admire 
them in others. We all admired lioscius the actor: is Arc hi as 
the poet less deserving of our esteem ? Our own Ennius called 
poets " sacred : " may you so regard them, gentlemen of the jury. 
Many cities honored Homzr dead : shall Archias living receive 
less honor ? And Archias has devoted his genius to singing the 
glories of Borne. 

215 17. Quod si ipsi haec neque attingere neque sensn 
nostro gn stare possemus, tamen ea mirari deberemus, 
etiam cum in aliis videremus. VIII. Quis nostrum tarn 
animo agresti ac duro fuit, ut Eosci morte nuper 11011 
commoveretur ? qui cum esset senex mortuus, tamen 

220 propter excellentem artem ac venustatem videbatur om- 
nino mori non debuisse. Ergo ille corporis motu tantuni 
amorem sibi conciliarat a nobis omnibus : nos animorum 
incredibilis motus celeritatemque ingeniorum neglegemus ? 
18. Quotiens ego hunc Archiam yidi, indices, — utar enim 

225 vestra benign itate, quoniam me in hoc novo gen ere di- 
cendi tarn diligenter attenditis, — quotiens ego hunc vidi, 



DEFENCE OF ARCHIAS 77 

cum litteram scripsisset nullum, magnum numerum opti- 
morum versuum cle eis ipsis rebus, quae turn agerentur, 
dicere ex tempore ! Quotiens revocatum eandem rem dicere 
commutatis verbis atque sententiis ! Quae vero adcurate 230 
cogitateque scripsisset, ea sic vidi probari, ut ad veterum 
scriptorum laudem perveniret. Hunc ego non- diligam, 
non admirer, non omni ratione defendendum put em ? 

Atque sic a summis hominibus eruditissimisque ac- 
cepimus, ceterarum rerum studia et doctrina et praecep- 235 
tis et arte constare ; poetam natura ipsa valere, et mentis 
viribus excitari, et quasi divino quodam spiritu inflari. 
Qua re suo hire noster ille Ennius sanctos appellat poetas, 
quod quasi deorum aliquo dono atque munere commendati 
nobis esse videantur. 19. Sit igitur, iudices, sanctum 240 
apud yos, humanissimos homines, — hoc poetae nomen 
quod nulla umquam barbaria violavit. Saxa et solitudines . 
voci respondent ; bestiae saepe immanes cantu flectuntur 
atque consistunt : nos, instituti rebus optimis, non poeta- 
rum voce moveamur ? j Homerum Colophonii civem esse 245 
dicunt suum, Chii suum vindicant, Salaminii repetunt, 
Smyrnaei vero suum esse confirmant, itaque etiam delu- 
brum eius in oppido dedicavcrunt ; permulti alii praeterea 
pugnant inter se atque contend unt. IX. Ergo illi alie- 
num, quia poeta fuit, post mortem etiam expetunt : nos 250 
hunc vivum, qui et voluntate et legibus noster est, repu- 
diabimus ? praesertim cum omne olim studium atque 
omne ingenium contulerit Archias ad populi Eomani 
gloriam laud.emque celebrandam ? Nam et Cimbricas res 
adulescens attigit, et ipsi illi C. Mario, qui durior ad haec 255 
studia videbatur, iucundus fuit. 

Great men have ever loved the poets who sang of their exploits. The 
poets who have praised our national heroes have at the same time 
sited lustre on the Roman name. Ennius the alien for such ser- 
vices received the citizenship : shall Archias he deprived of his ? 

20. Neque enim quisquam est tarn aversus a Musis, 
qui non mandari versibus aeternum suorum laborum facile 



7 8 



CICERO S ORATIONS 



praeconium patiatur. Themistoclem ilium, summum 

260 Athenis virum, dixisse aiunt, cum ex eo quaereretur, 
quod acroama aut cuius vocem libentissime audiret : eius, 
a quo sua virtus optime praedicaretur. Itaque ille Marius 
item eximie L. Plotium dilexit, cuius ingenio putabat ea, 
quae gesserat, posse celebrari.J 21. Mithridaticum vero 

265 bellum, magnum atque dinicile, et in multa varietate 
terra marique versatum, totum ab hoc expressum est ; qui 
libri non modo L. Lucullum, fortissimum et clarissimum 
virum, verum etiam populi Romani nomen inlustrant. 
Populus enim Romanus aperuit, Lucullo imperante, Pon- 

270 turn, et regiis quondam opibus et ipsa natura et regione 
vallatum ; populi Romani exercitus, eodem duce, non 
maxima manu innumerabilis Armeniorum copias f udit ; 
populi Romani laus est, urbem amicissimam Cyzicenorum 
eiusdem consilio ex omni impetu regie atque totius belli 

275 ore ac faucibus ereptam esse atque servatam ; nostra 
semper feretur et praedicabitur,, L. Lucullo dimicante, 
cum interfectis ducibus depressa hostium classis, et incre- 
dibilis apud Tenedum pugna ilia navalis ; nostra sunt tro- 
paea, nostra monimenta,, nostri triumplii : quae quorum 

280 ingeniis efferuntur, ab eis populi Romani fama celebratur. 
22. Carus fuit Africano superiori noster Ennius; itaque 
etiam in s epulc ro Scipionum putatur is esse constitutus ex 
marmore. \At eis laudibus certe non solum ipse qui lau- 
datur, sed etiam populi Romani nomen ornatur. In cae- 

285 lum huius proavus Cato tollitur : magnus honos populi 
Romani rebus adiungitur. Omnes denique illi Maximi, 
Marcelli, Fulvii non sine communi omnium nostrum 
laude decorantur. X. Ergo ilium qui haec fecerat, Rudi- 
num hominem, maiores nostri in civitatem receperunt : 

290 nos hunc Heracliensem, multis civitatibus expetitum, in 
hac autem legibus constitutum, de nostra civitate eiciemus? 



DEFENCE OF ARCHIAS 79 

The fact that Archias writes in Greek, the language of the world, is 
the greater stimulus to our ambition. Alexander grieved that he 
had not a Homer ; our own Pompey honored Theophanes with the 
gift of citizenship, Archias also would have been so honored by 
one of our generals, had not the laws already made him a citizen. 

23. Nam si quis minorem gloriae fructum putat ex 
Graecis yersibus percipi quam ex Latinis, vehementer errat, 
propterea quod G-raeca leguntur in omnibus fere gentibus, 
Latina suis finibus, exiguis sane, continentur. Qua re si 295 
res eae, quas gessimus, cu-bis, terrae regionibus definiuntur, 
cupere debemus, quo manuum nostrarum tela pervenerint, 
eodem gloriam famamque penetrare ; quod, cum ipsis 
populis, de quorum rebus scribitur, haec ampla sunt, turn 
eis certe, qui de vita gloriae causa" dimicant, hoc maximum 300 
et periculorum incitamentum est et laborum. 24. Quam 
multos scriptores rerum suarum magnus ille Alexander 
secum habuisse dicitur ! Atque is tamen, cum in Sigeo ad 
Achillis tumulum astitisset : ' fortunate, 9 inquit, ' adu- 
lescens, qui tuae virtutis Homerum praeconem inveneris ! ' 305 
Et vere. Nam nisi Ilias ilia exstitisset, idem tumulus, qui 
corpus eius contexerat, nomen etiam obruisset. Quid ? 
noster hie Magnus, qui cum virtute fortunam adaequavit, 
nonne Theophanem Mytilenaeum, scriptorem rerum sua- 
rum, in contione militum civitate donavit ; et nostri illi 310 
fortes viri, sed rustici ac milites, dulcedine quadam gloriae 
commoti, quasi participes eiusdem laudis, magno illud 
clamore approbaverunt ? 

25. Itaque, credo, si civis Eomanus Archias legibus non 
esset, ut ab aliquo imperatore civitate donaretur, perflcere 315 
non potuit. jSulla cum Hispanos donaret et Gallos, credo 
hunc petentem repudiasset: quern nos in contione vidimus, 
cum ei libellum malus poeta de populo subiecisset, quod 
epigramma in eum fecisset, tantummodo alternis versibus 
longiusculis, statim ex eis rebus, quas tunc vendebat, iubere 320 
ei praemium tribui, sed ea condicione, ne quid postea scri- 
beret. Qui sedulitatem mali poetae duxerit aliquo tamen 
9 



80 CICERO^ ORATIOKS 

praemio dignam, huius ingenium et virtutem in scribendo 
et copiam non expetisset ? , 26. Quid ? a Q. Metello Pio, 
325 familiarissimo suo, qui civitate multos donavit, neque per se 
neque per Lucullos impetravisset ? qui praesertim usque 
eo de suis rebus scribi cuperet, ut etiam Cordubae natis 
poetis, pingue quiddam sonantibus atque peregrinum, 
tamen auris suas dederet. 

The love of fame is universal, and the poet, as the herald of fame, is 
as dear to the citizen as to the soldier. Hence my own solicitude 
forArchias,forhe has begun a great epic on the events of my 
consulship. 

330 XI. Neque enim est hoc dissimulandum, quod obscu- 

rari non potest, sed prae nobis ferendum : trahimur omnes 

studio laudis, et optimus quisque maxim e gloria ducitur. 

I Ipsi illi philosophi etiam in eis libellis, quos de contemnenda 

gloria scribunt, nomen suum inscribunt ; in eo ipso, in quo 

335 praedicationem nobilitatemque despieiunt, praedieari de se 
ac nominari volunt. 27. Decimus quidem Brutus, sum- 
mus vir et imperator, Acci, amicissimi sui, carminibus 
templorum ac monumentorum aditus exornavit suorum. 
lam vero ille, qui cum Aetolis Ennio comite bellavit, Ful- 

340 vius, non dubitavit Martis manubias Musis consecrare. 
Qua re in qua urbe imperatores prope armati poetarum 
nomen et Musarum delubra coluerunt, in ea non debent 
togati indices a Musarum honore et a poetarum salute ab- 
horrere. \ 

345 28. Atque ut id libentius faciatis, iam me vobis, indices, 
indicabo, et de meo quodam amore gloriae, nimis acri for- 
tasse verum tamen honesto, vobis confitebor. Nam quas 
res nos in consulatu nostro vobiscum simul pro salute huius- 
ce imperi, et pro vita civium, proque universa re publica, 

350 gessimus, attigit hie versibus atque inchoavit ; quibus 
auditis, quod mihi magna res et iucunda visa est, hunc ad 
perficiendum adornavi. \ Null am enim virtus aliam merce- 
dem laborum periculorumque desiderat praeter banc laudis 



v&. 



J 

DEFENCE OE ARCH! AS 8 1 

et gloriae : qua quidem detracta, iudices, quid est quod, in 
hoc tam exiguo vitae curriculo et tarn brevi, tantis nos in 355 
laboribus exerceamus ? 29. Certe si nihil animus prae- 
sentiret in posterum, et si quibus regionibus vitae spatium 
circumscriptum est, eisdem omnis cogitationes terminaret 
suas ; nee tantis se laboribus frangeret, neqiie tot curis 
yigiliisque angeretur, nee totiens de ipsa vita dimicaret. 360 
Nunc inside t quaedam in optimo quoque virtus, quae noctis 
ac dies animum gloriae stimulis concitat, atque admonet, 
non cum vitae tempore esse dimittendam commemoratio- 
nem nominis nostri, sed.cum omni posteritate adaequan- 
dam. XII. 30. (An. vero tam parvi animi videamur esse 365 
omnes, qui in re publica atque in his vitae periculis labori- 
busque versamur, ut, cum usque ad extremum spatium 
nullum tranquillum atque otiosum spiritum duxerimus, 
nobiscum simul moritura omnia arbitremur ?J An statuas 
et imagines, non animorum simulacra sed corporum, stu- 370 
diose multi summi homines reliquerunt ; consiliorum 
relinquere ac virtutum nostrarum effigiem nonne multo 
malle debemus, summis ingeniis expressam et politam ? 
Ego vero omnia, quae gerebam, iam turn in gerendo spar- 
gere me ac disseminare arbitrabar in orbis terrae memoriam 375 
sempiternam. Haec vero sive a meo sensu post mortem 
afutura est, sive (ut sapientissimi homines putaverunt) ad 
aliquam mei partem pertinebit, nunc quidem certe cogita- 
tione quadam speque delector. 

And so, gentlemen of the jury, as Archias is a man of modest worth, 
whose case has been fully established, and a man of great gifts, 
which he has employed to the glory of the Roman name, you can- 
not but acquit him. 

31. Qua re conservate, iudices, hominem pudore eo, 380 
quern amicorum videtis comprobari cum dignitate turn 
etiam vetustate ; ingenio autem tanto, quantum id con- 
venit existimari, quod summorum hominum ingeniis ex- 
petitum esse videatis ; causa vero eius modi, quae beneficio 



82 cicero's orations 

385 legis, auctoritate municipi, testimonio Luculli, tabulis K 
Metelli comprobetur. Quae cum ita sint, petimus a vobis,-v 
iudices, si qua non modo humana yerum etiam divina in f 
tantis ingeniis commendatio debet esse, ut eum, qui yos, > 
qui vestros imperatores, qui populi Komani res gestas \ 

390 semper ornayit, qui etiam his recentibus nostris vestrisque f 
domesticis periculis aeternum se testimonium laudis da- fc 
turum esse profitetur, estque ex eo numero qui semper 
apud omnis sancti sunt habiti itaque dicti, sic in vestram 
accipiatis fidem, ut humanitate vestra levatus potius quam 

395 acerbitate violatus esse yideatur. 32. Quae de causa pro i 
mea consuetudine breviter simpliciterque dixi, indices, ea I 
confido probata esse omnibus : quae autem remota a mea 
iudicialique consuetudine, et de hominis ingenio et com- . 
muniter de ipsius studio, locutus sum, ea, indices, a vobis. I 

400 spero esse in bonam partem accepta ; ab eo qui iudicium . 
exercet, certo scio. 



' 



THE MANILlAX LAW 97 

tecta defendere. Sociis ego nostris mare per hos annos 
clausum fuisse dicam, cum exercitus vesfcri numquam a 
Brundisio nisi hieme summa transniiserint ? Qui ad vos 
ab exteris nationibus yenirent, captos querar, cum legati 
populi Eomani redempti sint ? Mercatoribus tutum mare 375 
non fuisse dicam, cum duodecim secures in praedonum 
potestatem peryenerint ? 33. Cnidum aut Colopkonem aut 
Samum, nobilissimas urbis, innumerabilisque alias captas 
esse commemorem, cum vestros portus atque eos portus, 
quibus yitam ac spiritum ducitis, in praedonum fuisse 380 
potestatem sciatis ? an yero ignoratis portum Caietae cele- 
berrimum ac plenissimum navium, inspectante praetore, a 
praedonibus esse direptum; ex Miseno autem eius ipsius 
liberos, qui cum praedonibus antea ibi bellum gesserat, a 
praedonibus esse sublatos ? Nam quid ego Ostiense incom- 385 
modum atque illam labem atque ignominiam rei publicae 
querar, cum, prope inspectantibus yobis, classis ea, cui con- 
sul populi Eomani praepositus esset, a praedonibus capta 
atque oppressa est ? Pro di immortales ! Tantamne unius 
hominis incredibilis ac diyina yirtus tarn breyi tempore 390 
lucem adferre rei publicae potuit, ut yos, qui modo ante 
[ostium Tiberinum classem liostium yidebatis, ei nunc nul- 
lam intra Oceani ostium praedonum navem esse audiatis ? 
!34. Atque haec qua celeritate gesta sint quamquam yidetis, 
Itamen a me in dicendo praetereunda non sunt. Quis enim 395 
limquam aut obeundi negoti aut consequendi quaestus stu- 
fiio tarn brevi tempore tot loca adire, tantos cursus conficere 
fcotuit, v.. am celeriter Cn. Pompeio duce tanti belli impetus 
lavigavit ? Qui nondum tempestivo ad nayiga ndum, ffl flgbljMi 
Biciliair adiit, Africam exploravit; inde Sardinian! cum 
llasse veir.t, atqae haec tria f rumen taria subsidta rei publicae 
■rmissii us praesidiis classibusque munivit. . 35. Inde, cum 
■ in Ita, am recepisset, duabus Hispaniis et Gallia transal- 
Bna praesidiis ac navibus confirmata, missis 'item in oram 
Jlyrici maris et in Achaiam omnemque Graeciatii navibus, 405 
aliae duo maria maximis c\n> le pra .sidiis 



*mp 



98 CICERO^S ORATIOKS 



adornavit. Ipse an tem ul Brundisio profectus est, unde- 
quinquagesimo die totam ad imperium populi Komani Cili- 
ciam adiunxit; omnes, qui ubiqne praedones fuerunt, parti m 

410 capti interfectique sunt, partim unius liuius se imperio ac 
potestati dedidernnt. Idem Cretensibus, cum ad eum usque 
in Pamphyliam legatos deprecatoresque misissent, spem 
deditionis non ademit, obsidesque imperavit. Ita tantum 
bellum, tarn diuturnum, tarn longe lateque dispersum, quo 

415 bello omnes gentes ac nationes premebantur, Cn. Pompeius 
extrema hieme apparavit, ineunte vere* suscepit, media 
aestate confecit. 

He is the model soldier. 

XIII. 36. Est haec divina atque incredibilis virtus im- 
peratoris. Quid ceterae, quas paulo ante commemorare 

420 coeperam, quantae atque quam multae sunt? Non enim 
bellandi virtus solum in summo ac perfecto imperatore ' 
quaerenda est, sed multae sunt artes eximiae liuius admi- 
nistrae comitesque virtutis. Ac prim am, quanta innocentia 
debent esse imperatores, quanta deinde in omnibus rebus,. 

425 temperantia, quanta fide, quanta facilitate, quanto ingenio,;* 
quanta humanitate ? Quae breviter, qualia sint in Cn.. 
Pompeio, consideremus; summa enim omnia sunt, Quirites,v 
sed ea magis ex aliorum contentione quam ipsa per sese 
cognosci atque intellegi possunt. 37. Quern enim impera- 

430 torem possumus ullo in numero putare, cuius in exercitu 
centuriatus veneant atque venierint ? Quid hunc hominem 
magnum aut amplum de re publica cogitare, qui pecuniam 
ex aerario depromptam ad bellum administranclum aut 
propter cupiditatem provinciae magistratibus diviserit aut 

435 propter avaritiam Romae in quaestu reliquerit? Vestr 
■dmurmuratio facit, Quirites, ut agnoscere videamini q 
1 ^ h ^eceriijjt. Ego autem nomino neminem: qua re in 
milr^ ni no poterit, nisi qui ante de se voluerit confite: 
Itaque*^ ropter banc avaritiam imperatorum, quantas cal 

440 mitates, qnocnmque ventum est, nostri exercitus feran 




THE MAK1LIAH LAW 99 

quis ignorat? 38. Itinera qiia6 per hosce aniios in Italia 
per agros atque oppida civium Komanorum nostri impera- 
tores fecerint, recordamini : turn facilius statuetis quid apud 
exteras natioues fieri existimetis. Utrum pluris arbitramini 
per hosce annos militum vestrorum armis hostium urbis, an 445 
hibernis sociorum civitates esse deletas ? Xeque enim potest 
exercitum is continere imperator, qui se ipse non continet, 
neque severus esse in iudicando. qui alios in se severos esse 
indices non volt. 39. Hie miramnr liunc bominem tantum 
excel lere ceteris, cuius legiones sic in Asiam pervenerint, ut 450 
non modo manus tanti exercitus, sed ne vestigium quidem 
cuiquam pacato nocuisse dicatur? lam vero, quern ad 
modum milites hibernent, cotidie sermones ac litterae per- 
feruntur: non modo ut sumptum faciat in militem nemini 
vis adfertur, sed ne cupienti quidem cuiquam permittitur. 455 
Hiemis enim, non avaritiae perfugium maiores nostri in 
sociorum atque amicorum tectis esse voluerunt. 

His self-control is the key to his success. 

XIV. 40. Age vero; ceteris in rebus quali sit temperan- 
tia, considerate. Unde illam tan tarn, celeritatem et tarn 
incredibilem cursum inventum putatis? Xon enim ilium 460 
eximia vis remigum, aut ars inaudita quaedam gubernandi, 
aut venti aliqui novi, tarn celeriter in ultimas terras pertu- 
lerunt; sed eae res, quae ceteros remorafi solent, non re- 
tarJarunt. Xon avaritia ab instituto cursu ad praedam 
aliquam devocavit; non libido ad voluptatem, non amoenitas 465 
ad delectationem, non nobilitas urbis ad cognitionem, non 
denique labor ipse ad quietem. Postremo signa et tabulas 
ceteraque ornamenta Graecorum oppidorum, quae ceteri tol- 
lenda esse arbitrantur, ea sibi ille ne visenda quidem existi- 
mavit. 41. Itaque omnes nunc in eis locis Cn. Pompeium 470 
sicut aliquem, non ex hac urbe missum, sed de caelo de- 
lapsum intuentur; nunc denique incipiunt credere fuisse 
homines Romanos hac quondam continentia, quod iam 



100 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

nationibus exteris incredibile ac falso memoriae proditum 

475 videbatur; nunc imperi vestri splendor illis gentibus lucem 
adferre coepit; nunc intellegunt non sine causa maiores 
suos turn, cum ea temperantia magistratus habebamus, ser- 
vire populo Eomano quam imperare aliis maluisse. lam 
vero ita faciles aditus ad eum privatorum, ita liberae queri- 

480 moniae de aliorum iniuriis esse dicuntur, ut is, qui dignitate 
principibus excellit, facilitate inflmis par esse videatur. 
42. lam quantum consilio, quantum dicendi gravitate et 
copia valeat, in quo ipso inest quaedam dignitas imperatoria, 
vos, Quirites, hoc ipso ex loco saepe cognovistis. Fidem 

485 vero eius quantam inter socios existimari putatis, quam 
hostes omnes omnium generum sanctissimam iudicarint? 
Humanitate iam tanta est, ut difficile dictu sit utrum hostes 
magis virtutem eius pugnantes timuerint au mansuetudinem 
victi dilexerint. Et quisquam dubitabit quin huic hoc 

490 tantum bellum transmittenclum sit, qui ad omnia nostrae 
memoriae bella conficienda divino quodam consilio natus 
esse videatur ? 

Mis very prestige is a tower of strength. 

XV. 43. Et quoniam auctoritas quoque in bellis admi- 
nistrandis multum atque in imperio militari valet, certe 

495 nemini dubium est quin ea re idem ille imperator plurimum 
possit. Vehementer autem pertinere ad bella administranda 
quid hostes, quid socii de imperatoribus nostris existiment, 
quis ignorat, cum sciamus homines in tantis rebus, ut aut 
contemnant aut metuant aut oderint aut ament, opinione 

500 non minus et fama quam aliqua ratione certa commoveri ? 
Quod igitur nomen umquam^in orbe terrarum clarius fuit? 
Cuius res gestae pares ? De quo homine vos, id quod ma- 
xime facit auctoritatem, tanta et tarn praeclara indicia fecis- 
tis ? 44. An vero ullam usquam esse oram tarn desertam 

505 putatis, quo non illius diei faina pervaserit, cum universus 
populus Eomanus, referto foro completisque omnibus tem- 
plis ex quibus hie locus conspici potest, unum sibi ad com- 



THE MASTILIAlSr LAW IOI 

mune omnium gentium bellum Cn. Pompeium imperatorem 
depoposcit ? Itaque, ut plura non dicam, neque aliorum 
exemplis confirmem quantum huius auctoritas valeat in 510 
bello, ab eodem Cn. Pompeio omnium rerum egregiarum 
exempla sumantur: qui quo die a vobis maritimo bello 
praepositus est imperator, tanta repente vilitas annonae ex 
summa inopia et caritate rei frumentariae consecuta est 
Junius hominis spe ac nominej quantain vix in summa uber-,515 
tate agrorum din turn a pax efficere potuisset. 45. lam ac- 
cepta in Ponto calami tate ex eo proelio, de quo vos paulo 
ante invitus admonui,, cum socii p&r'timuissent, hostium 
opes animique crevissent, satis firmum praesidium provincia 
non haberet, amisissetis Asiam, Quirites, iiisi ad ipsum 520 
discrimen eius temporis divinitus Cn. Ponipeium ad eas 
regiones fortuna populi Eomani attulisset. Huius adventus 
et Mithridatem insolita inflammatum victoria continuity et 
Tigranem magnis copiis minitantem Asiae retardavit. Et 
quisquam dubitabit quid virtute perfecturus sit, qui tantum 525 
auctoritate perfecerit? aut quam facile imperio atque exer- 
citu socios et vectigalia conservaturus sit, qui ipso nomine 
ac rumore defenderit ? XVI. 46. Age vero, ilia res quan- 
tam declarat eiusdem hominis apud hostis populi Eomani 
auctoritatem, quod ex locis tarn longinquis tamque diversis 530 
tarn brevi tempore omnes huic se uni dediderunt! quod a 
communi Cretensium legati, cum in eornm insula noster 
imperator exercitusque esset, ad Cn. Pompeium in ultimas 
prope terras venerunt, eique se omnis Cretensium civitates 
dedere velle dixerunt! Quid? idem iste Mithridates nonne 535 
ad eundem Cn. Pompeium legatum usque in Hispaniam 
misit? eum, (juem Pompeius legatum semper iudicavit, ei, 
quibus erat semper molestum ad earn potissimum esse mis- 
sum, speculatorem quam legatum iudicari maluerunt. Po- 
testis igitur iam constituere, Quirites, banc auctoritatem 540 
multis postea rebus gestis magnisque vestris iudiciis ampli- 
flcatam, quantum apud illos reges, quantum apud exteras 
nationes ^valituram esse existimetis. 



CICEHO S ORATIOKS 
May ive not call him the favorite of Fortune ? 

47. Eeliquum est ut de felicitate. — quam praestare dc 

545 se ipso nemo potest, meminisse et commemorare de altero 
possumus, sicut aeqnum est homines de potestate deorum, — 
timide et pauca dicamus. Ego enim sicexistimo: Maximo, 
Marcello, Scipioni, Mario, et ceteris magnis imperatoribus 
non solum propter virtutem, sed etiam propter fortunam 

550 saepius imperia mandata atque exercitus esse commissos. 
Fuit enim profecto quibusdam summis viris quae dam ad 
amplitudinem et ad gloriam et ad res magnas bene gerendtis 
divinitus adiuncta fortuna. De hums autem liominis felici- 
tate, de quo nunc agimus, liac utar moderatione dicendi, 

555 non ut in illius potestate fortunam positam esse dicam, sed 
ut praeterita meminisse, reliqua sperare videamur, ne aut 
invisa dis immortalibus oratio nostra aut ingrata esse vide- 
atur. 48. Itaque non^sum praedicaturus quautas ille res 
domi militiae, terra marique, quantaque felicitate gesserit; 

560 ut eius semper voluntatibus non inodo cives adsenserint, 
socii obtemperarint, hostes oboedierint, sed etiam venti tem- 
pestatesque obseciindarint. Hoc brevissime dicam: nemi- 
nem umquam tarn impudentem f uisse, qui ab dis immortali- 
bus tot et tantas res tacitus auderet optare, quot et quautas 

565 di immortales ad Cn. Pompeium detulerunt. Quod ut illi 
proprium ac perpetuum sit, Quirites, cum communis salutis 
atque imperi turn ipsius hominis causa, sicuti facitis, velle 
/ et optare debetis. 

49. Qua re, cum et bellum sit ita necessarium, ut neglegi 
. 570 non possit, ita magnum, ut adcuratissime sit administran- 
dum, et cum ei imperatorem praeficere possitis, in quo sit 
eximia belli scientia, singularis virtus, clarissima aucto- 
ritas, egregia fortuna, dubitatis, Quirites, quin hoc tantum 
boni, quod yobis ab dis immortalibus oblatum et datum est, 
Mj^l 575 in rem publicam conservandam atque amplificandam con- 

f eratis ? 



THE MANILIAN LAW IO3 

Add Jo these advantages his fortunate presence at this time in Asia 

with an armyG***t+ }+f» **$***?-■ 




XVII. oO. Quod si Romae Cn. Pompeius privatus esset 
hoc tempore., tamen ad tantum bellum is erat deligendus 
atque mittendus-; nunc cum ad ceteras sum mas utilitates 
haec quoque oj^^^fmtas'^acfiungatur, ut in eis ipsis locis 580 
adsit, ut habeat exercitum, ut ab eis, qui habent, accipere 
statim possit, quid exspectamus? aut cur non ducibus dis 
immortalibus eidem, cui cetera summa cum salute rei pu- 
blicae commissa sunt, hoc quoque bellum regium commit- 
tamus ? 585 

But Gatulus and Hortensius are opposed to the law. 

51. At cnim vir clarissimus, amantissimus rei publicae, 
vestris beheflciis amplissimis atTiectlis^ Q. Catulus, itemque 
summis ornamentis honoris, fortunae, virtutis, ingeni prae- 
ditus, Q. Hortensius, ab hac rationc dissentiunt. Quorum 
ego auctoritatem apud vos multis locis plurimum valuisse 590 
et valere oportere confiteor; sed in hac causa, tametsi 
cognoscetis aifctoriSat&^contrarias virorum fortissimorum 

et clarissimorum, tamen, omissis auctoritatibus, ipsa re ac 
ratione exquirere possumus veritatem, atque hoc facilius, 
quod ea omnia, quae a me adhuc dicta sunt, eidem isti vera 595 
esse concedunt, et necessarium bellum esse et mjagnum, et 
in uno Cn. rompeio summa esse omnia. 

To the objection raised by Hortensius, the Gabinian law of last year 
furnishes answer enough. 5~%~ J-T f 

52. Quid igitur ait Hortensius V Si uni omnia tribu- 
enda sint, dignissimum esse Pompeium, sed ad imum tamen 
omnia deferri non oportere. Obsolevit iam ista "oratio, re 600 
multo magis quam verbis refutata. Xam tu idem, Q. Hor- 
tensi, multa pro tua summa copia ac singulari facilitate 
dicendi et in senatu contra virum fortem, A. Gabinium, 
graviter ornateque dixisti, cum \* do uno impemtore cou- 



104 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

605 tra praedones constituendo legem promulgasset, etexhoc 
ipso loco permulta item contra earn legem verba fecisti. 
53. Quid? turn, per deos immortalis! si plus apud populum 
Eomanum auctoritas tua quam ipsius populi Eomani salus 
et vera causa valuisset, hodie hanc gloriam atque hoc orbis 

610 terrae imperium teneremus ? An tibi turn imperium hoc 
esse videbatur, cum populi Komani legati, quaestores, prae- 
toresque capiebantur ? cum ex omnibus provinciis commeatu 
et privato et publico prohibebamur ? cum ita clausa nobis 
erant maria omnia, ut neque privatam rem transmarinam 

615 neque publicam iam obire possemus ? XVIII. 54. Quae 
civitas antea umquam fuit, — non dico Atheniensium, quae 
satis late quondam mare tenuisse dicitur; non Karthaginj- , 
ensium, qui permultuin classe ac maritimis rebus vkluerunt; 
non Ehodiorum, quorum usque ad nostram memoriam disci- 

620 plina navalis et gloria remansit,— sed quae civitas umquam 
antea tarn tenuis, quae tarn parva insula fuit quae non 
portus suos et agros et aliquam partem regionis atque orae 
maritimae per se ipsa defenderet ? At hercule aliquot annos 
continuos ante legem Gabiniam ille populus Eomanus, cuius 

625 usque ad nostram memoriam nomen invictum in navalibus 
pugnis permanserit, magna, ac multo ma^ima^ parte, non 
modo utilitatis, sed dignitatis atque imperi caruit. 55. Nos, 
quorum maiores An tiochum regem classe Persenque supera- 
runt, omnibusque navalibus pugnis Karthaginiensis, homi- 

630 nes in maritimis rebus exercitatissimos paratissimosque, 
vicerunt, ei nullo in loco iam praedonibus pares esse potera- 
mus. ISTos, qui antea non modo Italiam tutam habebamus, 
sed omnis socios in ultimis oris aujertoritate nostri imperi 
salvos praestare poteramus (turn, cum insula Delos, tarn 

635 procul a nobis in Aegaeo mari posita, quo omnes undique 
cum mercibus atque oneribus commeabant, referta divitiis, 
parva, sine muro, nihil timebat), eidem non modo provinciis 
atque oris Italiae maritimis ac portubns nostris, sed etiam 
Appia iam via carebamus; et eis temporibus non pudebat 

640 magistratus populi Eomani in hunc ipsum locum escendere, 




sideraL 



are, 



THE MAKILIAN LAW !05 

cum eum nobis maiores nostri exuviis nauticis et classium 
spoliis ornatum reliquissent. 

XIX. 56. Bono te animo turn, Q. Hortensi, populus 
Eomanus et ceteros, qui erant in eadem sententia, dicere 
existimavit ea quae sentiebatis; sed tamen in salute com- 645 
muni idem populus Eomanus dolori silo maluit quam auc- 
toritati vestrae obtemperare. Itaque una lex, unus vir, 
unus annus non modo nos ilia miseria ac turpi tudinelibera- 
vit, sed etiam eflfecit, ut aliquando vere videremur omnibus 
gentibus ac nationibus terra marique imperare. 650 

And by the ivay let me say that Gabinius has fairly earned the right 
to be appointed legatus to Pompey in the present war. 

57. Quo mihi etiam indigniits videtur obtrectatum esse 
adhuc, Gabinio dicam anne Pornpeio, an utrique, id quod 
est verius, ne legaretur A. Gabinius Cn. Pompeio expetenti 
ac postulanti. Utrum ille, qui postulat ad tantum bellum 
legatum quern velit, idoneus non est qui impetret, cum 655 
ceteri ad expilandos socios diripiendasque provincias quos 
voluerunt legatos eduxerint; an ipse^ cuius lege salus ac 
dignitas populo Eomano atque omnibus gentibus constituta 
est, expers esse debet gloriae eius imperatoris atque eius 
exercitus, qui consilio ipsius ac periculo est constitutus? 660 
58. An C. Falcidius, Q. MeteUus, Q, Caelius Latiniensis, 
Cn. Lentulus, quos omnis liffnons causa nomino, cum tri- 
buni plebi fuissent, anno proximo legati esse potuerunt: in 
uno Gabinio sunt tarn diligentes, qui in hoc bello, quod lege 
Gabinia geritur, in lioc imperatore atque exercitu, quern 665 
per vos ipse constituit, etiam praecipuo iure esse deberet ? 
De quo legando consules spero ad senatum relaturos. Qui 
si dubitabunt aut gravabuntur, ego me profiteor relaturum: 
neque me impediet cuiusquam inimicum edictum, quo minus 
vobis fretus vestrum ins benericiumque defend am, neque 67) 
praeter intercessionem quicquam audiam, de qua, ut arbitror, 
isti ipsi, qui minantur, etiam atque etiam quid liceat con- 
siderabunt. Mea quidem sententia, Quirites, unus A. Gabi- 



»* 



106 CICERO^ ORATIONS 

nius belli maritimi rerumque gestarum Cn. Pompeio socius 
675 ascribitur, propterea quod alter uni illud bellum suscipien- 
dum vestris sufiragiis detulit, alter delatum susceptumque 
confecit. 

As for Cafulus, you have yourselves answered him in part ; for the 
rest of his objection, he knows that Pompey's career shows that 
the Roman people in a time of war do not wait for precedents. 

XX. 59. Keliquum est ut de Q. Catuli auctoritate et 
sententia diceiidura. esse videatur. Qui cum ex vobis quae- 

680 reret, si in uno Cn. Pompeio omnia poneretis, si quid eo 
factum esset, in quo spem essetis habifcuri, cepit magnum 
suae virtutis fructum ac dignitatis, cum omnes una prope 
voce in eo ipso vos spem habituros esse dixistis. Etenim 
talis est vir, ut nulla res tanta sit ac tarn difficilis, quam ille 

685 non et consilio regere et integritate tueri et virtute conficere 
possit. Sed in. hoc ipso ab eo vehementissime dissentio, 
quod, quo minus certa est hominum ac minus diuturna vita, 
hoc magis res publica, dum per deos immortalis licet, frui 
debet summi viri vita atque virtute. 60. ' At enim ne quid 

690 novi fiat contra exempla atque instituta maiorum.' Non 
dicam hoc loco maiores nostros semper in pace consuetudini, 
in bello utilitati paruisse; semper ad novos casus tenrporum 
novorum consiliorum rafiones "adcommodasse. Non dicam 
duo bella maxima, Punicum atque Hispaniense, ab uno im- 

695 peratore esse confecta, duasque urbis potentissimas, quae 
huic imperio maxime minitabantur, Karthaginem atque 
Numantiam, ab eodem Scipione esse deletas. Non com- 
memorabo nuper ita vobis patribusque vestris esse visum, 
ut in uno C. Mario spes imperi poneretur, ut idem cum 

700 Iugurtha, idem cum Gimbris, idem cum Teutonis bellum 
administraret. 61. In ipso Cn. Pompeio, in quo novi con- 
stitui nihil volt Q. Catulus, quam multa sint nova summa 
Q. Catuli voluntate const ituta, recordamini. 

XXI. Quid tarn novum quam aclulescentulum privatum 
700 exercitum difficili rei publicae tempore conficere? Con. 



THE MAKILIAN LAW \Oj 

fecit. Huic praeessc ? Praefuit. Rem optime ductu suo 
gerere? Gessitv Quid tarn praeter consuetudinem quam 
homini peradulescenti, cuius aetas a senatorio gradu longe 
abesset, imperium atque exercitum dari, Siciliam permitti, 
atque Africam bellumque in ea provincia administraudum ? 710 
Fuit iu his provinciis singulari innocentia, gravitate, vir- 
tute. Bellum in Africa maximum confecit, victorem exer- 
citum deportavit. Quid vero tarn inauditum quam equitem 
Eomanum triumphare ? At earn quoque rem populus Bo- 
manus non modo vidit, sed omnium etiam studio visendam 715 
et concelebrandam putavit. 62. Quid tarn inusitatum 
quam ut, cum duo consules clarissimi fortissimique essent, 
eques Komanus ad bellum maximum formidolosissimumque 
pro consule mitteretur ? Missus est. Quo quidem tem- 
pore, cum esset non nemo iu senatu qui diceret non opor- 720 
tere mitti liominem privatum pro consule, L. Philippus 
dixisse dicitur, non se ilium sua sententia pro consule, sed 
pro j^onsjiliJaus mittere. ; Tanta in eo rei publicae bene 
gerendae spes constituebatur, ut duorum consilium muniis 
unius adulescentis virtuti committeretur. Quid tarn siugu- 725 
lare quam ut exsenatus consulto legibus solutus consul ante 
fieret, quam ullum alium niagistratum per leges capere 
licuisset? quid tarn incredibile quam ut iterum eques Eo- 
manus ex senatus consulto triumpharet? Quae in omnibus 
hominibus nova post hominum memoriam coifstTtuta sunt, 780 
ea tarn multa non sunt quam haec, quae in hoc uno homine 
videmus. 63. Atque haec tot exempla, tanta ac tarn nova, 
prbfecta sunt in eunclem hominem a Q. Catuli atque a J* 
ceterorum eiusdem dignitatis amplissimorum hominum 
auctoritate. 735 

Well may tee trust the wisdom of the people. ^ ~ — 

XXII. Qua'Te videant ne sit periniquum et non ferun- 
dum, illorum auctoritatem de Cn. Pompei dignitate a vobis 
comprobatam semper esse, vestrum ab illis de eodem homine 
iudicium populique Eomani auctoritatem improbari; prae- 



-aaaJ. 






108 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

\ . > 

740 sertim cum mm suo iure populus Eomanus in hoc homine 

suam auctoritatem vel contra omnis qui dissentiunt possit 

defendere, propterea quod, isdem istis reclamantibus, vos 

unum ilium ex omnibus delegistis quern bello praedonum 

4 pr a oponor c fe — 64. Hoc si vos temere fecistis, et rei publicae 

745 parum consuluistis, recte isti studia vestra suis consiliis re- 
gere conantur; sin autem vos plus turn in "re publica vidis- 
tis, vos eis repugnantibus per vosmefc ipsos^ dignitatem huic 
imperio, salutem orbi terrarum attulistis, ali^uando 1 isti 
principes et sibi et ceteris populi Eomani universi auctori- 

750 tati parendum esse fateantur. 

The fact is, Pompey is the only choice we have. 

Atque in hoc bello Asiatico et regio non solum militaris 
ilia virtus, quae est in Cn. Pompeio singularis, sed aliae 
quoque virtutes animi magnae et multae requiruntur. Dif- 
ficile est in Asia, Cilicia, Syria regnisque interiorum na- 

755 tionum ita versari nostrum imperatorem, ut nihil aliud nisi 
de hoste ac de laude cogitet. Deinde etiam si qui sunt 
pudore ac temperantia moderations, tamen eos esse talis 
propter multitudinem cupidorum hominum nemo arbitra- 
tur. 65. Difficile est dictu, Quirites, quanto in odio simus 

760 apud exteras nationes propter eorum, quos ad eas per hos 
annos cum imperio misimus, libidines et iniurias. Quod 
enim fanum putatis in illis terris 'nostris magistratibus re- 
ligiosum, quam civitatem sanctam, quam domum satis clau- 
sam ac muni tarn fuisse ? Urbes iam locupletes et copiosae 

765 requiruntur, quibus causa belli propter difipiendi cupidi- 
tatem inferatnr. 66. Libenter haec (foram ' cum Q. Catulo 
et Q. Hortensio, summis et clarissimis viris, disputarem. 
Noverunt enim sociorum volnera; vident eorum calamitates; 
querimonias audiunt. Pro sociis vos contra hostis exerci- 

770 turn mittere putatis, an h ostium simulatione contra socios 
atque amicos? Quae ci vitas est in Asia quae non modo 
imperatoris aut legati, sed unius tribuni militum animos ac 
spiritus capere possit? XXIII. Qua re, etiam si quern 



THE MANILIAK LAW 109 

habetis qui conlatis sigtii's exercitus regios superare posse 
videatur, tamen nisi erit idem, qui se a pecuniis sociorum, 775 
qui ab eorum coniugibus ac liberis, qui ab ornamentis fano- 
rum atque oppidorum, qui ab auro gazaque regia manus, 
oculos, animum coliibere possit, 11011 erit idoneus qui ad 
bellum Asiaticum regiumque mittatur. 67. Ecquam puta- 
tis civitatem pacatam fuisse quae locuples sit? Ecquam 780 
esse locupletem quae istis pacata esse videatur ? Ora mari- 
tirna, Quirites, Cn. Pompeium non solum propter rei milita- 
ris gloriam, sed etiam propter animi contineutiam requisivit. 
Yidebat enim praetores locupletari quot annis pecunia pu- 
blica praeter paucos, neque eos quicquam aliud adsequi clas- 785 
sium nomine., nisi ut detrimentis accipiendis maiore adfici 
turpitudine videremur. Xunc qua cupiditate homines in 
provincias, quibus iacturis et quibus condicionibus pro- 
ficiscantur, ignorant videlicet isti, qui ad unum deferenda 
omnia esse non arbitrantur ? quasi vero On. Pompeium non 790 
cum suis virtutibus, turn etiam alienis vitiis magnum esse 
< videamus. 68. Quaere nolite dubitare quin liuic uni creda- 
"tis omnia, qui inter tot annos unus inventus sit, quern socii 
in urbis suas cum exercitu venisse gaudeant. 



If the sanction of statesmen is asked for, here are the names of four 
eminent authorities. _ . . 

Qiiod si auctoritatibus hanc eausam, Qui rites, confirman- 795 
dam putatis, est vobis auctdr vir bellorum omnium maxi- 
marumque rerum peritissimus, P. Servilius, cuius tantae 
res gestae terra marique gxstiterunt, ut, cum de bello de- 
liberetis, auctor vobis gravior nemo esse debeat; est C. Curio, 
summis vestris beneficiis maximisque rebus gestis, summo 800 
ingenio et prudentia praeditus; est Cn. Lentulus, in quo 
omnes pro amplissimis vestris honoribus summum consi- 
lium, summam gravitatem esse cognovistis; est C. Cassius, 
integritate, virtu te, constantia singulari. QnaTre videte ut 
horum auctoritatibus illorum orationi, qui dissentiunt, re- 805 
spondere posse videamur. 
4 



110 ClCERO^S ORATION'S 

Stand firm then, Manilius, in your proposal, and count on my help. 

XXIV. 69. Quae cum ifca sint, C. Mauili, primum istam 
tuam et legem et voluntatem et sententiam laudo vehemen- 
tissimeque comprobo; deinde te hortor, ut auctore populo 

810 Eomano maneas in sententia, neve cuiusquam vim aut minas 
pertimescas. Primum in te satis esse animi perse verantiae- 
que arbitror; deinde cum tantam multitudinem £nm tanto 
studio adesse videamus, quantam rterum nunc in* eodem 
liomine praeficiendo vi dentins, quid est quod aut de re aut . 

815 de perficiendi facilitate dubitemus? Ego autem, quicquid 
est in me studi, consili, laboris, ingeni, quicquid hoc bene- 
ficio populi Eomani atque hac potestate praetoria, quicquid 
auctoritate, fide, constantia possum, id omne ad hanc rem 
conficiendam tibi et populo Eomano polliceor ac defero; 

820 70. testorque omnis deos, et eos maxime, qui huic loco tem- 
ploque praesident, qui omnium mentis eorum, qui ad rem 
publicam acleunt, maxime perspiciunt, me hoc neque rogatu 
face re cuiusquam neque quo Cn. Pompei gratiam mi hi per 
hanc causam conciliari putem neque quo mihi ex cuiusquam 

825 ampiil,umfie aut praesidia periculis aut adiumenta honoribus 
quaeram; propterea quod pericula facile, ut hominem prae- 
stare oportet, innocentia tecti repellemus, honorem autem 
neque ab uno neque ex hoc loco, sed eadem ilia nostra labo- 
riosis§ima ratione vitae, si vestra voluntas feret, conse- 

830 quemuY. 71. Quam ob rem. quicquid in hac causa mihi 
susceptum est, Quirites, id ego omne me rei publicae causa 
suscepisse coiinrhio; tantumque abest ut aliquam mihi bo- 
nam gratiam quaesisse videar, ut multas me etiam simultates 
partim obscuras, partim apertas intellegam, mihi non neces- 

835 sarias, vobis non inutilis, suscepisse. Sed ego me hoc 
honore praeditum, tantis vestris beneficiis adfectum statui, 
Quirites, yestram voluntatem et rei publicae dignitatem et 
salutem provinciarum atque sociorum meis omnibus com- 
modis et rationibus praeferre oportere. 



4l. 



NOTES 

'VlRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 
(In L. Catilinam Oratio Prima) 
PREFATORY XOTE 

1. The four Orations against Catiline were delivered by Cicero in 
the year 63 B.C., when as consul he crushed the conspiracy formed by 
Catiline and others against the government. 

2. Catiline's Earlier Career. L. Sergius Catilina was born about the 
year 103 B.C., of a patrician family that had fallen into poverty. He 
began his public life in the bloody days of Sulla (Introduction, §§21- 
23). thus early distinguishing himself by the murder of his brother- 
in-law — an act nominally of party service but really committed to 
satisfy a private grudge. He was also said to have murdered his wife 
and his son. These crimes are only a small fraction of the total with 
which he is credited ; but as Cicero in these orations tells the story of 
his numerous villanies a repetition is needless here. Catiline was a 
bold, energetic man, of great physical strength and endurance, and 
not without a certain cleverness, especially noticeable in the influence 
which he possessed and exercised over others. While these qualities 
of body and mind well fitted him for the part which he essayed to 
play, he lacked the patience and cool head necessary to succeed in his 
schemes. 

3. Catiline and Autronius. In 68 he was praetor urbanus, the follow- 
ing year going as propraetor to govern Africa (Introduction, §61). On 
his return to Rome (66 B.C.) he became a candidate for the consulship, 
but was forced to withdraw on account of a prosecution brought 
against him for extortion in Africa during his propraetorship. Now, 
P. Autronius Paetus and P. Cornelius Sulla (nephew to the great 
Sulla), who had been elected consuls for that year, were convicted of 
bribery in the election, and hence were disqualified ; in their stead 
two other candidates were elected consuls. 

Note. — The grammatical references are to the Gildersleeve-Lodge Latin Grammar, 
School Edition (G.); Allen and Greenough (A. & G.); Bennett (B.); Harkness (H.). 
An occasional reference to the Larger Gildersleeve is marked G. (L. Ed.). 

in 



112 HOTES 

^ 4. The First Conspiracy (65 B.C.)- Autronius, the aggrieved candi- 
date, then made common cause with Catiline. They were joined by 
a third confederate, one Cn. Piso, a dissipated young noble. Their 
plan was to murder the successful candidates on January 1 (the day 
on which consuls regularly entered office) of the year 65. They were 
then to set themselves up at the head of the government, Catiline and 
Autronius as consuls, and Piso as generalissimo. The last named 
with an army was to seize the province of Spain as a base of military 
operations for the support of the revolutionists. Pompey's absence 
in Asia with the regular army left Rome without any armed force to 
• quell the proposed insurrection. Unfortunately for the conspirators, 
the plot was divulged, and hence its execution had to be postponed 
to February 5. Again it failed, however, this time because Catiline 
in his impatience gave the signal before the hired assassins were 
gathered in sufficient numbers to carry out their purpose. Either 
from timidity or from indifference the Senate took no action against 
the conspirators further than to assign a guard to the consuls for 
their personal protection and an armed band to oppose that of the 
revolutionists. Many persons believe that this first conspiracy, as it 
is called, was organized in the interest of the democracy, and that 
Caesar and Crassus as leading democrats gave it their sanction, if not 
their active support. 
•4 -- 5. The Election in 64 B.C. Although Catiline was acquitted in his 
trial for extortion mentioned above, yet it cost him dearly for bribery ; 
the decision of the court, also, came too late to enable him to be a 
candidate for the consulship in the year 65. The next year, however, 
he once more presented himself as a candidate with several competi- 
tors in the field. Of these, only two need be mentioned here : C. 
Antonius Hybrida and Cicero himself. The former, a weak character 
and a bankrupt, was believed to be in sympathy with Catiline's plans, 
which now included a proscription of many leading citizens (Introduc- 
tion, §22), a confiscation of their property, and especially an abo- 
lition of all debts. The alarm caused by Catiline's candidature, 
however, threw the influence of the best classes (boni, as Cicero calls 
them) on the side of Cicero, novus homo though he was (Introduction, 
§55), resulting in his election at the head of the polls with Antonius 
as his colleague. Thus the first step in Catiline's programme failed 
through his defeat in the election. One of Cicero's first acts then 
was to induce Antonius to desert the conspiracy by promising him 
for his proconsulship (in 62 b.c.) the rich province of Macedonia. The 
two consuls, Cicero and Antonius, entered office January 1, 63 b.c. 
6. During Cicero's Consulship (63 B.C.). Undaunted by his repeated 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 113 

failures, Catiline again sought the consulship in the year G3, a year 
in which, for some reason not clear, the elections were held later 
(October) than usual (July). Peaceful citizens were thoroughly 
alarmed by the rumors rife at this time concerning Catiline's inten- 
tions. It was said that there was to be a riot on election day ; that 
gangs of ruffians, of which the city was only too full, had been or- 
ganized for the purpose ; that Cicero, one of the consuls, - with many 
other leading men, was to be assassinated. Accordingly, the day 
before the election Cicero summoned the Senate, and had the elec- 
tions again postponed in order to enable him to make further inqui- 
ries. The Senate was in session for several days. On October 21 
that body in consequence of Cicero's disclosures passed its ultimum 
decretum, or extreme decree, virtually declaring martial law in the 
usual words — Videant consules ne quid res publico, detrimenti capiant 
('Let the consuls see to it that the state suffer no harm'). The 
announcement made by Cicero that had called for this extreme action 
was that the revolutionists were contemplating an armed insurrection 
— that Manlius, formerly an officer in Sulla's army, now Catiline's 
right-hand man, would be at Faesulae (in Etruria) on October 27 
at the head of an army. Cicero's words proved true. In fact, all 
through this period Cicero by means of spies kept himself informed 
of every move contemplated by the revolutionary party, and was thus 
enabled to defeat them at every point. 

7. October and November, 63 B.C. On the day of election (October 
28), in consequence of the threats made by Catiline, many Senators 
prudently absented themselves from town, while Cicero attended the 
ceremony, armed with a cuirass under his gown and surrounded by a 
guard of young men. These precautions show r ed Catiline the useless- 
ness of attempting violence. Moreover, the votes of the people went 
against him, so that he was again defeated. November 1 the con- 
spirators attempted to seize the stronghold Praeneste (about 20 miles 
S. E. of Rome), but failed because the inhabitants had been warned 
by Cicero in time to resist the attack successfully. Again, on the 
night of November 6 Catiline held a meeting of his adherents, at 
which it was arranged that two of them should murder Cicero early 
in the morning ; but before the meeting broke up, Cicero had heard 
all about the plot, and was prepared to baffle it when the would-be 
assassins presented themselves at his barred doors. 

8. The Speech. To protest against these continued outrages and 
adopt some energetic course to crush the conspiracy, Cicero again 
summoned the Senate on November 8 (some say November 7) in 
the temple of Jupiter Stator, one of the strongest positions in the 



114 NOTES 

city, on the Palatine. Throngs of citizens keenly interested crowded 
the hill. When in the midst of the excitement, and in spite of the 
purpose for which the meeting had been called, Catiline as a member 
of the Senate had the hardihood to enter that body, the consul rose, 
and delivered his First Oration against Catiline. It has been said 
that the opening sentence of this speech (Quo usque tandem abutere, 
Catilina, patientia nostra f) is more generally known than any other 
sentence from an ancient author, while "the whole speech well mer- 
its its fame as a masterpiece of passionate and defiant eloquence " 
(Strachan-Davidson). As an immediate effect of the speech, Catiline 
left the city to join Manlius in Etruria. 



1. tandem : often used to strengthen an interrogative or impera- 
tive sentence, and translated pray, in the name of heaven, or the 
like. abutgre : of the two endings -ris and -re in the Second Per- 
son Singular Passive, Cicero regularly uses -ris in the Present Indica- 
tive and -re in the Future and other tenses. Notice the quantity of 
the penult (g). patientia: why Ablative ? G. 407; A. & G. 249; 
B. 218, i ; H. 421, i. Observe in this opening the three expressions 
quo usque, quam diu, and quern ad finem, beginning the first three sen- 
tences, and all meaning approximately the same thing, yet varying by 
shades of meaning. Translate : how far f hoiv long f to what lengths f 

2. iste: Demonstrative of the Second Person, meaning that of 
yours ; compare hie, Demonstrative of the First Person, meaning this 
of mine, and ille, Demonstrative of the Third Person, meaning that of 
his, hers, etc., or simply yonder. From its frequent use in speaking 
an opponent in a case at law, iste often carries a contemptuous sense. 

3. nihilne : stronger than the simple nonne, and translated not . . . at 
all. On account of its long subject, this sentence is best translated 
passively: Are you not disturbed at all by the guard on (lit. of) the 
Palatine by night (lit. nightly guard), etc. 

4. Palati: the smallest but most celebrated of the seven hills of 
Rome. It was the site of the original city, and was surrounded by 
the other six hills. Naturally the strongest position in the city, it 
was guarded on this occasion at night in anticipation of any attempt 
the conspirators might make to seize it. vigiliae : patrols. 

5. bonorum : patriots, a favorite word in these Orations, often con- 
trasted with its opposite improbi. habendi senatus : G erundive 
construction, the substantive taking the case of the Gerund, while 
the Gerund is attracted to the gender and number of the substantive. 

6. ora voltusque : an instance of the figure called Hendiadys, in 



FIBST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE I I 5 

which two words are used to express a single complex idea. Trans- 
late : expression on the countenances ; lit. faces and expressions. 

7. non : used instead of nonne, the omission of the interrogative 
sign (-ne) being an indication of Astonishment, Blame, etc. G. 433 ; 
B. 162, 2, d. 

9. proxima: last; superiore : (night) before last. The exact dates 
here, as was stated in the Prefatory Note, §8, are uncertain. The 
meeting at Laeca's house described in Chapter iv. was held on the 
night of November 6 (superiore), and probably the attack on Cicero's 
life was not attempted until the following night or early on the 
second morning (proxima). egeris, fueris, convocaveris, ceperis : 
Subjv. in Indirect Questions, depending on the last clause of the sen- 
tence beginning with the words quern nostrum, etc. Note also that 
this last clause is itself a Direct Question. Avoid changing the order 
of clauses, and translate: What you did last night, what the night 
before, etc., who among us (lit. of us) is not aware? 

10. consili : Part. Gen. depending on the neuter quid. quern * 
from the interrog. quis, not the rel. qui. nostrum : explain the use 
of this form. G. 364, r. ; A. & G. 194, b ; B. 242, 2; H. 446, N.- 3. 

13. vivit : learn the Principal Parts of this verb, and compare 
with those of vinco and vincio. immo vero : used either to remove 

a doubt or (as here) to heighten a previous statement, and translated : 
nay, rather. G. 471, c; A. & G. 209, d. consili: why Genitive ? 

G. 374 ; A. & G. 218, a; B. 204; H. 399, 1. 3. 

15. oculis : Ablative of Means. 

16. viri fortes : ironical. videmur : fancy. furorem ac 
tela: mad violence, lit. madness and weapons ; Hendiadys. See Note 
on 1. 6 above. 

17. vitemus : Subjv. in Indirect Discourse after videmur. Cicero is 
quoting indirectly from the thought attributed to himself and his 
colleague in the consulship. duci : in English ought (oportebat) 
has come to be felt as a Present, the Past notion having been trans- 
ferred to the dependent Infinitive — to have been led. So conferri in 
the next clause. 

19. an : the regular conjunction for the second part of a Disjunctive 
(or Double) Question. But often, as here, the first part is omitted, 
being sufficiently clear from the context. Note that the interrogative 
force of this sentence does not really begin until the words Catilinam, 
orbem, etc., are reached, since the fate of Tiberius Gracchus was a 
well-known fact. Translate: Or (while) that honorable man, the 
pontifex maximus, Publius Scipio, as a private citizen, put to death, 
etc., shall we as consuls endure Catiline, desiring (as he does) to lay 



Il6 NOTES 

waste, etc. ? privatus is contrasted with consules, since the pontlfex 

maximus was not a magistrate. For the historical facts referred 
to, see Introduction, §16 ; also, §17 for the experience of Gaius 
Gracchus, referred to below. 

23. nam ilia . . . praetereo : an illustration of the common trick in 
oratory, which pretends to leave unsaid the very things said. In 
rhetoric it is known as Praeteritio. Several examples occur in this 
oration. Shakspere makes Mark Antony in his funeral oration over 
Caesar's body say: "I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him," and 
yet all through his speech Antony refers to his dead friend as " the 
ruins of the noblest man that ever lived in the tide of times." C. 

Servilius Ahala, Sp. Maelium : Ahala as master of horse to the dictator 
Cincinnatus slew with his own hand the rich plebeian Spurius Maelius 
(439 b. a), who was suspected of aiming at kingly power because he 
sold grain to the poor at reduced rates in a time of great distress. 

25. fuit : repeated for emphasis — there was, yes, there once was such 
vigor, etc. 

27. coercerent : Subjv. in a Consecutive Sentence, following the 
demonstrative ista. G. 552; A. & G. 219 ; B. 284; H. 500. 

28. vehemens et grave : avoid the habit of translating Latin words 
by their English derivatives when these are unsuitable. Use the 
Vocabulary. 

29. rei publicae : account for the case. G. 349, R. 4; A. &G, 231, a ; 
B. 190; H. 387. 

30. nos, nos : see Note on 1. 25 above (fuit). 

31. decrevit : Principal Parts ? ut . . . videret : Complementary 
Final Sentence. ne : that... not, introducing a negative Com- 
plementary Final Sentence. What words introduce a negative Con- 
secutive Sentence ? quid : Indefinite Pronoun, regularly used 
after si, nisi, ne, num, and Relatives. G. 315 : A. & G. 105, d ; B. 252, 
i; II. 455, i. detrimenti : Partitive Genitive. nox nulla 
intercessit : in English this thought would have been expressed in a 
mere phrase, ' ' before night " ; but Cicero, by making it a separate 
sentence, emphasizes the fact that the punishment was swift in 
overtaking the offenders. 

34. clarissimo patre, avo, maioribus : Abl. Absolute, but best trans- 
lated : sprung from illustrious father, grandfather, {and) ancestors. 

35. cum liberis : Abl. of Attendance. consularis : what does 
this word mean ? 

37. num : distinguish between -ne, num, and nonne. unum 

diem : Ace. of Extent in Time. L. Saturninum, C. Servilium : 

two demagogues iu the time of Marius. See Introduction, §19. 



FIRST ORATION AGAIXST CATILINE 117 

38. mors ac . . . poena : two subjects with a Singular verb, because 
they express a single idea, death-penalty ; Hendiadys. rei publi- 
cae : of the state; that is, imposed by the state. Observe the curious 
notion involved in the verb remorata est, kept them waiting. 

39. patimur: ive have been suffering. Account for the use of the 
Present in Latin. What other tense is similarly used ? G. 230 and 
234 ; A. & G. 276, a, and 277, b ; B. 259, 4, and 260, 4 ; EL 467, 2, 
and 469, 2. hebescere : to what class of verbs does this belong, 
and what are its Principal Parts ? aciem : edge, comparing the 
authority of the Senate to a sword. 

40. horum : to whom does this refer ? 

42. in vagina, etc. : continuing the metaphor of the sword. ex : 

according to. 

44. ad deponendam, etc. : expresses Design. Mention at least five 
ways of expressing the general sense of a Final Sentence. 

45. me : omit in translating. The use of the pronoun indicates 
that the matter desired was not altogether in his power. pa- 
tres conscripti : conscript fathers, the regular term used in address- 
ing the Senate. The expression has been explained in several ways. 
The most common explanation is that patres meant patricians, the 
Senate having originally been made up of patricians exclusively, 
while, at a later date, when that body was recruited from the plebeians, 
conscripti was added, meaning enrolled, i.e. among the Senators. 

46. dissolutum : remiss. inertiae nequitiaeque : why Genitive ? 
See G. 378 ; A. & G. 220 ; B. 208, 2, a; H. 409, 11. 

47. castra : meaning of the Singular ? See the Vocabulary. What 
officer was in command at this camp ? 

49. in dies singulos : from day to day. 
51. atque adeo : yes, even. 

53. comprehendi, interfici : both depend on iussero. iussero : 
the Latin is more exact in the use of tenses in dependent clauses 
than the English. G. 242, r. 1 ; A. & G. 281, r. ; B. 261, 2; II. 473, 
2. This Fut. Perfect after si is loosely translated by the Present, if 
I order. credo : frequent in Cicero in an ironical sense — i" 
suppose (not believe). 

54. mihi : Dat. of the Agent. G. 355 ; A. &. G. 232 ; B. 189 ; II. 
388. ne : after verbs of Fearing, what is the rule for the use of 

*ne and ut* G. 550, 2 ; A. & G. 331, /; B. 296, 2 ; II. 498, in. x. 1. 
Observe, non belongs to only a part of the sentence, not the whole. 
Literally translated, the sentence reads : that not true patriots (may 
say) that this was done by me too late rather than that any one 
may say it was done too cruelly ; more freely ; not that true patriots 



Il8 NOTES 

(may say) this was done by me too late, but rather that some one may 
say that it was done too cruelly. Since the sentence is ironical, Cicero 
means just the reverse of what he says ; namely, that he would be 
more afraid of being reproached by patriotic citizens for acting too 
tardily than of being criticized by any captious person for cruelty. 

55. verum ego, etc. : but for a well-defined (certa) reason I am not 
yet induced to do that which, etc. The Subjv. faciam follows adducor 
in a Complementary Consecutive Sentence. 

57. interficiere : what tense ? See Note on 1. 1 (abutere). 

59. qui (= ut is) . . . fateatur : as not to admit, etc. This is the 
Subjv. in a Characteristic Relative Sentence. The construction is so 
frequent in Cicero that it would be well to make a special study of it. 
The relative here implies the notion of Character and Adaptation, and 
is followed by a Subjv. of Tendency. The following varieties of the 
construction occur (G. 631) : 1, with a definite antecedent, when the 
character is emphasized ; regularly after the adjectives idoneus, aptus, 
dignus, indignus ; also, after demonstratives (is, talis, tarn, tantus, etc.) 
and the two superlatives unus and solus ; 2, after negative expressions 
(nemo, nihil, etc.) and questions implying a negative answer (e.g. quis 
est, implying nemo est), and such indefinite expressions as sunt qui 
(there are some who), multi sunt, alii sunt, etc. ; 3, after comparatives 
with quam. Which two of these varieties are illustrated in the present 
passage ? 

60. qui audeat : Subjv. of Characteristic, belonging to the second 
variety (see preceding Note), quisquam erit being an indefinite ex- 
pression like multi sunt. 

61. oppressus : held in check. 

65. quid est . . . quod exspectes : to which variety of the Character- 
istic construction does this belong ? See Note on 1. 59. Observe that 
quid here is equivalent to nihil. 

66. tenebris : Abl. of Means. 

67. parietibus : paries means a 'partition wall, the wall of a house ; 
moenia, the walls of a city ; murus is the general word for wall, 

69. mini crede : take my advice, caedis : why Genitive ? G. 

376 ; A. & G. 219 ; B. 206 ; H. 407. 

71. licet recognas : you may review; lit. it is permitted that you 
review. 

72. ante diem xii. Kalendas Novembris : October 21. G. p. 491 ; 
A. & G. 376 ; B. 372 ; H. 642. Be prepared to give the other dates 
in this chapter in their English form. 

74. C. Manlium : it was Cicero's prediction referred to here that 
prompted the Senate to issue its ultimum decretum. 



FIRST ORATION AGAIXST CATILINE I ig 

75. num me fefellit, etc. : on account of the long subject, it is best 
to translate this sentence passively : Was I mistaken — I will not 
say (lit. not only) in the event, so important, etc. — but ivhat is far 
more remarkable, in the date ? idem : also, lit. the same, Nom. 

agreeing with the subject. G. 310; A. & G. 195, e; B. 248, i ; 
H. 451, 3. 

78. contulisse : had appointed; translated by our Pluperfect because 
prior to an action already Past (dixi). 

80. sui conservandi, of saving themselves. G. 428, r. 1; A. & G. 
298, a ; B. 339, 5 ; H. 542, 1. Note the use of causa to express Design. 
For the fact here stated, see the Prefatory Note, §7. 

83. commovere te: make a move, take a step; lit. move or bestir 
yourself. 

84. discessu ceterorum : the tamen following shows that these words 
must be taken in a Concessive sense — notwithstanding the escape (lit. 
departure) of the rest. esse: would be, lit. were; so translated 
simply to suit the English idiom. G. 254, r. 1 ; A. & G. 264, b ; B. 
271 ; H. 476, 5. The Subjv. remansissemus is due to 0. 0. after 
dicebas. nostra : Abl. agreeing with caede, but equivalent here to 
the Gen. Plural of ego (— of us), and so translated. 

85. quid : again. This word, either alone or with vero, igitur, etc., 
is very frequent in Cicero in the sense what of this, i.e. of what I am 
about to say. 

87. sensistine : did you see ; or possibly -ne here leans to the nega- 
tive, in which case translate : did you not see. 

89. moliris : a word implying strenuous effort. audiam, videam, 

sentiam : for the Subjv. see Note on 1. 59. 

91. superiorem : (night) before last. 

93. prior e = superior e. 

94. inter falcarios : to the street of the scythe-makers, a certain 
quarter of the city. 

95. compluris : Accusative Plural. 

96. socios : accomplices. 

97. hie in senatu, etc, : these words show the extent of the danger 
with which Cicero had to deal. The conspiracy included in its ranks 
men of even senatorial rank as well as a few knights. 

98. nbinam gentium: where in the ivorld ; Part. Genitive with an 
adverb of Place. 

103. atque adeo : see Note on 1. 51. cogitent : Subjv. of Char- 
acteristic. 

104. de re publica sententiam rogo : a technical expression, referring 
to the manner in which the presiding magistrate at a session of the 



1 20 NOTES 

Senate called on members for an expression of their views (sententiam) 
on public business (re publica). 

105. igitur : well, resuming the story begun in the first part of the 
chapter. apud : at the house of. 

107. quo : interrog., introducing an Ind. Question, hence the Subjv. 
placeret. quos : relative, introducing a Final Sentence {men to 

leave at Rome). 

109. confirmasti : gave the assurance. 

110. morae: Part. Geuitwe after paulum. G. 369 ; A. & G. 216, 3 ; 
B. 201, 2 ; H. 397, 3. etiam nunc : even now, still. viverem: 
Subjv. after a Causal conjunction quod in O. 0. G. 541 ; A. & G. 
321 ; B. 286, 1 ; H. 516, 11. 

111. liberarent : Subjv. of Characteristic with definite antecedent. 

112. sese . . . interfecturos esse: after verbs of Promising, etc., the 
Fut. Inf. with subject expressed is the rule ; in English the simple 
Inf. is used — to hill. in meo lectulo : the diminutive is used here 
not in the sense of littleness, but rather, perhaps, with the idea of 
security : of all places a man might naturally be expected to be 
most secure from harm when he is in bed. Translate : in my very 
bed. 

114. vixdum etiam. . . diinisso (Abl. Abs.) : almost before your meet- 
ing had adjourned ; lit. your meeting having scarcely yet even been 
dismissed. 

116. salutatum : to greet. How is the supine in -turn used ? G. 
435 ; A. &. G. 302 ; B. 340, 1 ; H. 546. 

117. id (temporis) : Accusative of Extent in Time. G. 336, r. 5 ; 

A. & G. 240, b ; B. 185, 2 ; H. 373, 2. viris : what is the Dat. 
Plural of vis 1 

119. quae cum ita sint : this being so ; Causal cum in the so-called 
"Ciceronian formula." 

121. nimium diu desiderant: have too long been missing. Account 
for the tense ; see Note on 1. 39. 

122. educ : note the Imperative forms die, due, fac, and fer. si 
minus : how is this expression used ? G. 592, ft. ; A. & G. 209, e ; 

B. 306, 2; H. 552, 3. quam plurimos : what force has quam with 
the superlative ? G. 303; A. & G. 93, b ; B. 240, 3; H. 170, 2. 

123. metu : Abl. of Separation. dum modo : if only, expressing 
a Conditional Wish. G. 573 ; A. & G. 314; B. 310; H. 513, 1. 

124. me atque te : the regular order in Latin, whereas in English we 
say you and me. 

126. Note the phrase gratiam habere : to feel grateful. In the 
present passage gratia is postponed to the end of its clause, making 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 121 

clearer the dependence on it of the quod-clause which immediately 
follows. atque : and especially. 

129. saepius : too often (a frequent meaning of the comparative), in 
uno homine : in the case of a single person. This is a common mean- 
ing of in with the Abl. 

131. consuli designato : of course, during the latter half of the pre- 
ceding year (64 B.C.). See the following Xote. 

133. proximis comitiis consularibus : at the last consular elections. 
These elections were regularly held in July, and the consul-elect 
entered office on the following January 1. campo : Campus Mar- 

tins, where the elections were held, just outside of the city. 

136. per me : by my private efforts. 

138. nunc iam: the absolute now usually without reference to 
what has already taken place (nunc) and the now of experience (iam) 
combined; translate: now finally. He has just been speaking of 
Catiline's personal attacks upon his life, but now, he says, the con- 
spirator has more ambitious aims. 

142. id quod, etc. : the two clauses are objects of facere. huius 
imperi, etc.: The authority which I possess and the teacMng of, etc. 
The word imperium refers to the official authority which he possessed as 
consul (Introduction, §56), and huius as Dem. of the First Person 
means this which I hold. Account for the Genitives. G., 359, r. 1 ; 
A. & G. 234, d ; B. 204, 2 ; H. p. 205, footnotes 1 and 3. 

143. audeo : Prin. Parts ? Learn at the same time the Principal 
Parts of gaudeo, soleo, and fido (the "semi-deponents," as they are 
called). ad : as regards. 

145. iussero : for the translation of the Fut. Perfect here, see Xote 
on 1. 53. 

146. sin : but if. This is the regular word to introduce a Condition 
that excludes a preceding Condition. G. 592; B. 306, 3. 

147. hortor : how translated? See Xote on 1. 39. exieris : Fut. 
Perfect, how translated? tuorum comitum : consisting of your com- 
panions; Appositive Genitive. The word sentina (refuse, scum) is 
modified by both Genitives rei publicae and tuorum comitum. 

148. quid est, Catilina : well, Catiline; lit. what is it, Catiline? 

149. dubitas : with the Infinitive this word regularly means hesi- 
tate, imperante me : Abl. Absolute. 

150. consul hostem: placed side by side for the contrast, and last 
in the sentence for further emphasis. 

154. possit : Subjv. of Characteristic after quid est ; so metuat and 
oderit after nemo est in the next sentence. 

156, oderit: Perf. because a defective verb, else it would be Present; 



122 NOTES 

translate as Present, quae nota domesticae turpitudinis : what stain of 
domestic disgrace. Here quae is interrog., being the adj. form of 
quis, quid, which corresponds in form to the relative. 

157. vitae: why Dat. aiter imista (branded on)? See G. 347; A. & 
G. 228; B. 187, in. ; H. 386. haeret in fama : clings to your name 

(reputation), 

159. cui adulescentulo : for what poor youth, the diminutive indi- 
cating not littleness of body, of course, perhaps not mere youthfulness 
of years, but rather weakness of character ; hence the Characteristic 
Snbjv. following — such as (lit. whom) you could ensnare with your 
enticing arts (quern . . . inretisses). Note the derivation of inretisses 
from rete, a net, toil, snare. The tense is Pluperfect because its 
time is prior to that of the leading verb, itself Perfect (praetulisti). 

162. quid vero : these words, like quid alone, are often used by 
Cicero to introduce a general question, leading up to a more specific 
question as in the case here (nonne . . . cumulasti). Translate: but 

again, and compare Note on 1. 85. cum. . . vacuefecisses : having 

cleared. What use of cum is this? G. 585; A. & G. 325; B. 288, i; 
H. 521, ii. 2. Cicero charges Catiline with having murdered his first 
wife, and then his son by that wife, the second deed to accommodate 
his second wife, who (according to Sallust) objected to having a grown- 
up stepson. 

164. cumulasti: the central idea of this word is that of "piling 
up." 

165. tanti facinoris immanitas : lit. the monstrosity of so great a 
crime, that is, so monstrous a crime. non vindicata esse : to have 
passed unpunished. 

167. praetermitto, etc.: what figure? See Note onl. 23. 

168. proximis Idibus : Abl. of Time When. 

169. ad . . . pertinent : relate to. 

170. difficultatem: troubles. 

171. nostrum : the regular form to use with omnium. How is 
nostri used? 

173. cum : Concessive, horum neminem : not a man here, lit. no one 
of these men. 

174. nesciat : Subjv. of Characteristic. pridie Kalendas Ianuarias : 
give the date in English. 

175. comitio : the Singular of this word (comitium) means the place 
of assembly; the Plural (comitia), either the assembly itself or the elec- 
tions for which it met. cum telo : armed, lit. with a weapon. The 
occasion was the sitting of the Senate on February 5, 65 B.C. See 
Prefatory Note, §4. 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 1 23 

177. non mentem aliquam aut timorem tuum: not some reflection 
(or other) or panic on your part. 

178. obstitisse : ob in composition means towards, against, in front 
of; hence obstare = to stand in one's ivay, thwart. ac iam ilia 
omitto : see Note on 1. 167 above (praetermitto). ilia refers to what 
follows (as often). 

179. non multa : not few in number. 

180. designatum : supply consulem from the next clause following. 

181. coniectas : aimed. 

182. declinatione et . . . corpore : by a slight movement of the body ; 
Hendiadys. The metaphor is taken from fencing. The student 
should not take Cicero's words literally : he speaks of only one actual 
attempt on his life, and that was frustrated by his refusing to admit 
visitors to his house, as described in 11. 114-116 above. 

183. adsequeris : accomplish. What tense? See Note on 1. 1 
(abut ere). 

184. neque: split in translation {and not). 

187. quae . . . quibus : the former is a relative (translated it), the 
latter interrogative {with what religious rites). In Latin the relative 
regularly takes the first place in its sentence, so that in translating 
it is often necessary to change the order of words, quod below gives 
the supposed reason for Catiline's course, and may be translated : as 
a reason that, or simply that ; thus, / know not with what religious 
rites it (quae, referring to sica) has been consecrated and vowed that 
(quod, as a reason that) you should think it necessary to plunge it, 
etc. 

191. permotus : actuated ; why Nominative ? G. 528, 1 ; A. & G. 
330, b ; B. 332 ; H. 534, 1, n. 1. quo debeo : here permotus esse 

is understood, but it is as unnecessary to supply the words in the 
Eng. as in the Latin ; so, after misericordia, we must understand per- 
motus esse videar, but in translating it is simpler to omit ut, and 
translate simply but by pity. nulla: in no wise, lit. none, Nomi- 

native. 

194. salutavit : greeted. si : this " if " is equivalent to a Causal 
conjunction. post; since. 

195. exspectas : are waiting for (not expecting). The idea is, their 
silence was significant enough ; was he also waiting for them to in- 
sult him in words ? 

196. quid, quod : what (of this), that, quid here stands for a whole 
sentence = "What do you think of this that I am about to tell you ?" 
See Note on 1. 85. 

197. ista : those (near you) ; Demonstrative of the Second Person. 

20 



124 NOTES 

199. simul atque (sometimes written simul ac) : as soon as. For the 
tense here, see G. 561 ; A. & G. 324 ; B. 287, i ; H. 518, n. 1. 

200. nudam atque inanem : Pred. Adjectives to be translated after 
the verb reliquerunt. quo tandem animo : with ivhat feelings, pray. 
On this clause depend the preceding clauses. tibi : Dat. of the 
Agent. 

201. servi mehercule mei si me . . . metuerent : to translate these 
words, if my slaves should fear me, would be wrong ; note the tense. 
This is the Protasis of an Unreal (contrary to fact) Condition, and 
your translation should imply the falsity of the supposition ; hence 
translate : if my slaves feared me, implying they do not. Read 
(with special attention to the examples translated) G. 597 ; A. & G. 
308 ; B. 304, i ; H. 510. isto : Dem. of the Second Person, an- 
ticipating the following te and tui. 

202. putarem : I should think ; the Apodosis (or conclusion) of the 
Conditional Sentence. reliquendam: what is the force of the 
ending -dus % This word must be repeated in translating the next 
clause (tu tibi urbem, etc.). 

204. si . . . viderem : how translated ? See Note on 1. 201 above. 

205. civium: Subj. Gen. after aspectu. G. 263, i ; A. & G. 214 ; 
B. 199 ; H. 396, II. 

206. oculis : Ablative of Means. 

209. si te parentes timer ent ... tui : the Roman was frugal in the 
use of words. If he wished to say "My father loves me," he would 
sometimes use not four words, Meus pater me amat, but only three, Me 
pater amat, the position of me as well as the natural inference suf- 
ficiently indicating whose father is meant. In such a case the pro- 
noun me does double duty : it shows the object of the sentence and 
at the same time, by its proximity to pater, suggests meus. In the 
present passage, Cicero, however, prefers to emphasize the rela- 
tionship ; hence he repeats the idea of te in tui of the next 
line. 

210. odissent : why Pluperfect ? It refers, like timerent, to Present 
time in an Unreal Condition, which is regularly Imperfect. Trans- 
late hated (not had hated), and see Note on 1. 156. 

211. aliquo: to some place or other. nunc: as it is. 

212. te patria : account for the position of te. See Note on 1. 209. 
nostrum : why not nostri "? 

213. iam diu . . . iudicat : how is the Present tense translated here ? 
See Note on 1 39. nisi : frequent after negatives in the sense of 
except, but, etc. 

215. sequere; what tense is this ? See Note on 1. 1 (abutere), 



FIRST ORATIOX AGAINST CATILINE 12$ 

216. agit : treats, deals. tacita (with Concessive force) : al- 

though silent. 

218. uni: what case is this ? vexatio direptioque sociorum : re- 

ferring to Catiline's treatment of the provincials during his proprae- 
torship in Africa (67 B.C.). He was prosecuted at the end of his 
term, but managed by bribery to escape punishment. Note the 
position here of tibi, and compare Xote on 1. 209. 

220. ad neglegendas, etc. : Design. quaestiones (from quaero, 

inquire into, investigate) : law-courts. See Introduction, g6L. 

222. lit potui : as (well as) I could. 

223. me totam esse in metu, etc. : that I should he wholly alarmed, 
lit. whole in fear. Xote the use of the adjective totam for an adverb 
and the phrase in metu for an adjectival idea. This Ace. and Inf. 
with the one following is the subject of est ferendum. quicquid 
increpuerit (Pf. Subjv.), Catilinam timeri : that whatever (rumor) is 
noised abroad, Catiline should be feared ; Pf. (increpuerit) because 
the noise is prior to the panic, and Subjv. because the clause depends 
on an Infinitive. G. 629 ; A. & G. 342 ; B. 324, 2 ; H. 529, n. 

225. quod a tuo scelere abhorreat : that is inconsistent with your 
{life of) crime ; Subjv. of Characteristic. 

226. mini : Dat. of Advantage, but translated from me. 

227. ne opprimar: that I may not be overwhelmed; negative Final 
Sentence. sin : this Avord regularly introduces a second Condi- 
tion to exclude the preceding one. falsus : unfounded. 

228. haec : Neut. Plural. si . . . loquatur : the Ideal (less vivid) 
Condition. The proper auxiliary for the translation of this Condition 
is should or were to. So in the next clause : even if she should not 
be able to bring force to bear {upon you). See G. 596 ; A. & G. 305, 
b, 2, a ; B. 303 ; H. 509. quid, quod : see Xote on 1. 196. 

231. tu te ipse : the subject rather than the object emphasized by the 
Xominative of ipse(G. 311, 2; A. & G. 195, 1 ; B. 249, 2; H.452, 1), lay- 
ing stress on his own agency in the matter. custodiam (sc. liberam) : 
when a citizen w T as to be tried on a criminal charge, he was not im- 
prisoned, but was allowed to go free on bail for his appearance at the 
proper time, or he might surrender himself into the keeping — free 
custody, as it was called — of some responsible person. Catiline had 
been indicted for riotous conduct (de vi). In this passage Cicero 
refers to Catiline's offers to give himself up in free custody to several 
persons successively. Each in turn declined to be responsible for his 
safe keeping until he applied to a friend (our text says M. Marcel- 
lus, 1. 239, but the name is in doubt). This friend, whoever he was, 
was not so watchful as the case required, since it was during his cus- 



126 KOTES 

tody of Catiline that the prisoner attended the meeting at Laeca's 
house two nights before this speech was made. Hence Cicero's 
ironical words below (ad custodiendum diligentissimum) in reference to 
this friend's carefulness. 

232. ad : at the house of (usually apud), the verb habitare apparently 
implying motion (go and live). Compare ad me venire in the next 
line, and several instances further on. velle : were willing. 

234. domi meae: Locative. G. 411, R. 3 ; A. & G. 258, e; B. 232, 
2 ; H. 426, 2. adservarem : Subjv. in a Complementary Final 
Sentence after rogasti. 

235. id responsum: like a verb of Saying, this substantive is fol- 
lowed here by an Ace. and Inf. construction, me nullo modo . . . esse. 

236. parietibus : see Note on 1. 67. qui . . . essem : a dependent 
clause in 0. 0. and also Causal in sense, hence Subjv. for two reasons. 

239. demigrasti : an allusion to Catiline's unsuccessful wanderings 
from person to person. What is the rule for this contraction ? G. 
131, i ; A. & G. 128, a, i ; B. 116, i ; H. 235. videlicet: of course 
(ironical). 

240. ad custodiendum diligentissimum : very careful to guard. 

241. sagacissimum : very sharp, keen. 

242. videtur : its subject (antec. of qui) is understood. While the 
verb is personal according to the rule for its simple tenses, it is best 
to translate impersonally ; thus, how long does it seem that he, etc. 

243. custodia: why Ablative ? G. 397 ; A. & G. 245, a; B. 226, 
2 ; H. 421, in. iudicarit : for the contraction, see Note on demi- 
grasti above (1. 239). quae cum ita sint : see Note on 1. 119. 

244. dubitas : what does this verb mean when followed by' the In- 
finitive as here (abire) * See Note on 1. 149. 

245. istam : how is this pronoun translated ? See Note on 1. 2. 

246. ereptam : which has escaped, the verb taking an Abl. of Sep- 
aration after it. 

248. refer : technical word for laying a matter before (ad) the Sen- 
ate, id enim postulas : for that is what you demand. 

249. ordo : give an account of the orders in Rome; see Introduction 
§£11, 12, and 15. decreverit : if this is a part of Catiline's lan- 
guage, dependent on dicis, it is Perfect Subjunctive ; if Cicero's 
words, Fut. Perfect. In either case translate as Present. 

250. id quod abhorreat a meis moribus: a course that (lit. that ivhich) 
is foreign to my character. He seems to mean that as the Senate 
would certainly condemn Catiline, he did not care to be so severe as 
to lav the question before it. The real reason for not putting the 
question to a vote was that the Senate was not a judicial body, and 



FIRST ORATION" AGAINST CATILINE \2J 

hence had no right to pass sentence. Catiline knew this, and his 
request was a mere blind to make it appear that he was willing to 
abide by the decision of the Senate. Cicero also knew it, but he 
scores a point against Catiline in the next sentence by getting a kind 
of silent vote. 

251. faciam ut intellegas : a common circumlocution in Lat. vari- 
ously translated ; here, make you understand {show you). . quid 
sentiant : Indirect Question, hence Subjunctive. For the meaning of 
the verb, compare the English derivative. hi : the Senate. 

253. metu : Abl. of Separation, si hanc vocem exspectas : if that is 
what you are waiting for me to say. Notice the force of hanc as the 
Demonstrative of the First Person. At this point Cicero pauses to 
see the effect of his words. As there is no remonstrance from the 
audience, he resumes in the next line with the words quid est, Catilina : 
ivell, Catiline? lit. what is it? 

255. quid exspectas, etc. : lit. why do you wait for the authority of 
(those) speaking, of whom silent you see clearly the desire; that is, 
more freely, why do you wait for the expressed wish of those whose 
silent desire you (so) clearly see. tacitorum, of course, agrees 

with quorum, but is best translated with voluntatem. 

257. si . . . dixissem : Unreal (contrary to fact) Condition — if I had 
said, implying the opposite to be true. The Apodosis is intulisset 
(1. 260). 

258. M. Marcello : a very different person from the one of the same 
name mentioned above as Catiline's friend (1. 239). The present 
Marcellus was a prominent aristocrat, consul twelve years later on the 
eve of the great Civil War, and an enemy to the democrat Caesar. 

259. senatus vim et manus intulisset: the Seriate would have laid 
violent hands ; Hendiadys. 

260. cum (= quod) quiescunt, probant ; in that they are silent, they 
approve (their silence is a proof of their assent). SeeGr. (L. Ed.) 582; 
A. &G. 325; B. 290, i; H. 521. 

262. neque : split in trans, (and not). hi : i.e. the Senate, sub- 
ject of the verbs understood from the preceding clauses. Of course, 
so important an occasion as the present was, had attracted a large 
attendance to this sitting of the Senate, not only members attending, 
but many knights (equites, 1. 263) and other worthy citizens (fortissimi 
cives, 1. 264). All alike, says Cicero, condemned Catiline by their 
silence. videlicet : to be sure (ironical). 

263. vita, etc. : before this clause, we must understand sed or et, 
but it is not necessary to supply either in translation. This omission 
of the conjunction is called Asyndeton. 



128 NOTES 

265. quorum frequentiam : whose crowded presence. 

267 y vix : not hardly, but = difficulter (as often). contineo : 

why .Present ? eosdem : antecedent of the preceding quorum, and 

to be translated before the relative. 

268. adducam ut . . . prosequantur : will induce them to escort, Com- 
plementary Consecutive Sentence. haec: lit. these things, said 
with a sweep of the hand, hence, this city. studes : tense as in 
contineo preceding. usque ad : as far as. 

270. quamquam : and yet, a frequent meaning of the word in these 
orations. te ut ulla res frangat : tvhat ! anything subdue you ? 

an Exclamatory Question. G. 558 ; A. & G. 332, c ; H. 486, n. n. 
The same construction occurs in the next three sentences. Notice 
the emphatic position of the pronoun. 

272. utinam . . . duint : Heaven grant you this {change of) mind ! 
A Wish thus expressed represents the matter wished for as in the 
Future, and hence still possible, duint is an old form of the Present 
Subjv. (compare malim, velim, etc.) for the regular form dent. Learn 
the following "scheme for the expression of Wishes : 

I. Possible : Cras (utinam) domi sim, May I be at home to-morrow ! 

1) in Present time : Nunc utinam domi essem, Would 
I were at home now ! 

2) in Past time : Heri utinam domi fuissem, Would 1 
had been at home yesterday ! 

The negative is ne. In the first form utinam may be omitted ; in the 

second and third forms, vellem, niallem, and (theoretically) nollem 

may take the place of utinam. See G. 261 ; A. & G. 267 ; B. 279 ; 

H. 483, i and 2. 

274* animum induxeris : how is the Fut. Perfect translated after 

quanta tempestas . . . impendeat : how great a storm of odium, 

Indirect Question, depending on video. 

275. si minus : see Note on 1. 122. in praesens tempus : for the 
present. memoria : Abl. of Cause, giving a reason for his immu- 
nity from blame for the present. 

276. est tanti : it is worth while, i.e. to take the risk of censure. 
Account for the case. G. 380, i, r. 1 ; A. & G. 252, a; B. 203, 3 ; H. 404. 

277. dum modo : if only, a Conditional Wish. G. 573 ; A. & G. 314 ; 
B. 310, 1. ; H. 513, 1. a periculis : Abl. of Separation. 

278. ut commoveare, etc. : a Complementary Final Sentence de- 
pending on est postulandum at the end of the sentence. Note the 
ending (-re), and see Note on 1. 1. 

279. ut temporibus rei publicae cedas : that you should yield to the 
i of the commonwealth. 



II. Unreal 



FIRST ORATION AGAIHST CATILIKE 1 29 

280. neque enim is es . . . ut te, etc. : for you are not such (a man) 
that either modesty has ever, etc. The Subjv. is Characteristic. 

283. inimico : personal enemy : Dat. (with mihi) after con- in com- 
position (conflare). 

284. vis : from volo. vix : see Note on 1. 267. 

285. feceris : Pnt. Perfect in a Logical Condition. G. 595 ; A. & 
G. 307, c; B. 302, 1 ; H. 508. 

286. iussu : Abl. of Cause. sin antem servire meae, etc. : but if 
you prefer (mavis from malo) to minister to my praise and glory. 
Avoid confounding servare = to preserve, save (which takes the Ace.) 
and servire = to be a slave to, serve (which takes the Dat.). 

288. confer te : betake yourself. What three other verbs form the 
Imperative as fero does ? See Note on 1. 122. 

289. patriae : Dative after in- in composition (infer). 

290. latrbcinio : brigandage. ut . . . videaris : why Subjunctive ? 
The non of this sentence negatives only the phrase eiectus ad alienos. 

291. quid . . . invitem : Potential Rhetorical Question. G. 259 ; A. 
& G. 311, a ; H. 486, 11. Rhetorical questions are so called because 
they are not genuine Questions, but strong statements in the inter- 
rogative form. 

292. sciam : Subjv. either (1) because dependent on another Subjv. 
(invitem), i.e. by Attraction, or (2) because Characteristic. The subject 
of esse praemissos is the omitted antecedent of qui. qui . . . prae- 
stolarentur : to wait for. Forum Aurelium : a small place in Etruria, 
about 50 miles from Rome. 

293. cui : Dat. of the Agent with the Perfect Passive (pactam and 
constitutam). In the next line the Agent is expressed by the more 
common a with the Abl. (a quo). 

294. aquilam : the eagle used as a standard. This particular eagle 
is said to have belonged to the democratic general Marius. 

295. quam: subject of esse futuram {which 1 trust may prove, etc.). 

296. cui : for which, referring like quam to the eagle. In translating 
this whole sentence it is best to take in sciam esse praemissam (at the 
end of the sentence) immediately after a quo : a man by whom 1 
Jcnow has been sent forward that silver eagle, etc. 

297. tu ut . . . carere possis : what! you able to do without that 
standard any longer. For the construction, see Note on 1. 270 (ut 
frangat). 

299. a : from. 

301. ibis: emphatic position. quo: whither. 

304. ad (for) hanc te amentiam natura peperit, voluntas exercuit, for- 
tuna servavit : observe this thoroughly Ciceronian sentence. In pre- 



I3O NOTES 

senting a succession of clauses, particularly in Climax, all having 
certain words in common, he often crowds the words that are com- 
mon to the whole into the first part of the sentence (ad hanc te amen- 
tiam here), and then introduces the subjects and predicates in close 
succession. It is like " clearing for action " before <; firing the broad- 
side." Learn the Principal Parts of peperit, and at the same time for 
comparison those of paro and pareo, with the meanings. 

305. non modo : lit. not only, but often (as here) best translated, 1 
will not say. The second negative in this sentence (ne . . . quidem) 
should be translated affirmatively even, rather than not even. The 
sentence begins with a general negative (numquam) and ne . . . quidem 
simply strengthens it, whereas in English two negatives destroy each 
other, making an affirmative. 

306. nisi : used after a negative in the sense of except. 

307. Order of words : nanctus es manum (a band) improborum con- 
flatam (agreeing with manum) ex perditis (Abl. of Material) atque de- 
relictis (in the same construction as perditis) ab non modo fortuna 
(personified, hence ab to express the Agent), verum etiam spe. 

308. hie: here, i.e. with his boon-companions described in the pre- 
ceding sentence. perfruere : note the ending ; what tense ? 

311. audies : will hear of. quemquam: any one (at all); the 
regular word for any in negative sentences. 

312. studium : pursuit. meditati : practised, deponent verb in 
a passive sense. ill! qui feruntur labores tui : lit. those your labors 
that are talked of, that is, those much-talked -of practices of yours. 
The following Infinitives (iacere, vigilare) explain what these practices 
were, and are in apposition to labores. 

313. humi : what case ? 

315. somno, bonis (property) : Dat. after the intrans. verb insidi- 
antem. G. 346 ; A. &. G. 227 ; B. 187, n. a ; H. 385. 

316. babes ubi ostentes : lit. you have where you may show off, 
that is, you have an opportunity to display ; Subjv. of Character- 
istic, patientiam : ability to bear (followed by a Genitive). 

318. confectum: undone, ruined. tantum profeci : thus much 1 
accomplished, leading up to the Consecutive clauses ut . . . posses and 
ut . . . nominaretur following. 

319. a . . . reppuli : defeated . . . for. exsul . . . consul : a play 
upon words. Cicero is fond of these plays. Several are noted in 

The Impeachment of Verres (see the editor's Eleven Orations of 

Cicero), 
324. detester ac deprecer : may avert by entreaty and prayer, 
326. etenim si mecum patria . . . loquatur : this Protasis introduces a 



FIRST OBATION AGAINST CATILINE I 3 I 

long quotation, which extends to the end of the chapter. Accord- 
ingly there appears to be no corresponding Apodosis (conclusion), the 
current of thought having been forgotten when we reach the end of 
the speech. But a slight examination will show that the Apodosis is 
contained in the first words of the following chapter (his ego sanetis- 
simis, etc.). See Note on these words below (1. 350). The Protasis 
quoted above is of the Ideal (less vivid) kind, and should be translated 
should or were to say. Note the position of the word mecum in front 
of patria. What does this position suggest ? See Note above 011 1. 209. 

327. vita : why Ablative ? multo : why Ablative ? 

328. tune : = tu + ne, the interrog. sign, which is regularly added 
to the emphatic word ; hence translated will you (i.e. of all men). 
This tu is the subject of patiere (1. 332). 

332. abs te : the form abs occurs only before te and the enclitic -que. 
It is avoided by Cicero in his later works. 

333. emissus, inmissus : a play upon words (let out and let in). Com- 
pare exsul, consul in 1. 319, and see Note. 

335. mactari imperabis : if the verb dependent on imperare is Active, 
imperare takes the Dative (Ind. Object) and ut + the Subjv. ; but if 
the dependent verb is Passive or Deponent, the Ace. and Inf. (as above) 
may be used. 

336. at, etc. : his country is supposed to be asking Cicero why he 
does not put Catiline to death, and to each of his supposed reasons 
the country opposes an objection beginning with this word at. 

337. morte multarunt : punished with death. G. 378, R. 2 ; A. & 
G. 220, b, 1 ; B. 208, 2, b; H. 410, in. 

338. rogatae : introduced, the technical term. 

340. praeclaram (emphatic position) vero, etc. : a fine return truly 
you are making (ironical). 

341. per te cognitum: known only through your personal efforts. 
What does this mean? See Introduction, §55. 

343. omnis honorum gradus : what offices (honorum) had he filled? 

345. si quis : what words does quis (Indefinite) follow? See Note 
on 1. 31. 

346. severitatis : due to, or springing from, severity, Possessive 
Genitive. inertiae : supply invidia. 

350. his ego, etc. : here Cicero begins his answer to the complaint 
(querimoniam) supposed to come from his country, taking him to task 
for his alleged remissness in dealing with the conspirators. 

351. hoc idem : Ace. of the Inner Object. Neut. adjectives and 
pronouns are frequently used with verbs which supply the substantive 
idea necessary to the sense. Here the word sentiment is supplied by 



132 



NOTES 



the verb sentiunt. We may, therefore, translate : who entertain the 
same sentiment. Similarly a little further on pauca = pauca responsa, 
the substantive responsa being contained in the verb respondebo. 

352. si iudicarem : not if I should judge, but if 1 judged {thought). 
What kind of Condition? 

353. Catilinam morte multari : appositive to hoc preceding. 

354. gladiatori : ruffian. ad vivendum : Design. 

355. Saturnini (Gen.) et Gracchorum et Flacci : who were the summi et 
clarissimi viri that crushed Saturninus, ,the Gracchi, and M. Fulvius 
Flaccus? See Chap. ii. and the Notes. 

358. quid : followed by a Part. Genitive invidiae (lit. anything of 
odium). hoc parricida civium interfecto : Abl. Abs. — si hie parricida 
interfectus esset (Fut. Perfect in 0. 0. after verendum erat). 

359. quod si ea mihi maxime impenderet : but if (though) this odium 
threatened me ever so much (maxime, in the greatest degree) ; the 
Protasis of an Unreal (contrary to fact) Condition with Concessive 
force. 

360. hoc animo : lit. of this mind, that is, so disposed. The Demon- 
strative hoc prepares the way for the Consecutive clause ut putarem. 

361. partam: from pario. gloriam, non invidiam: Pred. sub- 
stantives after esse implied. He always thought, as he says, that the 
odium created by doing one's duty was true glory rather than real 
odium. quamquam : as in 1. 270. 

362. qui . . . videant : Subjv. of Characteristic after the indefinite 
expression non nulli sunt. quae imminent : rel. clauses dependent 
on Subjvs. or Infs. are usually attracted into the Subjv. themselves, 
but here the rel. clause is a mere circumlocution for a single word 
(pericula or the like). See G. 629, R. (a) ; A. & G. 342, a ; H. 524, 
2, 2. dissimulent : disguise, conceal. 

364. mollibus: weak, timid. 

365. non credendo : by not believing (that the danger existed), 
quorum auctoritatem secuti: following (guided by) whose influence; 
the participle secuti agreeing with the subject multi. 

366. improbi : a favorite word in these Orations as contrasted with 
boni. See the Vocabulary. 

367. si in hunc animadvertissem : Protasis of an Unreal (contrary 
to fact) Condition in Past time with an Apodosis in Present time 
(dicerent, would be saying). regie : like a tyrant. 

368. quo intendit : whither he is aiming (to go). 

369. pervenerit : probably Perfect Subjv. by Attraction (see Note on 
1. 362, quae imminent), representing the Fut. Perfect dependency ex- 
pressed after intellego. Translate as if present: reaches. qui non 



FIEST ORATIOX AGAINST CATILINE 1 33 

videat : as not to see, Characteristic Subjunctive. Here quin might 
have been used for qui non on account of the preceding negative 
neminem. G. 552, 3; A. & G. 319, d; B. 284, 3; H. 500, 11. 

371. hoc uno (= solo) interfecto = si hie unus interfectus erit (Fut. 
Perfect): Abl. Abs. representing a Protasis. G. 667; A.&G. 310, a; 
B. 337, 2, b ; H. 549, 2. 

372. reprimi: checked; comprimi: crushed. 

374. eodem : to the same place ; compare eo, to that place, thither, 
naufragos : shipwrecked characters. Derivation of this word? 

376. stirps ac semen malorum omnium : the root and seed of 
all our misfortunes. Compare the Eng. expression " root and 
branch." 

379. versamur : have been living ; a frequent word in Cicero, and 
variously translated. in, in the midst of. nescio quo pacto : 

somehow ; lit. I know not in ivhat way, originally introducing an Ind. 
Question. It gradually lost its interrog. force and was treated as if 
one word, without affecting the mood of the dependent verb. Com- 
pare the Eng. phrase "I fear I-know-not-what." Read Gr. 467, R. 1 ; 
A. & G. 334, e ; B. 253, 6 ; H. 529, 5, 3. 

381. maturitas : the full development, in tempus erupit : has burst 
upon the time. 

382. latrocinio : plot of brigands. unus : see Xote on this word 
above (1. 371). tolletur: Principal Parts? ad: for. 

385. visceribus : the vital organs, vitals. 

386. aestu febrique : with the heat of fever (Hendiadys). iactantur : 
frequentative form of iacio. 

387. gravius : compare in its three degrees. 

389. relevatus = si relevatus erit (Fut. Perfect). istius : Cati- 

line's, poena : Abl. of Means. reliquis vivis : Abl. Abs. = si 

reliqui vivi erunt. 

391. secedant : what use of the Subjunctive? improbi : mean- 
ing? bonis: meaning? 

392. id quod : a rel. clause referring to a sentence is regularly intro- 
duced by these two words, less commonly by quod alone. G. (L. Ed.) 
614, r. 2 ; A. & G. 200, e; B. 247, 1. b; H. 445, 7. 

394. consuli : Dat. after the intransitive insidiari. tribunal 

praetoris urbani : the court of the city praetor (of course, for purposes 
of intimidation). What were the duties of the city praetor ? See 
Introduction, §61. 

396. sit denique inscriptum : finally let it be written on, etc., what he 
thinks, i.e. what his sentiments are. Here quid is Ace. of the Inner 
Object. Why is sentiat in the Subjunctive ? 



134 NOTES 

398. in nobis fore : Possession of Qualities is expressed by in with 
the Abl. or some other turn instead of the Dat. of Possession. 

400. consensionem : harmony. 

401. omnia: the whole plot. patefacta, inlustrata, oppressa, vin- 
dicate : choose suitable words to bring out the Climax intended, 
videatis : shall see, the Subjv. (Consecutive) getting its time (Future) 
from the leading clause (polliceor fore). 

403. hisce ominibus: with these prophetic words from me (hisce, Dem. 
of the First Person). He refers to the words used in 11. 397-402 
concerning the consuls' activity, the authority of the Senate, etc. For 
the ending -ce, see G. 104 r. ; A. & G. 100, footnote ; B. 87, foot- 
note 2 ; H. 186, i. cum summa, etc. : instead of with, we should 
say to in the sense here intended — to the highest welfare, etc. 

406. tu : subject of arcebis and mactabis, the last word. Iup- 

piter : addressed to the statue of Jupiter the Stayer (Stator). qui 

isdem quibus haec urbs (sc. constituta est) auspiciis, etc. ; who wast 
established under the same auspices as this city, etc. Observe the 
relative quibus following isdem according to rule. G. 310, R. 2 ; A. 
& G. 234, n. 2 ; H. 451, 5. 

409. a : from. 

411. inimicos: (personal) foes; hostes : (public) enemies. la- 
trones: brigands. 

412. foedere : Abl. of Means. inter se : together, lit. among 
themselves. The Latin method of expressing Reciprocal Relations 
{each other, one another) is by the use of inter with nos, vos, or se, 
whether the verb be active or passive, transitive or intransitive. 
G. 231 ; A. & G. 196,/; B. 245 ; H. 448, n. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS 
(First Oration against Catiline) 

I. Translate Cat. 1. 3, 7 : Meministine through esse dicebas. 

1. Explain the Roman method of dates, and give the Latin for 
Sept. 10, Oct. 21, and March 4. 2. Account for the use of id quod 
in 11. 76, 77. (See Note on 1. 392.) 3. Explain the use of idem in 
1. 77. 4. Account for the form sui in 1. 80. 5. How is ne used in 
Questions ? num ? nonne ? 



FIRST ORATION" AGAINST CATILINE 1 35 

II. Translate Cat. 1. S, 21, through 1. 269 : At si through prose- 
quantur. 

1. What kind of Condition in the first sentence ? 2. Give the Dat. 
Plural of vir and of vis. 3. What is the exact force of vim et manus ? 
4. Explain the use of cum in cum quiescunt probant. 5. To what word 
is vix equivalent ? 6. Justify the use of the Present contineo. 

III. Account for the following cases (figures in parentheses refer- 
ring to lines of the text): consili (10), diem (37), caedis (69), morae (110), 
metu (123), vitae (157), ea (186), animo (200), tanti (276), cui (293), vita 
(327), severitatis (346). 

IV. Tell what you can about the following words and phrases : 

1. credo. 2. murus, moenia, and paries. 3. consularis, consul, and con- 
sul designatus. 4. boni and improbi. 5. abhorrere a with the Abla- 
tive. 6. tandem. 7. quaestio (1. 220). 8. nescio quo pacto. 9. ubinam 
gentium. 10. quam plurimos. 11. servare and servire. 12. mavis. 
13. patientia famis. 14. proximis comitiis consular ibus. 15. furor em 
ac tela. 

V. Discuss the Characteristic Subjunctive. (See Note on 1. 59.) 

2. Give the scheme for the expression of Wishes. (See Note on 1. 272.) 

VI. 1. Contrast hie, iste, and ille. 2. What is Cicero's usage with 
reference to the endings -re and -ris in the Second Person Singular 
Passive ? 3. How is si minus used in Conditions ? sin % 4. Discuss 
the use of an in Questions. 5. After what words is the Indefinite 
pronoun quis, quid used ? 6. What is a frequent translation of 
quamquam in these Orations ? 7. Name three verbs besides duco that 
form the Imperative without the final e. 8. Distinguish between the 
use of nostrum and nostri, as Gen. Plural of ego. 9. Give five ways 
of expressing Design. 10. How are Reciprocal Relations expressed ? 

VII. Tell the Principal Parts of : 1. vivo, vinco, and vincio. 2. 
pario, paro, and pareo. 3. tollo. 4. audeo, and three other " semi- 
deponents." 

VIII. Explain the term Praeteritio. 2. Hendiadys. 3. Asyndeton. 
4. Give an example of Cicero's plays on words. 5. In the following 
sentence, account for the position (i) of te alone, then (ii) of the first 
four words : Ad hanc te amentiam natura peperit, voluntas exercuit, 
fortuna servavit. 



1 36 NOTES 

SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 

{In L. Catilinam Oratio Secunda) 

PREFATORY NOTE 

On the evening of November 8 (but see the last paragraph of the 
Prefatory Note to the First Oration against Catiline), after Cicero's 
denunciation in the Senate, Catiline left the city for the camp of 
Manlius in Etruria. The next day Cicero summoned the people to 
the Forum, and there told them in the Second Oration against Cati- 
line of what had occurred on the preceding day. He reminded them 
that while he had gained an important point in driving Catiline out 
of town, yet Catiline's adherents still remained in Rome, ready under 
the leadership of P. Cornelius Lentulus Sura, as Catiline's representa- 
tive, to carry out the plans of the conspiracy. 



1. tandem aliquando : the second word merely strengthens the first. 
Translate : now at last. Quirites : a word of uncertain origin, 

but regularly used in addressing the people. Translate : fellow- 
citizens. 

3. vobis, urbi : Dat. of Disadvantage after the intransitive minitan- 
tem. ferro flammaque : with fire and sword, Abl. of Means. 

4. vel, vel, vel: this conjunction, which is connected with the verb 
volo, gives a choice between alternatives, and may be translated : if 
you choose, if you prefer, or the like. It is a good general rule in 
translating Latin to preserve as far as possible the order of words ; 
thus, Now at last Catiline, ragi7ig with boldness, etc., we have either 
driven out of the city, or allowed to escape, or, if you prefer, have 
escorted him with words as he went of his own accord (ipsum, lit. 
himself). 

5. abiit, excessit, evasit, erupit : notice the Asyndeton (common in 
Climax). Get the exact meanings of these words, varying from 
merely going aivay (abiit) to precipitancy in rushing out (erupit) of 
the city. 

6. moenibus : Indirect Object after the complex pernicies compara- 
bitur. G. 345 ; A. & G. 225, e; B. 187, 1 ; H. 384, 1. Translate : 
against the city (with special reference to the walls or fortifications). 

7. atque hunc quidem, etc. : yes, him at all events as the sole leader, 
etc. Observe the meaning of unum here ; also, that atque is used to 



SECOND OKATIO^ AGAIXST CATILINE I 37 

add to what precedes something more important. The important 
thing here is that Catiline was the head and front of the conspiracy, 
and vet had been driven out. As will be seen in the course of this 
speech, Cicero's object now was to make Catiline's adherents follow 
him. sine controversia : beyond dispute. 

9. versabitur : will play about. See Xote on Cat. 1. 13, 31 (1. 379). 

10. in campo : supply Martio. The Campus Martins, as the place 
where the consular elections were held, was a frequent scene of Cat- 
iline's operations. intra domesticos parietes : how does paries 
differ from moenia \ Is the gender of paries according to rule ? G. 
55, 2 ; A. & G. 66, d ; B. 45, 2 ; H. 104. loco : position, a mili- 
tary term. 

12. cum est . . . depulsus : explain this use of cum by reference to 
Xote on Cat. 1. 8, 21 (1. 260). cum hoste : Abl. of Attendance. 

nullo: why not nemine? G. 70, d; B. 57, 3 ; H. 457, 3. The Abl. 
Abs. may be translated : without anybody's preventing it. 

14. cum : as in 1. 12 above. 

15. latrocinium : brigandage. 

16. quod, etc. : the four clauses beginning with this word all depend 
on the last clause of the sentence (quanto . . . putatis), and give the 
ground for his grief. 

17. vivis nobis : leaving us alive ; lit. ice (being) alive, Abl. Abso- 
lute, ei : Dat. of Disadvantage. 

18. civis : Ace. Plural. incolumis (Ace. PI.), stantem: Predica- 
tive Attribution. G. 325. The second quod (preceding stantem) is 
repeated for rhetorical effect, and may be omitted in translating. 

19. quanto maerore : Abl. of Manner. tandem : force ? 

20. iacet . . . prostratus est : helpless he now lies and prostrate. Xote 
the emphatic position of the verb iacet. 

.24. evomuerit, proiecerit : Subjv. of Partial Obliquity, giving the 
imputed reason for the city's rejoicing (laetari). G. 542 and 541 ; A. 
& G. 321 ; B. 286, 1 ; H. 516, 11. 

25. talis, qualis . . . oportebat, qui . . . accuset : the clause beginning 
with qualis (Ace. PI.) is parenthetical, and may be translated : and 
such all ought to be. The relative qui, on the other hand, introduces 
a Characteristic clause in the Subjv. after the demonstrative talis. 
The whole may be translated : And if any one is of such a character — 
and of such all ought to be — as to (qui) accuse me in the very point (in 
hoc ipso), etc., (namely) because I did not arrest (for not arresting), 
etc., this is not my fault, but (the fault) of the times. While he thought 
it perfectly proper that everybody should take him to task for not 
arresting Catiline, yet such a course on his part would have been 



138 



NOTES 



premature, because so many persons had failed to realize the true 
state of things. 

31. mos : usage, res publica : public interests. Notice here three 
subjects with a singular verb, because the three express a single com- 
plex notion. huius imperi : of this office (which I hold). 

35. qui . . . crederent : Subjv. of Characteristic. quae deferrem : 
Subjv. by Attraction, depending on another Subjunctive. 

36. illo sublato : by his removal ; lit. he having been removed, Abl. 
Absolute. iudicarem: Unreal (contrary to fact) Protasis ; how 
translated? See Note on Cat. i. 7, 17 (1. 201). 

37. non modo invidiae . . . periculo : the Latin is inconsistent here. 
Translate: at the risk not only of unpopularity, but even of death ; 
or, at the risk not only of my popularity, but even of my life. 

38. cum viderem : seeing, Causal. 

39. re ... probata : since the matter had not even then (i.e. at that 
late day) been proved, etc., Abl. Absolute. 

40. multassem : Subjv. in 0. 0. after viderem, while the Plup. rep- 
resents the Fut. Perfect, as is shown by the following Fut. Infinitive 
fore. This last word is translated : that the result would be, and is 
followed by Consecutive ut. 

44. quern quidem : and (as for) him (lit. whom) indeed. hostem : 
as an enemy, to be translated after the words quam (how) . . . putem. 
The latter is an Indirect Question depending on intellegatis. 

45. licet intellegatis : you may know, lit. it is permitted you should 
know. 

46. moleste fero : a common phrase expressing A^arious shades of 
feeling from regret to indignation or anger, and hence followed by a 
quod-clause giving the reason for the emotion. exierit : Subjv. 
of Partial Obliquity. Cicero here puts himself in the place of his 
hearers, and quotes his own reason as if it were that of another. 
comitatus : deponent used in a passive sense. utinam . . . eduxisset : 
explain mood and tense. See Note on Cat. 1. 9, 22 (1. 272). 

48. mini: Ethical Dative, confined to personal pronouns. It has 
been translated bless my soul (Lane), a good translation, but a little 
heavy. See G. 351; A. & G. 236; B. 188, 2, b; H. 389. Tongilius, 
Publicius, and Minucius were three of Catiline's worthies. in 
praetexta : in his boyhood. The garment is put for the age at which 
it was worn. The praetexta was worn until the seventeenth year. 

49. aes alienum : lit. the money of others (alienum = aliorum), a 
descriptive phrase for debt. 

51. quanto aere alieno : Abl. of Quality. The words describe viros 
preceding, and may be translated : how deeply in debt. Cicero lived 



SECOND OKATION AGAINST CATILINE 1 39 

in an extravagant age when a man's importance in the world was 
measured somewhat by the amount he owed. 

52. itaque : and so. ego : subject of contemno (1. 55). prae : 

in comparison with. Translate the Ablatives with prae immediately 
after itaque so as to bring in ilium exercitum last with its modifiers 
conlectum, etc., below. 

55. ex senibus : Ablative of Material. G. 396 ; A. & G. 244 ; H. 
415, in. 

56. agresti luxuria : he has in mind the old soldiers of Sulla, who 
had received grants of land in Italy, and had lived beyond their 
means. They are described in §20 below. Note here the use of the 
abstract for the concrete, luxury for luxurious persons. 

57. vadimonia : i.e. for their appearance in court. 

59. ostendero. Fut. Perfect, translated as Present after si. The 
praetor's edict was the public announcement at the beginning of his 
term of office of certain rules which he would observe in the admin- 
istration of his judicial duties. Cicero says that it was unnecessary to 
show to Catiline's adherents the army of the government, for if he 
merely showed them what was in store for them in case they got into 
court, it would be enough to make the party collapse (concident). 

60. quos, quos, quos : rhetorical repetition. In translating omit all 
but the first. 

62. mallem . . . eduxisset : / would rather that he had led out. Ac- 
count for this construction, comparing Note on 1. 46 above (utinam 
eduxisset). milites : as his soldiers. qui si : for if they. 
The relative in Latin is more common than in English, and must 
often be resolved into the demonstrative with an appropriate con- 
nective (and, but, for, etc.). 

63. mementote : the First Imperative is wanting in this verb, 
non tarn . . . quam : not so much . . . as. 

65. atque: and moreover. hoc: on this account. 

66. neque : split in translating (and . . . not). 

67. cui sit : Subjv. in Ind. Question, depending on video, and 
Perfect because prior to the time of video. Each quis after the first 
has depoposcerit (Pf. Subjv.) for its predicate. Apulia was the dis- 
trict on the southeast coast of Italy; Etruria, on the west coast, just 
north of Latium; Ager Picenus, on the eastern coast, opposite to 
Etruria; Ager Gallicus, on the northeast coast. 

69. superioris noctis : of a few nights ago, lit. of the former night. 
At whose house was the plot formed ? 

71. hi : emphatic position because contrasted with Catilina. He 
means that their leader was gone : why did not they go too ? 
21 



I4O NOTES 

72. ne : surely, adverb, not the common conjunction of negative 
Design. perpetuum : endless. illam : used instead of the 

Dem. of the First Person because he looks upon his former leniency 
as a thing of the past, and hence distant. 

74. exspectavi : have been waiting for. 

75. factam esse aperte coniurationem : because Catiline's flight was a 
virtual confession that Cicero's charges were true. 

76. nisi vero : ironical. This combination is peculiar to Cicero, 
and always takes the Indicative. G. 591, R. 4 ; A. & G. 315, b. The 
si following may be omitted in translating. 

77. non iam : no longer. locus : room. 

78. unum : one point. 

79. desiderio : through longing, Abl. of Cause. sui : for them. 
Objective Genitive. 

80. Aurelia via : the road leading through Etruria, Catiline's real 
destination, to Massilia, his pretended destination. 

81. ad vesperam consequentur : they will overtake him towards even- 
ing. 

83. fortunatam, etc. : why Accusative ? G. 343. 1 ; A. & G. 240, 
d ; B. 183 ; H. 381. si quidem eiecerit : Fut. Perfect (how trans- 
lated ?) in the Protasis of a Logical (simple) Condition with Causal 
force. G. (L. Ed.) 595, r. 5; A. & G. 155, c; H. 507, 3, n. 2. Its 
Apodosis is implied in the words fortunatam, etc. 

84. uno : alone. exhausto : used in a figurative sense {drawn 
off) to suit the Metaphor in sentinam of the preceding sentence. 
mehercule : an oath, sometimes written also as two words (me hercule), 
meaning literally me Hercules, that is (supplying some word like 
iuvet), may Hercules help me ! 

85. mali . . . sceleris : Partitive Genitive after the interrog. quid. 

86. conceperit : Subjv. of Characteristic. Notice that the position 
of non in this sentence emphasizes ille, he. 

87. quis veneficus : as quis is a substantive pronoun, we might have 
expected its adj. form qui with veneficus, gladiator, etc. The sub- 
stantives are really Appositives, and the meaning is who that is a 
poisoner ; but avoid these heavy phrases, and say simply what 'poi- 
soner, etc. 

88. subiector : forger. 

89. nepos: spendthrift. 

91. familiarissime : on the most intimate terms. Observe the posi- 
tion of the negative, emphasizing the superlative, and compare non 
ille above (1. 86). 

92. per hosce annos : in all these years. We might have expected 



SECOXD ORATION" AGAINST CATILINE 141 

the Abl. of Time Within Which, but note the negative (sine) and 
see G. 336, R. 2. 

94. iamvero: once more; a common phrase in Cicero introducing 
a new thought, especially in Climax. The new thought here relates 
to Catiline's influence over the young. in ullo homine . . . fuit : did 

any {other) man ever possess ; why not Dat. of Possession ? G. 349, 
R. 3. 

96. serviebat : was {in the habit of) ministering to. aliis . . . 
aliis : to some . . Jo others. fructum: the substantive correspond- 
ing to the verb fruor, hence enjoyment {indulgence). 

97. impellendo : by encouraging {them); adiuvando : by {actually) 
helping. His promises were more than mere words. 

100. nemo negatives the whole sentence, and its negative force is 
strengthened, not destroyed, by the following ne . . . quidem. G. 
445 ; A. & G. 209, a, 1 ; B. 347, 2 ; H. 553, 2. non modo may 

be translated I will not say, and ne . . . quidem, even (affirmatively). 

102. oppressus : overwhelmed. quern non asciverit : Subjv. of 
Characteristic after nemo fuit. 

103. atque : and further, adding (as it usually does) something 
more important to what precedes. eius diversa studia in dis- 
simili ratione : his varied tastes in a different field {sphei*e). 

105. ludo gladiatorio : gladiators were trained in schools to fight 
with deadly weapons for the entertainment of the Romans on public 
occasions. They were either selected from captives taken in war or 
were slaves, rarely free-born citizens. paulo audacior : a little 
bolder, i.e. than the ordinary. G. 297; A. & G. 93, a; B. 240, 1 ; H. 
444, 1. 

106. in scena: the stage was regarded as a degrading profession, 
and hence was open as a rule only to the lower classes. levior, 
nequior : see Note on audacior above (1. 104). Compare the adj. nequior 
in the three degrees. 

108. stuprorum . . . perferendis : by the practice of debauchery and 
crime accustomed to endure cold, hunger, etc. G. (L. Ed.) 401, 
x. 2. 

110. fortis . . . cum {although) . . . consumeret : in his public utter- 
ances before the people, Cicero was fond of moralizing when the 
opportunity presented itself. He here intimates that when a man 
abuses his powers as Catiline had done, it is cause for calling him a 
coward for his failure to make a proper use of his powers as aids to 
industry and instruments of virtue (industriae subsidia atque instru- 
menta virtutis) : that the cause was not sufficient, however, to influence 
Catiline's adherents (istis), and hence he was proclaimed (praedicabatur) 



142 NOTES 

a hero (fortis) by them. Hence the use of Concessive cum here. G. 
587 ; A. & G. 326 ; B. 309 ; H. 515, m. 

113. hunc: by its emphatic position the real, though not the 
grammatical, subject of the sentence, hence the use of the reflexive 
sui. G. 309, 2 ; A. & G. 196, c ; B. 244, 4 ; H. 449, 2. Note the 
Fut. Perfects in this sentence. 

114. nos, etc. : see Note on 1. 83. 

116. non iam : see Note on 1. 77. hominum : of the creatures ; 
often used for forms of the determinative is, particularly to express 
contempt, as here. 

117. libidines, audaciae : abstracts become concrete in the Plural. 
Translate : deeds of lust, bold acts. 

118. nisi : hut, except, the usual meaning after a negative (nihil). 

119. fortunas : estates. obligaverunt : have mortgaged. res : 
property. fides: credit. Having squandered their money and 
even mortgaged their estates, they now found their credit impaired 
by the failure of the political schemes through which they had hoped 
to satisfy their creditors. 

121. in abundantia: denotes the Character of the Time (G. 394), in 
the days of their abundance {prosperity). quod si : now if. 

122. essent ill! quidem desperandi : they would, it is true, have to be 
despaired of. quidem (it is true) in its Concessive sense of "I 
yield this point," preparing the way for a following reservation (but). 
How do you account for the use of the Subjv. here (usually Indie, in 
the Passive Periphrastic) ? G. (L. Ed.) 597, r. 3 (b) ; B. 304, 3, n. ; 
A. & G. 208, c, n. 1. 

124. quis . . . possit : Subjv. in the Potential Rhetorical Ques- 
tion, inertis : Ace. Plural ; so dormientis below. homines : 
creatures. 

126. xnihi : as in 1. 48 (see Note). 

127. vino languidi, confecti cibo : note the change in the order of 
these words — substantive adjective, adjective substantive — called 
Chiasmus. It is also common in English. Compare the familiar 
" to fresh woods and pastures new" (Milton). 

128. obliti : from oblino. 

130. quibus : why Dative ? confido : I feel sure. 

132. quos si . . . rei publicae (1. 134) : and if my consulship, since it 
cannot heal, shall-succeed-in-removing (sustulerit) them (quos), it will 
have prolonged the republic not (merely) for some brief period, but, 
etc. For the translation of quos si, see Note on 1. 62 above (end). 
The use of the Fut. Perfects in both clauses denotes simultaneous 
accomplishment (G. 244, r. 4). For the phrase nescio quod tempus, 



SECOND ORATIOX AGAINST C ATILIKE 1 43 

see Xote on Cat. i. 13, 31 (1. 379). rei publicae is the Dat. of Ad- 

vantage, but is best translated as if the Direct Object of propagarit. 

135. pertimescamus : Subjv. of Characteristic after the negative 
expression nulla est, etc. So possit in the next sentence. 

137. unius : this refers to Pompey, who had four years before this 
cleared the Mediterranean of the pirates and was at this time in Asia 
Minor, settling matters with Mithridates, whom he had just con- 
quered in the Third Mithridatic War. 

139. nobis : why not a with the Ablative ? G. 355 ; A. & G. 232 ; 
B. 189, 1 ; H. 888. 

142. sanari . . . resecanda : Metaphor borrowed from surgery. qua- 
cumque ratione : in any way I may, lit. by whatsoever method. 

143. ad: for, i.e. to threaten. The preposition expresses Design. 
145. in urbe, in eadem sententia: such a blending of the literal and 

the figurative use of words in the same sentence would not be toler- 
ated in English. permanent : Pres. for Future. G. 228 ; A. & G. 
276, c ; H. 4G7, 5. ea quae merentur : Indie, (instead of the Subjv. 
by Attraction) because the words are a mere circumlocution for a 
single word (merita or the like). See G. 629, r. ; A. &. G. 342, a ; H. 
529, 11. n. 1. 

147. etiam : = et iam, even now. 

148. quod ego si : resolve the relative into a demonstrative with a 
suitable conjunction, now if I. . .this, i.e. this result. 

149. homo : meaning ? See Notes on 11. 116 and 124. That the 
sentence is ironical is shown by the use of videlicet, forsooth. 

151. simul atque : as soon as. 

152. ut (with convocavi) : as soon as, Temporal, hence the Indica- 
tive. G. 561 ; A. & G. 324 ; B. 287, 1; H. 518. 

155. quo : resolve as usual into a demonstrative (eo), etc. quis 
senator : see Note on 1. 87. 

156. aspexit : looked upon, regarded. denique : finally, the 
usual word in the last of a series. 

157. quin etiam: quin (= qui, Abl. and ne) may introduce a neg. 
question (why . . . not), or (as here) it may lose its original interrog- 
ative force and introduce a startling statement. Translate : why, 
even. 

158. ordinis : body ; lit. order. 

159. nudam atque inanem : denoting the result of the action of the 
verb reliquerunt. hie : lit. here, hence at this stage (of the occur- 
rences in the Senate). 

160. vehemens : stern. This word with the following relative clause 
is, of course, ironical. 



144 NOTES 

161. quaesivi . . . fuisset necne : asked Catiline ivhether he had been, 
etc., or not : Ind. Disjunctive Question without any interrog. sign in 
the first part, and the second part consisting of the single word necne. 
G. 459; A. & G. 211; B. 162, 4; H. 529, 3, 2. Note that the verb 
quaero takes a with the Abl., although the prep, is omitted in transla- 
tion, ad : at the house of (usually apud). 

164. egisset, constituisset, esset descripta: Subjv. in Ind. Question, 
depending on edocui. With proximam, the word noctem is understood. 
The first night referred to was that of the meeting held at Laeca's 
house, and the next was that on which he tried to execute his plot 
against Cicero's life. 

165. ei : Dat. of Agent. ratio : plan. descripta : mapped out. 

166. dubitaret : hesitated. eo, quo = in eum locum in quern (locum). 

167. pararet : to be translated by the Eng. progressive Pluperfect. 
Why? cum: construe with scirem. securis, fascis : symbols 
of the consular authority, which Catiline intended to usurp. 

169. fecerat : Indie, because not part of the question after quaesivi 
above, but a mere explanation to his present audience. 

171. credo : force? 

172. Manlius centurio : i.e. a subordinate officer, in contrast with 
Catilinam ducem in 1. 173. The contrast shows the absurdity of the 
supposition that Manlius rather than Catiline was the responsible 
person in the case. The effect is heightened by the position of non 
before Catilinam. 

173. populo Romano : Dative after in- in composition (indixit). 

175. in exsilium Massiliam : into exile at Massilia. Note the dif- 
ference between the Latin and the English idiom. G. 337, R. 6 ; 
A. &. G. 259, h ; compare B. 182, 2, b. Catiline had pretended to go 
into exile at Massilia (Marseilles), but was really on his way to the 
camp of Manlius in Etruria. 

177. condicionem: task. See Note on fortunatam, etc., 1. 83. 

178. si . . . pertimuerit {takes fright), deseruerit, abiecerit {abandons). 
converterit : explain the tense used here. 

182. iter : object of converterit. Note the position of this word, 
dividing the two phrases that describe two courses of action. 

183. spoliatus, obstupef actus {paralyzed), perterritus, depulsus, as well 
as eiectus, all go with esse to form the Pf . Inf. Passive. 

186. vi et minis: threats of force, Hendiadys. ilium, si hoc 

fecerit . . . existimari : as the two clauses have the same subject, ilium 
referring to that subject precedes both, thus making a repetition 
unnecessary — a frequent occurrence in the economy of the Latin lan- 
guage, fecerit is Subjv. by Attraction, representing a Fut. Perfect 



SECOND ORATION AGAIKST CATILINE 145 

after a Primary tense (erunt). The Subjv. has no Future tenses. If 
the context points to the Future (as is indicated in the present case 
by the leading verb erunt), the ordinary tenses of the Subjv. are used 
to express Future relations: the Pres. Subjv. representing a Fut. and 
the Pf. Subjv. representing a Fut. Perfect. 

187. improbum: agitator; miserum : poor ivretch. 

189. est mini tanti : see Note on Cat. 1. 9, 22 (1. 276). • 

190. dum modo . . . depellatur : see Note on Cat. 1. 9, 22 (1. 277). 

191. dicatur sane eiectus, etc. ; let him by all means, etc. 

193. non est iturus : does not intend to go, denoting a present inten- 
tion, a . . . optabo : will pray to, lit. will desire from. 

194. invidiae . . . causa : Design. ut . . . audiatis : Complemen- 
tary Final Sentence depending on optabo. 

197. illud: this, referring to what follows. invidiosum (adj.): 
a cause of unpopularity, lit. a hateful thing. The subject of sit is 
the quod-clause following. 

198. emiserim: allowed him to escape, cum: since, Causal. 

200. eidem, si interfectus esset, quid dicerent : what would the same 
persons say if he had been put to death ? quamquam ; and yet 

(as often). isti: i.e. Catiline's friends in the city. dictitant: 

keep saying. non tarn . . . quam: meaning? 

202. nemo est . . . qui . . . malit : because they were in the plot, and 
hence if Catiline had really gone to Massilia in voluntary exile, 
their own plans would be spoiled. While they pretended, therefore, 
to pity him, they in reality had no sentiment in the matter apart from 
their own selfish aims. 

204. me hercule : see Note on 1. 84. 

205. se interfici mallet : explain the use of the reflexive. See Note 
on Cat. 1. 2, 4 (1. 45). latrocinantem : (acting) as a brigand. 

206. nunc vero: but as it is. cum: Causal. 

207. praeter : contrary to. 

208. vivis nobis : AbL Absolute. Roma : why without preposi- 
tion? G. 391; A. & G. 258, a; B. 229, 1, a; H, 412, 11. optemus, 
queramur: G. 263, 1; A. & G. 266; B. 274; H. 484, n. 

211. quern, quia, quod: note this typical collocation of relatives. 
Translate : whom I do not fear, because, as (quod, lit. which circum- 
stance) I have always wished, a wall is between us. 

213. dissimulant : conceal their purpose. Romae : G. 411; A. 
& G. 258, c, 2 ; B. 232, 1 ; H. 425, 11. 

214. quosquidem: not whom indeed ; resolve the relative as usual 
into demonstrative and conjunction. si . . . possit, studeo : a Con- 
dition is determined by the form of its Protasis ; hence this is the 



I 46 NOTES 

Ideal (less vivid) Condition with an Indie. Apodosis. Note the Future 
sense of the Apodosis, however, where ulcisci studeo, am eager to 
punish, almost = cum studio ulciscar (Pres. Subjv.). See G. 596, 1 ; 
A. & G. 307, 2, d; B. 303, b; H. 509 and 511. 

215. sanare sibi ipsos : cure them for their own sokes, lit. lxeal 
themselves for them. 

216. neque : split in translating {and. . .not). possit : Subjv. in 
Ind. Question, its subject id referring to the wish just expressed. 
Translate : and I do not see why that cannot be done, if they ivill 
listen to me, 

217. generibus : classes. 

218 : singulis : lit. to one by one ; more freely, to every one of them. 

219. quam: Indef. Pronoun after si. This clause, if expressed in 
full, would be si quam medicinam afferre potero. Note the Fut. potero, 
used for exactness. 

221. est : consists. magno in aere alieno : (though) deep in debt, 
the Concessive force being derived from the context. 

222. quarum: referring to possessiones, and Objective Gen. with 
amore. They are unwilling, he says, to part with their estates (pos- 
sessiones) in order to free themselves from debt (dissolvi), although 
their assets exceed their liabilities. 

224. honestissima : thoroughly respectable. voluntas : their in- 
tentions ; causa: their cause, i.e. political principles. 

225. tu agris . . . adquirere ad fidem: a Potential Rhetor. Quest., im- 
plying its own answer in the negative. To make the meaning clear, 
translate et, and at the some time : Could you be endowed and sup- 
plied with land, with houses, etc., and at the same time hesitate, etc. ? 

227. de . . . detrahere : to take from, or to sacrifice apart of. 
fidem: credit. Notice the instance of Chiasmus here (see Note above 
on 1. 127), and also of Asyndeton. 

228. omnium : of everything. 

229. an tabulas novas : the first part of this Disjunctive (or Double) 
Question is contained in the word bellum above. By new tablets he 
means a wiping out of all debts, a frequent feature in the programmes 
of Roman revolutionists. In that age of extravagance and vice, 
debt was the normal condition of the ambitious. meo beneficio : 
thanks to me, lit. by my kindness. 

231. verum auctionariae : but (they shall be) those of the auctioneer. 
He means that he intends to force these debtors to sell their property 
in order to pay their debts. 

232. salvi : solvent. 

233. quod si, etc. : and if they had been willing to do this earlier. 



SECOND OHATIOX AGA1XST CATILINE I47 

231. certare cum usuris fructibus praediorum ; struggle against usury 
with the returns {income) from their estates, cum here is translated 
against to avoid the repetition of the word with. The thought is, 
that these landowners were making an unsuccessful effort to meet 
the interest on their debts with the revenue derived from their 
estates, whereas if they had only sold part of their property and paid 
what they owed, they would have been better off. 

235. his . . . uteremur : ive should find them. The two adjectives lo- 
cupletioribus, melioribus are predicative, not attributive to civibus. 

236. minime : least of all. 

238. magis . . . vota facturi : more likely to utter prayers. 

240. alterum : = secundum. 

242. rerum potiri : get the upper hand. The Gen. (instead of the 
Abl.) is the rule in this phrase. honores . . . arbitrantur : that is, 

as long as the country was in a state of quiet (quieta), they despaired 
of obtaining the honors that their fellow-citizens had to bestow ; 
their only hope, therefore, lay in revolution. The words quieta re 
publica are in the Abl. Abs. construction ; so perturbata with re pub- 
lica understood. Each may be translated with a cum-clause. 

244. hoc . . . videtur : this piece of advice must apparently (videtur, 
lit. seems) be given them (quibus). quod reliquis omnibus: supply 

praecipiendum est. 

246. me ipsum vigilare, etc. : the Ace. and Inf. is due to the idea of 
Saying implied in the preceding sentence. 

247. animos : courage, spirit. esse in: used instead of the Dat. 
of Possession because speaking of Qualities. G. 349, r. 3. bo- 
nis : meaning ? 

249. immortalis : Accusative Plural. 

251. praesentis : in person, Ace. Plural, agreeing with deos. 

252. quod si iam sint . . . adepti : now if they were even to succeed-in- 
obtaining (lit. should have obtained), the Pf. Subjv. representing the 
Fut. Perfect in 0. 0. after sperant. 

253. illi : subject of sperant. quae : Xeut. Ace. Plural, agree- 
ing with its antecedents cinere and sanguine in sense as inanimate 
objects rather than in gender (Masc). 

254. mente conscelerata, etc. : Ablative of Manner. 

255. non vident ... sit necesse : power got by force must yield to 
superior force is the meaning ; even a runaway (fugitivo) slave or a 
professional fighter (gladiatori) would have a chance to overthrow a 
regime set up by revolutionary methods. For the translation of 
si adepti sint, see Xote on 1. 252 above. 

259. ex ... est : to. . .belongs. iste : contemptuous. 



14-8 KOTES 

260. succedit : not succeeds. 

261. quas Sulla constituit (planted) : it is said that Sulla when dic- 
tator (82-80 B.C.) rewarded 120,000 of his soldiers with assignments 
of land, especially in Etruria. Faesulae, where Manlius was now in 
command of Catiline's forces, was a Sullan colony. universas : 
(taJcen) altogether, or as a class. esse : consist 

263. in . . . pecuniis: in translating supply some expression like^os- 
session or acquisition of. These old fighters had not been accustomed 
to the role they were playing as landlords, and hence had lived beyond 
their means. 

264. aedificant (and delectantur further on) : why Present ? G. 570 ; 
A. & G. 276, e; B. 293 i. ; H. 467, 4. 

265. beati : ivell off, prosperous. familiis : establishments, reti- 
nues of attendants, slaves, etc. 

266. si . . . sit excitandus : Logical (simple) Condition, but Subjv. 
because the whole is introduced by ut, Consecutive. eis denotes 
the Agent, and ab inferis, from the dead, is Abl. of Separation. 

268. agrestis (Ace. PL) : countrymen (neighbors of the veterans), 
tenuis, egentis : Ace. Plural. 

269. rapinarum veterum: of the old-time plunder, i.e. the kind that 
they had in the days of their commander Sulla. vetus usually 
(not always) means of long standing, while antiquus means old in 
origin. We might, therefore, have expected the latter word here. 

270. utrosque : both crowds, i.e. the veterans and their country 
neighbors just described. uterque in the Plural is used regularly 
(as here) of sets only, not of single individuals, the latter being repre- 
sented by the Singular. Thus, uterque = both men ; utrique = both 
sides, parties, sets. 

271. eos hoc (moneo) : the former is the Outer Object and the latter 
the Inner Object, See G. 376, r. 1, and 333, 1 ; A. & G. 219, c; B. 
206, 2, a ; H. 374, 2. desinant : note the mood. 

272. illorum temporum: i.e. the times of Sulla, with the proscrip- 
tions that made them a reign of terror. tantus dolor: so painful 
a memory, lit. so great a pain. 

273. non modo, etc. : different from the use commented on in the 
Note on 1. 100. In the former case the sentence began with a negative 
(nemo), which negatived the whole sentence and was strengthened by 
ne . . . quidem in its second clause ; in the present instance, there is no 
such general negative affecting the whole sentence, hence a second 
non must be supplied after non modo. Translate : so that now, I will 
not say (non modo) men, but even the cattle do not seem likely to endure 
[put up with) those times (again). See G. 482, r. 1 ; A. & G. 149, e 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE I49 

(6th Hue) : B. 343, 2, a; H. 552, 2. ista is the Neut. Ace. PI. 

referring to temporum. Observe that passurae agrees with the near- 
est rather than with the strongest geuder (with pecudes rather than 
homines). 

277. premuntur : have been weighed down ; why Present ? 

278 : male gerendo negotio : lit. by badly managing their business, 
hence, through bad management. 

279. vetere : long-standing vacillant : are tottering. 

280. vadimoniis, iudiciis, proscriptione bonorum : the three stages in 
the experience of a bankrupt — (1) giving bail for his appearance in 
court, (2) the trial in court, and (3) the confiscation of his property to 
satisfy the claims of his creditors. 

282. infitiatores lentos : tardy debtors, contrasted with milites 
acris. 

284. conruant : let them fall. ita ut, etc. : in such a way 
that. . .not, i.e. without. non modo : as above in 1. 273, on which 
see Note. 

285. illud : this pronoun refers to the Ind. Questions following. 
291, neque : as this word is followed by et, it should be split in 

translating, but observe that the English idiom would subordinate the 
first clause here, using some such conjunction as since. pereant : 

note the mood. sane : by all means. 

294. numero, genere (character). G. 397 ; A. & G. 253 ; B. 226 ; 
H. 424. 

295. quod : one that, 

296. de eius dilectu, immo vero decomplexu eius ac sinu: lit. from his 
choice, or rather from his embrace and bosom ; more freely, his chosen 
friends, or rather the friends of his very heart and bosom. 

297. pexo capillo : Abl. of Quality. imberbis (Ace. PI.) : beard- 
less, implying youthfulness and effeminacy. bene barbatos: either 
(1) full-bearded, the Romans of this period as a rule wearing no beard, 
or (2) with their dainty beards, in possible allusion to some ultra- 
fashionable manner of trimming their beards. 

298. tunicis : the tunic ordinarily worn by the Romans as their 
principal under-garment had short sleeves and reached to the knees 
or thereabout. The deviations from the rule noted here (manicatis, 
talaribus) were, therefore, marks of effeminacy. togis : the semi- 
circular outer garment of the Romans, called the toga, was usually of 
restricted size, but in the case mentioned in the text was so large as 
to resemble drapery (velis). 

299. antelucanis : all-night. 
30 X, versantur; are found. 



1 50 NOTES 

303. neque : split in translation and repeat solum. saltare et 
cantare: regarded as accomplishments unworthy of a'sober Roman. 

304. nisi exeunt : in the use here of the Present for the Future the 
two languages coincide. 

305. scitote : explain the form. G. 267, R. ; A. & G. 269, e. 

306. sibi . . . volunt : mean. 

308. illis carere : do without them. noctibus : G. 393 ; A. & G. 

256 ; B. 230 ; H. 429. 

310. nivis : Accusative Plural. 

313. bellum, etc. : ironical, of course. cum : since, Causal. 

314. cohortem praetoriam : see the Vocabulary under cohors. 

316. vestra, vestros : your own, in contrast with Catiline's forces, 
etc. 

317. gladiatori : Dat. after ob- in composition (opponite). con- 
fecto et saucio : of course, not to be taken literally, his wounds con- 
sisting only in having his plot exposed, and himself forced out of 
town by Cicero. 

320. urbes . . . tumulis silvestribus : the towns, which were the 
strongholds of the colonies and loyal to the government, are con- 
trasted with the woody hillsides, which were all that Catiline could 
control. 

323. omissis his rebus : leaving out these advantages ; Abl. Absolute. 
The advantages are enumerated in the words senatu, equitibus, etc., 
following as Ablatives in apposition to rebus. 

324. nos suppeditamur, eget ille : with which we are supplied {and) 
which he is without. Both Chiasmus and Asyndeton are illustrated in 
these words. 

326. si: if, I say ; with velimus forming the Protasis of an Ideal 
(less vivid) Condition, the Apodosis intellegere possumus being almost 
equivalent to intellegamus. Compare Note on 1. 214 above. 

327. causas: the causes, i.e. the principles, or motives, of the two 
sides. inter se: see Note on Cat. 1. 13, 33 (1. 412). 

328. iaceant : for the meaning of this word, see Note on 1. 20 above. 

329. ex hac parte : on the one side ; illinc : on the other. The two 
Demonstratives have their usual force with reference to persons. 
Throughout this passage the student should pick his words care- 
fully in order to bring out the exact force of the Latin words con- 
trasted, pudor, pudicitia : the former is modesty, as a state of mind ; 
the latter, purity, as a condition of the body. 

335. bona ratio cum perdita: the words have their usual Ciceronian 
sense. Translate : a 'patriotic policy with a revolutionary (one). 
341, mihi; Dat, of the Agent with consultum atque provisum est. 



SECOND ORATION AGAIXST CATILINE I 5 I 

344. praesidi : Part. Genitive after satis. G. 369 ; A. & G. 216, a, 
4 ; B. 201, 2 ; H. 397. 4. coloni, municipes : the colonists were 
those who were originally sent out from Rome to various parts of 
Italy, and carried their citizenship with them ; the inhabitants of the 
free towns were those living in conquered towns in Italy who, in 
time, acquired the rights of citizenship. After the Social War there 
was practically little difference between the two classes. 

345. nocturna excursione : this refers to his abrupt departure from 
the city with threats of destruction against his enemies in Rome. 

347. gladiatores : see Note on 1. 105 above. The conspirators had 
counted on the help of various schools of gladiators at Capua and 
elsewhere, but had seen their hopes dashed by the decree of the 
Senate which placed these schools under strict surveillance. 
quam : the relative often (as here) agrees with a predicate substantive 
(here manum) rather than with its antecedent (here gladiatores). G. 
614, r. 3, b; A. & G. 199 ; B. 250, 3 ; H. 445, 4. 

348. animo meliore : of a better disposition {better disposed), Abl. of 
Quality. 

349. continebuntur : will be held in check. 

352. de : {the question) of, a frequent translation of this preposition 
in the technical phrase referre de aliqua re ad senatum. 
354. vocari : i.e. by the official criers (praecones). 

357. contra: against, that is, as a menace to. vestrum: the 
regular form of the Genitive (instead of vestri) with omnium. 

358. cui : Indefinite pronoun. 

359. solutior: rather remiss. G. 297 ; A. & G. 93, a; B. 240, 1 ; 
H. 444, 1. hoc exspectavit : has been waiting for this (result). 
The following ut-clause is Consecutive, giving an explanation of the 
demonstrative hoc. 

360. quod reliquum est : (as for) what remains. 

363. portis, viae : why Dative ? 

364. qui vero : but he who. commoverit : Fut. Perfect, but 
translated as Present ; so deprehendero further on. cuius : on 
ivhose part, lit. of whom. 

369. esse voluerunt : intended should be. 
371. atque: and further. 

374. me. . .imperatore: with me alone in the garb of peace (togato, 
lit. dressed in the toga) as your leader and general ; Abl. Absolute. 

378. patriae: Dat. of Ind. Object after the intransitive impendens. 
G. 346 ; A. & G. 227 ; B. 187, 11. a; II. 385, ir. 

379. deduxerit : Fut. Perfect, illud : anticipating (as often) a 
clause (ut ... possitis, Consecutive), but with an intervening relative 



152 NOTES 

clause (quod videtur). Translate : / shall surely accomplish that (re- 
sult) which seems scarcely to be hoped for, etc., (namely) that not only 
no patriot (lit. neither any good man) shall perish, but that you may 
all, etc. Observe the use of the rare combination neque . . . que. 

383. prudentia . . . fretus : G. 401, r. 6 ; A. & G. 254, b, 2 ; B. 218, 
3 ; H. note, top of p. 228. 

385. quibus ducibus : Ablative Absolute. The antecedent is deorum. 

389-393. In translating this last sentence do not separate any Eng- 
lish word from its modifiers — a common fault with beginners. This 
sentence may, in fact, be taken as an illustration of questions that 
frequently rise in rendering Latin into acceptable English. Imme- 
diately after ut we might bring in (1) the Abl. Absolute copiis supera- 
tis with its adjuncts, translating it actively and as an Abl. of Means 
(by) ; then (2), the main verb defendant with its modifying a with the 
Ablative ; and lastly (3), the rel. clause quam . . . voluerunt. This 
order is open to the objection that a rel. clause usually makes a weak 
ending, as it does here, notwithstanding the sonorous Latin superla- 
tives. It may be better, therefore, to translate in the order (2), (3), 
and (1). The antecedent urbem, which is incorporated in the rel. 
clause, must precede the relative in translation. The English would 
then run as follows ; that from the infamous crime of desperate citi- 
zens they will defend this city, which they have willed should be, etc., 
by conquering all the forces, etc. 



THIKD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 

(In JO. Catilinam Oratio Tertia) 

PREFATORY NOTE 

With his First Oration against Catiline, Cicero drove the con- 
spirator out of Rome ; in the Second he announced the fact to the 
people assembled in the Forum, at the same time warning the Cati- 
linarians who remained in the city to leave. Then the Senate by 
proclamation declared the two leaders, Catiline and Manlius, to be 
outlaws, put under the ban any of their followers who should not have 
laid down their arms by a certain day, and called out new levies of 
troops, w T ith Antonius, Cicero's colleague in the consulship, at their 
head. Meanwhile Cicero kept a sharp lookout in the city for positive 
evidence against the conspirators. For this he had not long to wait. 



THIRD ORATIOX AGAIXST CATILINE 1 53 

In the Third Oration^ against Catiline, delivered December 3, he 
tells the people in the Forum the interesting story of his success in 
this regard. 



1. In translating the first sentence preserve the order of words as 
far as possible, Translate first the objects of the sentence, beginning 
with rem publicam and ending with urbem; then the phrases which 
immediately follow, through amore ; then the main verb videtis fol- 
lowed by the Ablatives laboribus, etc., through meis ; then the partici- 
ples, etc., observing that the phrases e flamma, etc., modify only the 
first participle ereptam. 

2. vestros : this word qualifies all four preceding substantives, but 
agrees with the nearest in gender. G. 290 ; A. & G. 187, a, i ; 
B. 235, b. i ; H. 439, i. 

4. deorum : Subjective Gen. with amore, while erga vos is used in- 
stead of the Objective Gen. for the sake of clearness. G. 363, r. 1 ; 
A. & G. 217, c; B. 200, i ; H. 396, in. x. 1. 

7. non minus : a statement is often made stronger in the form of 
a denial of its opposite, hence the rhetorical figure called Litotes. 
G. 700 ; A. & G. 209, c ; B. 375, i ; H. 637, vm. 

9. quod salutis . . . servamur: because the joy of safety {being saved) 
is certain, {while) our lot at birth (nascendi condicio) is uncertain, 
and because we are born, etc., {while) we are saved, etc. Observe the 
Asyndeton, shown by the word while in parentheses. 

11. ilium: he refers to Romulus, the mythical founder of Rome. 

13. sustulimus : have exalted. esse ... in honore : to be (held) in 
honor. 

14. conditam amplificatamque : {when) built and enlarged, that is, 
after it had become a great city. 

15. urbi, templis : Dat. after the compounds subiectos, circumdatos. 

16. subiectos, circumdatos : in translating treat these participles as 
relative clauses, and bring out the force of the prepositions sub and 
circum, their prefixes. 

17. idem: Xom. Plural, agreeing with the subject understood, but 
to be translated, we also. G. 310 ; A. & G. 195, e ; B. 248, i : II. 
451, 3. rettudimus : the verb tundo has a reduplicated Perfect, 
tutudi, but its compound with re- loses the vowel of the reduplication 
(u) ; hence the double t. Similarly reppuli, repperi, etc. 

20. per me: through me, the Personal Instrument, because he was 
acting as the representative of the Senate. 

21. quanta et qua ratione . . , sint : ivhat important matters have been 



154 NOTES 

traced out and grasped, and by what method. This is an Indirect 
Question, depending on the Final clause ut (1. 20) . . . scire possitis. 

23. principio : with this word Cicero begins the story of his success 
in catching the conspirators red-handed in their treasonable plot. 

ut : ever since* paucis ante diebus : a few days ago. On what day 

did Catiline leave the city, and what is the date of the present speech ? 

24. cum . . . reliquisset : having left, a frequent translation of cum 
Historical. 

27. possemus : Subjv. in Ind. Question with the notion of Design 
present. Notice that the tense is Impf. even after the Pure Perfects 
vigilavi and providi, according to common usage. G. 511, R. 3 ; 
A. & G. 287, a ; B. 268, i ; H. 495, i. turn, cum . . . eiciebam : cum 
denoting mere time takes the Indicative here. The use of turn em- 
phasizes the Temporal idea. The Impf. denotes continued effort 
(ivas trying to drive out), the notion of effort being made still more 
distinct by the use of the word volsbam further on, repeating the 
thought. 

28. non iam : no longer. huius verbi : attaching to (lit. of) this 
word. cum: since, Causal. 

29. ilia: supply invidia. quod . . . exierit : Subjv. on account of 
the idea of Obliquity involved in the preceding words. The Causal 
conjunctions quod, quia, and quoniam regularly take the Indie, except 
in Ind. Discourse, Partial or Total. 

30. exterminari: do not translate "exterminate," but follow the 
derivation. 

31. restitissent : Subjv. because in a dependent clause in 0. 0. 
The tense represents the Fut. Perfect. Cicero's thought in the direct 
form was ei qui restiterint, infirmi erunt. 

32. putabam : was thinking, i.e. all the time, the Impf. denoting 
action coincident with that of eiciebam and volebam. atque : as the 
words following this conjunction show a change from his previous 
policy of inactivity, we should say but in English. ut vidi : as soon 
as I saw {came to see). Note the tense in contrast with the preceding 
Imperfects. 

34. in eo : i.e. in the effort ; leading up to the Final clause ut . . . vi- 
derem. 

35. molirentur : were driving at. 

36. quoniam . . . minorem fidem faceret oratio mea : since my words 
were commanding less credence, i e. than they ought. Why Subjv. 
here ? See Note above on 1. 29 (quod exierit). 

38. rem comprehenderem : might grasp the situation. turn de- 

mum; then at last, implying the notion " not until, " 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 1 55 

39. cum : conjunction. The clause completes the thought sug- 
gested by turn demum. In this passage notice the contrasted words 
auribus (1. 36), animis (1. 38), and oculis. He says that he had not yet 
succeeded in making much impression on their ears, and hence he 
began to devise ways of getting ocular proof of the facts, that the 
people might at last wake up to the necessity of using their minds in 
providing suitable safeguards, etc. 

40. videretis : should see, the Fut. sense being due to its dependence 
on a Design clause. 

41. Allobrogum : a tribe of Transalpine Gauls whose chief city was 
Vienna. They had sent envoys (legatos) to Rome to petition the Sen- 
ate for relief from the exactions of their Roman governors. In this 
expectation they had been disappointed, and the conspirators, headed 
by Lentulus, thought they saw a chance to make use of their discon- 
tent. The envoys, thinking it well to seek advice before entering 
into an alliance with the conspirators, reported the matter to their 
Roman patron, Q. Fabius Sanga. It was through this man that 
Cicero heard of the affair. He induced the visitors to feign devotion 
to the conspiracy, and in this way he succeeded in securing the com- 
promising letters that led to its overthrow. belli . . . tumultus . . . 
causa : force of causa with the Gerund ? To outbreaks in Italy or its 
immediate neighbor Gaul, the word tumultus was applied ; to dis- 
turbances elsewhere, bellum. 

42. P. Lentulo : at this time praetor and hence senator. He had 
even been consul in 71 B.C., but having been expelled the following 
year for immoral conduct he was now forced to begin his career anew 
in order to rehabilitate himself. 

43. eodemque itinere : Catiline was in Etruria, through which coun- 
try the envoys had to pass on their return to their homes in Gaul. 

45. comitem: in other words, Volturcius went along as the repre- 
sentative of the conspirators in the city. 

46. ad Catilinam : for {addressed to) Catiline. litteras : the 
last word in the Ace. and Inf. clauses depending on comperi above 
(1. 41). The main clause begins with facultatem, opportunity. 

47. quod, etc. : when a rel. clause refers to a sentence, it is more 
commonly introduced by the two words id quod. 

53. qui omnia . . . sentirent : being men who entertained all excellent 
and noble sentiments concerning the state ; Causal rel. clause. G. 633; 
A. & G. 320, e ; B. 283, 3 ; II. 517. omnia here is the Ace. of the 

Inner Object, See Note on Cat. 1. 12, 29 fl. 351). 

55. pontem Mulvium : across the Tiber, two miles north of Rome, 
over which the envoys were to pass on their way to their destination, 



I56 NOTES 

57. fuerunt : ivere (stationed). 

58. eodem : to the same place. ipsi : the Distinctive pronoun, 
distinguishing the envoys from the Test of the party. 

59. ex praefectura Reatina : a praefecture was (1) either the office of 
the Magistrate sent out yearly from the home government at Rome 
to govern certain towns or (2) the town itself (as in this case). Reate 
was a Sabine town, devoted to Cicero, who was its legal representa- 
tive, or patr onus, at Rome. 

60. opera : service ; why Ablative ? praesidio : Dat. of the 
Object For Which (Design). 

62. tertia vigilia : the night (from sunset to sunrise) was divided 
into four watches (vigiliae) ; hence, in this case, the night was nearly 
three-quarters gone. magno comitatu : the preposition cum is 

omitted on account of the adjective. G. 399 ; A. & G. 248 ; B. 220, 
1 ; H. 419, in. 

65. res ... ceteris : that is, only the praetors at first were in the 
secret. 

66. interventu Pomptini, etc. : that is, the praetors explained matters 
to the Gauls. 

68. integris signis : with their seals unbroken. 

69. ipsi : as usual, this pronoun is used in a Distinctive sense, dis- 
tinguishing the Allobroges and Volturcius from the letters that they 
bore. comprehensi : having been arrested. 

70. improbissimum machinatorem . . . Gabinium : it was through Ga- 
binius that the Gaulish envoys had held their conference with the 
conspirators, and secured the compromising letters with their signa- 
tures and seals. 

74. credo . . . vigilarat : an ironical allusion to the stupidity and 
lazy habits of Lentulus. See 1. 213 below and Note on Lentuli som- 
num. The sarcasm is the more pointed from the fact that the letter 
which Lentulus "spent the night in writing" was only two or three 
lines long. It is given in 11. 151-154. 

76. cum (conj.) . . . viris . . . placer et : although it was the advice of 
(lit. it pleased) some eminent and illustrious men of this state, etc. 

78. prius . . . quam ad senatum deferrem : before reporting the matter 
to the Senate. The Subjv. is used because in 0. 0. after placebat 
(equivalent to a verb of willing). Observe also that the idea of nega- 
tive Design is present, i.e. his friends did not wish him to report the 
case unless the letters contained proof of treason. 

79. si esset inventum : this form represents the Fut. Perfect after a 
Past (placeret). The direct words were si erit inventum. temere ; 
without cause, tumultus ; disturbance, 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 1 57 

80. negavi : to be translated, said... not (rather than denied) ac- 
cording to rule. G. 447 ; A. & G. 209, b. esse facturum ut : a 
common circumlocution in Latin for the simple verb that follows ut. 
The awkwardness of a literal translation here is increased by the 
presence of a second negative (non) after negavit. Translate : I said 
that concerning a danger affecting the state (lit. public danger) I could 
not but (non) lay the matter unprejudiced (integrum, lit. fresh) before 
the council of state (i.e. the Senate). 

82. etenim si: for even if, Concessive. 

85. frequentem : full. 

87. qui efferret : to bring out, the relative introducing a clause of 
Design. si quid telorum : such iveapons as, the Genitive being 

Partitive after the neuter quid. 

90. fidem . . . dedi : lit. gave him the public faith; more freely, 
promised him immunity, i.e. for any disclosures that he might 
make. 

91. sciret : a part of Cicero's injunction to Volturcius, hence Subjv. 
by Attraction to the mood of indicaret, itself Subjv. in a Complemen- 
tary Final Sentence. 

92. vix : = difficulter, and not to be translated scarcely. 

94. ut . . . utereter, ut . . . accederet : to avail himself of, {and) to ad- 
vance. These Complementary Final clauses depend on the idea of 
ordering involved in the substantives mandata and litteras. 

95. id autem : this moreover. eo consilio : with this design, the 
phrase preparing the way for the final clause ut . . . praesto esset. 

96. ex omnibus partibus : on all sides. 

97. erat: why not Subjunctive ? G. 628, r. ; A. & G. 336, b; B. 
314, 3 ; H. 524, 2. 

98. qui . . . exciperet: to intercept ; relative clause of Design. 

100. sibi (et litteras) : note the reflexives carefully in this passage. 
* The first three (sibi, suam, and sibi) refer to the Gauls as the subject 

of the sentence. 

101. ad : addressed to. data : neuter because its subjects (ius 
iurandum, litteras) denote inanimate objects and differ in gender. G. 
286, 1 ; A. & G. 187, b; B. 235, b, 2, j8 ; II. 439, 2. 

102. sibi . . . esse praescriptum : the Dat. of the Active construction 
must be retained in the Passive, although we translate : that they had 
been directed. 

104. sibi (copias) : this refers to Lentulus, and the other conspirators, 
the writers of the letters here quoted indirectly. But in sibi (confir- 
masse), further on, the reference is again to the main subject, the 
Gauls. Before the Ace. and Inf. pedestris . . . defuturas, we are to un- 



158 NOTES 

derstand some such expression as saying, implied in the preceding 
words (esse praescriptum). 

105. ex : according to. Sibyllinis fatis : the Sibylline books 

were kept in the temple of Jupiter at the Capitol, and were consulted 
in times of need. tertium Cornelium : Lentulus was a member of 

the gens Cornelia, as were also Cinna (one of the democratic succes- 
sors to Marius) and Sulla. Hence Lentulus assured the envoys that 
he was the third of the name for whom a great destiny was reserved. 

108. eundemque : and that he also, introducing the same subject 
with a new predicate. G. 310 ; A. & G. 195, e ; B. 248, 1 ; H. 451, 3. 

109. qui esset, etc. : oeing the tenth year since the acquittal, etc. It 
is not known to what event Cicero refers here. The violation of her 
vows of chastity, however, by a Vestal virgin was regarded as a 
crime of the gravest significance, for which she was buried alive. 

110. Capitoli incensionem : in 83 B.C. at the outbreak of the first 
civil war. 

111. Cethego cum ceteris : the Dative of Possessor is often asso- 
ciated with the Abl. of Attendance. 

112. Lentulo et aliis . . . placeret : Lentulus and others advocated; 
lit. it pleased Lentulus and others. Saturnalibus : Abl. of Time 
When. This was the name of a festival held in honor of Saturn on 
Dec. 17. It was a time of general merry-making, when differences of 
rank were disregarded : the rich kept open house, and special indul- 
gence was granted to slaves ; hence a favorable time for the proposed 
outbreak. Note the Asyndeton between the last two clauses. 

115. ne longum sit: i.e. not to detain you. tabellas: wooden 

folding tablets, not unlike folding slates, with raised margins round 
the edges, the inner surface being covered with wax, on which the 
letter- writer wrote with a metal point (stilus). The whole was then 
tied round with string (linum, two lines below) in a knot sealed with 
wax (signum, seal, also two lines below). 

117. cognovit : acknowledged it as his. linum : see Note on 

tabellas, 1. 115. 

119. sese: i.e. the writer, Cethegus. orare: supply se for subject. 

120. ut . . . facerent : Complem. Final clause after orare. sibi . . . 
recepissent : had taken upon themselves. eorum : the persons ad- 
dressed, the Gauls (Allobrogum senatui et populo), while sibi refers to 
the subject of its own clause (legati). 

121. qui ( = cum is) . . . respondisset : although he had answered ; 
Subjv. with Concessive relative. G. 6-34 ; A. & G. 320, e ; B. 283, 3 ; 
H. 515, in. tamen: i.e. notwithstanding the evidence against 
him. 



THIRD ORATIOX AGAINST CATILINE I $9 

122. quae erant deprehensa : for the gender, see Xote on 1. 101 (data), 
and for the mood, resisting Attraction, see G. 629, r. ; A. & G. 342, 
a; H. 529, 11. n. 1, 2 ; compare B. 324, 1. 

123. bonorum ferramentorum studiosum : an amateur {student) of good 
steel implements. 

127. in eandem fere sententiam : to about the same effect. 

130. avi : P. Cornelius Lentulus, consul 162 B.C. 

131. quae: i.e. imago. 

132. eadem ratione : in the same manner. 

134. si quid vellet : 0.0. after feci potestatem {I gave him permis- 
sion), implying speech. In the direct form it would be si quid vis 
(Pres. Indie). 

136. exposito atque edito : set forth and recorded. quid sibi 

esset cum eis, quam ob rem, etc. : what business he had with them that 
(as a reason that) they, etc. esset here is Subjv. of Ind. Question 

while venissent is Subjv. of Characteristic. 

139. per quern (from quis) . . . venissent : Ind. Question. The go- 
between was P. Umbrenus, as stated by Cicero in lines 186, 187. 

140. nihilne : ne is always attached to the emphatic word in ques- 
tions. Here it emphasizes the negative nihil, thus calling in question 
the wholesale denial of Lentulus — nothing at all ? 

141. esset : m (not teas), stating a general truth. The Latin 
tense is Impf . in obedience to the law of sequence. 

142. cum: although. 

144. ingenium : talent (natural) ; exercitatio : readiness (acquired). 

145. valuit, superabat (tried to surpass) : note the difference of 
tense. 

149. perturbatus : Concessive, as shown by the following tamen. 

151. quis sim : Indirect Question depending on scies. 

152. locum: position, i.e. to what lengths. 

153. ecquid: whether anything, introducing an Ind. Question, cura 
ut . . . adiungas : explain this circumlocution. G. 271 ; A. & G. 269, g. 

154. infimorum: meaning slaves. 

156. ex eis : the Abl. with ex is frequently used for the Part. Gen. 
What other prepositions may be so used? 

157. cum . . . turn : not only . . .but also. G. 588 ; A. & G. 208, d ; 
II. 554, 1. 5. In this combination prominence is given to the second 
word or clause, ilia often (as here) refers to what follows (tabellae, 
signa, etc.). certissima : unmistakable. 

162. inter se : this phrase, expressing Reciprocal Relations, is vari- 
ously translated to suit the meaning of the verb with which the ex- 
pression is associated. It may mean from, with, at, etc., one another, 



l60 NOTES 

or simply, one another. Here, at one another is the meaning. G. 221 ; 
A. & G. 196, /; B. 245 ; H. 448, N. 

164. expositis atque editis: see Note on this expression above (1. 136). 

165. de summa re publica : concerning theivelfare of the state, quid 
placeret : Ind. Question depending on consului. principibus : leading 
men. 

169. quid senatus censuerit : account for mood and tense. 

170. virtute : by my resolution. 

171. sit liberata: Subjv. in 0. 0., the reason (quod) being quoted by 
Cicero from the language used by the Senate. The leading verb being 
a virtual Past (Hist. Present), we might have had esset liberata, the 
sequence following the sense rather than the tense. As an illustration 
of this point, notice essem, fuissent, removisset a little further on. 

173. usus essem: had found. forti fidelique are Pred. adjec- 
tives. Be careful not to confound opera here (Abl. of opera, -ae) with 
opera, the Plural of opus. 

174. viri forti, conlega meo : C. Antonius Hybrida, a man of weak 
character, who was even suspected of sympathizing, if not actually 
cooperating, with the conspirators, until he was bought over by 
Cicero's promise of Macedonia as his province in his proconsulship the 
next year. 

175. a suis et rei publicae consiliis removisset : had excluded them 
from his (personal) counsels and those of the state, i.e. had broken 
off all communication, both private and public, with the conspira- 
tors. 

176. ita: to this end, leading up to the Complementary Final 
clause ut . . . traderetur. cum . . . abdicasset : the law shielded the 
Magistrate as long as he was in office, and hence he had to resign 
before he could be brought to trial. The resignation of the praetor- 
ship was, therefore, necessary in the case of Lentulus before he could 
be put under arrest. custodiam : see Note on Cat. i. 8, 19 (1. 231). 

179. erant : Indie, because Cicero's words, not a part of the decree 
of the Senate. So depoposcerat, erat, est, deduxit, erat, constabat 
further on. 

183. ex: Partitive, i.e. (one) of. 

184. Faesulas : see Note on Cat. n. 9, 20 (1. 260). On account of 
the idea of motion involved, the Ace. is used here where the Eng. 
would prefer the preposition at. To "deduce " (i.e. plant) a colony 
was a familiar expression in early American history. 

186. versatus : engaged. 

188. ea : such, followed by the Consecutive clause ut . . . arbitraretur. 

190. hominum : Subjective or Objective Genitive ? G. 363 ; A. & G. 



THIRD OKATIOX AGAINST CATILINE l6l 

213 ; B. 199 and 200 ; H. 396. re publica conservata : Ablative 

Absolute. mentis : Accusative Plural. 

192. supplicatio : a thanksgiving, covering a period that varied from 
one day to several. See Note on pulvinaria, 1. 314 below. 

193. eorum : the gods. meo nomine : in my honor, quod : 
not the feminine quae, agreeing with supplicatio, but the neuter quod, 
referring to the whole preceding sentence. 

194. post: since. togato: dressed in the toga, i.e. as a civil 
Magistrate. See Note on Cat. n. 13, 28 (1. 374). contigit: fre- 
quently used (as here) of good fortune. 

195. civis : Accusative Plural. 

196. liber assem : why Subjunctive ? See Note above on 1. 171. 
quae ... si : and if this. conferatur : Ideal (less vivid) Condition, 
and translated with the auxiliary should. The real Apodosis (we 
should find, or the like) is suppressed, being implied in the context ; 
if expressed, it would have been Pres. Subjunctive. The apparent 
Apodosis hoc interest (there is this difference) is Indie, because the 
difference exists whether one look for it or not. 

197. ceterae : supply supplicationes constitutae sunt. gesta : like 
conservata, Abl. Abs. with re publica understood. una (Nom.): 
alone. Xote the Asyndeton. 

198 : illud quod faciendum, etc. : referring to the resignation men- 
tioned in the next sentence. 

199. factum atque transactum : legal phrase. 

201. ius : the technical term for right(s). His rights as a praetor 
consisted in exemption from prosecution as explained above (1. 176), 
and as a citizen in immunity from the summary punishment which 
(as Cicero says further on) was visited upon the praetor C. Glaucia in 
the days of Marius (100 B.C.). magistratu se abdicavit: that is, 
was allowed to resign. 

202. et quae religio . . . liber aremur (1. 206) : that in punishing P. 
Lentulus (as) a private (citizen) we might be freed from that religious 
scruple (religione) which had not deterred G. Marius, etc., from (quo 
minus), etc. Observe in this sentence : (1) the meaning of religio ; (2) 
the Dat. Mario with non fuerat (lit. had not existed for Marius), the 
phrase with religio implying Prevention. G. 549 ; A. & G. 331, e, 2 ; 
B. 295, 3 ; H. 497, 11. 2. 

204. nominatim: hence, thecon'rast with the present decree, which 
had actually named the offenders. 

205. religione : repeated for the sake of clearness. 

210. concidisse : have collapsed. 

211. cum pellebam . . . providebam : the use of the same tense in the 



l62 KOTES 

two clauses indicates coincidence of action. Translate : in trying to 
drive out (pellebam, Impf. of Attempted Action), I had this in mind. 
For this use of cum, see Note on the famous cum quiescunt, probant, 
Cat. i. 8, 21 (1. 260). 

212. remoto Catilina : Ablative Absolute = si Catilina remotus esset 
(0. 0.), representing in the direct form the Future Perfect remotus 
erit. mihi: Dat. of the Agenb with pertimescendam. 

213. Lentuli somnum : sleepiness; see Note on 1. 74 above. Lentulus 
was slow and stupid ; Cassius (L. Cassius Longinus, praetor in 66 
B.C. and one of Cicero's competitors for the consulship in 64 b.c) was 

• fat and stolid ; Cethegus, fiery and impetuous, the hotspur of the 
conspiracy. 

215. unus : alone. tarn diu dum : (only) so long as. With these 
words Cicero begins once more to paint the character of the conspira- 
tor, but in rather different colors from those employed before. In 
the First Oration (Cat. i. 9, 26), delivered before the Senate, in Cat- 
iline's presence, the conspirator is represented as a mere profligate 
with only something more than the usual share of physical vigor and 
ready for any crime against the laws of society ; in the Second Ora- 
tion (Cat. 11. 4, 7 foil.), delivered before the people, he is painted 
chiefly as the companion of the dissolute and discontented, an enemy 
to every honest citizen ; in the present case, as the consul's victory is 
hovering within sight, the enemy is described in rather extravagant 
style, the passage down through the words ferre poterat representing 
a stronger character than Catiline seems really to have been. 

216. norat : = noverat, the Plupf. of a defective verb with the force 
of an Imperfect. aditus : the means of approaching. 

218. consilium: subtlety. consilio: why Dative ? G. 349, r. 4; 
A. & a. 231, a; B. 190; H. 387. 

219. manus, lingua : what does Cicero mean ? certas res : defi- 
nite objects (aims) ; certos homines : trusty persons. There is here a 
play upon words that cannot be reproduced in English. 

220. delectos ac descriptos habebat : stronger than deligebat ac de- 
scribebat. G. 238; A. & G. 292, c; B. 337, 6 ; H. 388, 1, n. Above 
(1. 209) the verb teneo is used with the Perfect Participle Passive in 
the same way. 

221. cum mandarat (for mandaverat, Plup.), putabat : Iterative (or 
repeated) Action in Past time. When two actions are repeated, one 
being prior to the other, tenses of completion are used for the prior 
action, tenses of continuance for the subsequent, according to the 
following scheme (G. 567): Past Time — Quotiens ceciderat, surgebat, 
as often as he fell, he rose ; Present Time — Quotiens cecidit, surgit, as 



THIRD ORATIOK" AGAINST CATILIKE 1 63 

often as he falls, he rises; Future Time — Quotiens ceciderit, surget, as 
often as he falls (shall have fallen), he will rise. For the thought, 
Cicero means that Catiline did not count as done any task that he 
intrusted to another : when he wanted a thing done, he saw to it 
himself. 

222. non ipse: note the position of the negative, emphasizing the 
pronoun — that he personally, etc. The Subjunctives are Character- 
istic after the negative clause nihil erat. 

223. nunc hominem : to preserve the emphasis due to its position, 
translate the obj. of this sentence first — (as for) this man, etc., unless 
I had forced (him), etc., I should not readily have warded off, etc. 
What kind of Condition ? 

229. non ille : note again the position of the negative and see Note on 
1. 222. Saturnalia : see Note on 1. 112. Cicero means that Catiline 
would have thought the date too far off, as explained in the next 
clause. 

230. rei publicae : Dat. of Ind. Object. 

231. commisisset ut: would have made the blunder of allowing, fol- 
lowed by a Consecutive clause, commisisset and the two preceding 
Subj vs. (constituisset, denuntiavisset) are Apodoses of an Unreal (con- 
trary to fact) Condition with a Protasis implied in the preceding 
sentence. testes: as witnesses, Pred. Nominative after deprehen- 
derentur. 

232. quae: resolve as usual — but these matters. nunc: as it is. 
236. quod si : now if. 

238. ut levissime dicam: to say the least; Final clause. dimi- 

candum . . . fuisset : ive should have had to struggle, etc. nobis : 

Dat. of the Agent. 

240. hostis : Pred. Nom. after esset. periculis : Abl. of Separa- 

tion, pace, otio, silentio : Abls. of Manner with Adjectives ex- 

pressed (tanta, etc.), hence without Preposition. 

242. quamquam : and yet. 

244. cum . . . turn (1. 246) : not only . . . but especially. Translate 
id, that conclusion. 

245. quod: Causal conjunction. humani consili . . . esse potuisse : 
could have been (an achievement) of human wisdom. G. 360, r. 1; 
A. & G. 214, c; B. 198, 3 ; H. 402. 

248. nam ut ilia omittam, etc. ; what figure is this ? See Note on 
Cat. 1. 1. 3 (1. 23). 

249. visas . . . terrae motus : compare Shakspere's Julius Caesar (1. 3) 
where in a similar manner " portentous things" are said to have pre- 
ceded the murder of Caesar. To point his moral, Cicero makes the 



164 NOTES 

most of the people's superstitions. ab : in ; the Latin gives the 

Point of View From Which. 

250. ut (terrae) : rhetorical repetition. Omit all but the first ut in 
translating. 

251. tarn multa : Nom. but translated, in so many instances, nobis 
consulibus : in our consulship ; Abl. Absolute. 

252. ut haec . . . viderentur : Consecutive clause after tarn multa. 

254. praetermittendum : to be overlooked ; relinquendum : to be dis- 
regarded. 

255. Cotta et Torquato consulibus : in 65 B.C. Note the Romans' 
method of giving particular years in their history. 

256. de caelo: i.e. by lightning. The usual phrase is de caelo 
tangi (lit. to be touched from heaven) ; so two lines below tactus est 
without the limiting Ablative. 

258. legum aera : law tablets, lit. bronze (tablets) of the laws ; in- 
dicating the material on which the laws were generally engraved. 
Stone was also so used. 

259. ille . . . Komulus : yonder Romulus — said with a gesture. 

260. quern inauratum : that is, whose gilded statue. 

261. fuisse : once stood, the Perfect implying that it no longer stood 
there intact. Otherwise we might have expected esse with meministis. 
G. 281, 2, r.; A. & G. 336, a, n. 1 ; H. 537, 1. 

262. cum haruspices convenissent : Subjv. with cum, notwithstanding 
the preceding Temporal phrase quo tempore. Pure time is expressed 
by the Indie, with cum ; but here the conjunction gives the occasion or 
circumstances, marking a closer connection between the two clauses 
than that of mere time, in fact characterizing the time. G. 585 ; 

A. & G. 323 and 325 ; B. 288, 1; H. 521, 11. 2. Etruria: the art 
of the soothsayers, i.e. of interpreting the divine will from the entrails 
of sacrificial victims, originated in Etruria. 

265. appropinquare . . . nisi . . . flexissent : notice the Fut. meaning of 
appropinquare, were approaching, implying would soon be at hand; 
hence, flexissent, should turn aside, avert, the Pluperfect Subjv. 
(after dixerunt) representing Fut. Perfect flexerint in the direct words 
of the soothsayers. Do not confound this Condition with the Un- 
real ; it is the Logical Condition in 0. 0. G. 657 ; A. & G. p. 375 ; 

B. 319, a; H. 527, 1. 

267. et (ludi) . . . neque res ulla : both . . . and nothing. 

269. idem: how translated ? G. 310; A. & G. 195, e; B. 248, 1 ; 
H. 451, 3. facere : no subject expressed because none is needed, 
the soothsayers simply ordering the making of a larger statue, etc. 

270. contra atque : adjectives and adverbs of Likeness and Unlike- 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 1 65 

ness take atque or ac after them. G. 643 ; A. & G. 234, a, >\ 2 ; B. 341, 
i, c; H. 459, 2. Translate : to turn it toward the east (orientem), 
opposite to the way (contra atque) it had formerly faced. 

271. si illud signum conspiceret {looked towards, faced), fore ut . . . 
inlustrarentur : the Logical (simple) Condition of the Future in 
O. 0., representing in the direct form si . . . conspiciet (Fut.), inlustra- 
buntur (Fut.). The periphrasis fore ut with the Subjv. is more com- 
mon in the Pass, than the Fut. Infinitive. See G. 248 ; A. & G. 288, 
f ; B. 270, 3, a ; H. 537, 3. quod videtis : the new statue on the 

Capitol, facing the east, overlooked the Forum, where Cicero's audi- 
ence was now standing. 

275. atque: and further, introducing the crowning fact in his con- 
tention that the gods were responsible for the case. conlocandum 
locaverunt : verbs meaning to Contract, Let, Undertake, etc. , take the 
Ace. of the Ger. of the Object to be effected, or Factitive Predicate, 
as it is called. G. 430 ; A. & G. 294, d ; B. 337, 7, b, 2 ; H. 544, 
2, N. 2). Translate : gave the contract for the erection, etc. Notice 
the difference between the simple verb locare, give a contract for some- 
thing to be done, and the compound conlocare, set up, erect. 

277. neque superioribus consulibus, etc. : the words imply neither last 
year nor this until to-day. See Note on 1. 255. 

279. hie: lit. here, (adv.), that is, in these circumstances. 

280. praeceps : perverse. mente captus : blind of heart. haec 
omnia, etc. : said with a sweep of the hand, and referring to the 
whole visible world. 

282. ita : to this effect, anticipating the following Ace. and Infini- 
tive. 

284. et ea: and that; more usually Singular, here Plural for 
rhetorical reasons. 

285. ea: those {deeds), referring to caedes, etc., above. 

287 : illud vero . . . ut . . . ut, etc. : the first ut introduces an ordinary 
Consecutive clause after ita praesens (so opportune), while the second 
explains illud {this fact). Translate : but is not this fact so opportune 
that it seems, etc., {namely) that when early this morning both the 
conspirators and the witnesses against them (eorum) were, etc., the 
statue was being set up at that very moment ? For the use of the 
second ut, see G. 557 ; A. & G. 332, f ; H. 501, 2. 

288. Optimi Maximi: best {and) greatest. Observe the Asyndeton in 
this formula. 

294. quo (etiam) : Abl. of Measure of Difference with the compara- 
tive maiore, but to be translated, wherefore. maiore odio, etc. ; 
of greater hatred, Abl. of Specification after digni. 



I 66 NOTES 

295. domiciliis, tectis : Dative after in- in composition (inferre). 

297. ego, me : emphatic repetition to sharpen the contrast with ille, 
ille in the next sentence. 

300. dis : the important word of the sentence, hence pnt first. 

302. iam vero : and now. 

304. tantae res creditae, etc. : matters of such importance would not 
have been intrusted, and the letters would not have been given over, 
etc., so rashly to strangers and barbarians, unless, etc. 

306. huic tantae audaciae : abstract put for the concrete, that is, 
boldness for bold men. The case is Dat. of the Ind. Object. Trans- 
late as if Abl. of Separation {from). quid vero : but again, lit. 
but what (of this) ? 

307. ut homines Galli . . . neglegerent . . . anteponerent : Consecutive 
clauses after a verb of Effecting (esse factum) in 1. 312 below, but do 
not change the order of the clauses, id, in 1. 311, sums up all that pre- 
cedes, quae gens una : superlatives (una) are often incorporated 
in the rel. clause, as here, whereas the Eng. idiom places them before 
the relative (the only nation that remains, etc.). G. 616, 3 ; A. & G. 
200, d; H. 453, 5. 

309. videatur : Characteristic Subjv. after the superlative una. 
imperi: sovereignty. 

310. ultro (lit. voluntarily) : unsought, qualifying oblatam. 

311. non divinitus : the negative, as usual, preceding the important 
word. 

312. praesertim qui ( = cum ei) . . . potuerint (Perfect Subjv.) : espe- 
cially ivhen they might have prevailed, etc. ; Concessive rel. clause. 

314. ad: at. pulvinaria: lit. the couches upon which the 
images of the gods were laid before the temples, on occasions of 
prayer or thanksgiving, with banquets spread before them. Trans- 
late, shrines. 

315. celebratote: the impressive Second Impv., proclaiming the 
thanksgiving. G. 268, 2 ; A. & G. 269, d; B. 281, 1, b; H. 487, 1. 1. 

320. togati, togato : see Note on 1. 194 above. The disturbances with 
which Cicero compares the events of his own consulship happened in 
the period of the first civil war, waged between the democratic party 
under Marius and his successors, and the aristocratic party under Sulla 
(Introduction, §§21-23). The events referred to may be summed up as 
follows : (1) The trouble began in 88 B.C. when, after Sulla's departure 
from Rome as the duly appointed commander against Mithridates, 
the tribune P. Sulpicius proposed to depose him in favor of Marius. 
Sulla returned to Rome at the head of his army and overthrew his 
enemies, Sulpicius being killed and Marius barely saving himself by 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 1 67 

flight. Sulla then returned to the field against Mithridates. (2) The 
next year, when L. Cornelius China renewed the democratic schemes 
of Sulpicius, his colleague Cn. Octavius drove him out of the city at 
the cost of so much bloodshed (10,000 victims were said to have 
fallen) that the day was ever after known as the " day of Octavius. " 
Hence Cicero's words : onmis hie locus acervis, etc. (3) Shortly after 
(postea) Cinna and Marius raised an army, and returning to- the city, 
got the upper hand (superavit). For five days and nights they held 
a carnival of bloodshed, killing many of the most prominent aris- 
tocrats. Hence the words lumina civitatis in 1. 325. (4) Although 
Marius had died in 86 B.C. and Cinna been killed in a mutiny two 
years later, Sulla's enemies were still active when he returned from 
the East in 83 b.c He defeated them in the battle of the Colline 
Gate (82 b.c.) and by his " proscriptions " lessened the number of his 
fellow-citizens (diminutione civium, 1. 327) by some four or five thou- 
sand executions. After reforming the constitution he resigned his 
dictatorship ; he died in 78 b.c (5) Shortly after his death M. Lepi- 
dus tried to overthrow his constitution, but in the outbreak that 
followed was defeated by his colleague Q. Catulus (77 B.C.), the son of 
Marius' colleague a quarter of a century earlier. 

334. ipsius . . . ceterorum : contrasted words, hence put as far apart 
(sometimes as close) as possible. Cicero means that the country did 
not grieve so much for the death of the principal author of the 
trouble, Lepidus himself, as for that of all the others implicated in 
the disturbance. rei publicae : Dat. after ad- in composition (attulit). 

337. pertinerent : Characteristic Subjv. after eius modi, of such a 
character. non ill! . . . voluerunt : they did not wish, the pronoun 

emphasized by the position of non. They wished only to put them- 
selves at the head of the government (rem publicam), not to destroy 
it, says Cicero. 

340. atque illae . . . diiudicatae sint : these words are thought to be 
a transcriber's explanation of what precedes, afterwards creeping into 
the text by mistake. 

343. uno : strengthens the superlatives. post : since. 

345. quale bellum, such a war as, quo in bello : a ivar in which. 
Note the Latin tendency to incorporate the antec. in the rel. clause. 

346. lex: principle. 

347. salva, salvi : the words in a slightly different sense, the former 
referring to the salvation of the state, the latter to these persons' 
solvency. 

348. in hostium numero ducerentur : should be regarded as (lit. in the 
number of) enemies, G. 340, n, 1 (end) ; II. 362, 2, N. 3. 



l6& NOTES 

350. tantum : {only) so many, lit. so much, with Part. Genitive. 

351. restitisset: should survive; Fut. Perfect in 0. 0. af ter putas- 
sent. 

354. pro : in return for. rebus : services, lit. circumstances. 

355. insigne : mark. 

360. eius modi, quod possint : Characteristic Subjunctive. 

361. memoria : Abl. of Means. So sermonibus and monumentis. 

363. litter arum monumentis : records of literature. 

364. eandemque diem . . . consulatus mei : and I am sure that one 
and the same period (diem) — which I trust shall prove everlasting — has 
been extended both for the safety, etc. He means that the continued 
existence of the government must always remind the world of his 
consulship. 

367. alter, alter : the former refers to Pompey, the latter to himself. 
371. est : belong to, attach to, with Poss. Genitive (rerum). quae 

illorum : as (to the deeds) of those. 

373. isti : refers to the same persons as illorum above. hostis : 
Ace. Plural. 

374. vestrum : that is, your duty. ceteris : Dat. after prosunt. 
recte : adv. modifier of facta (right deeds). G. 437, R. ; A. & G. 207, 
c; H. 548, N. 2. 

375. mihi mea: emphatic by position and repetition ; translate 
after ne. providere : subject of est, and itself followed by a neg. 
Complementary Final Clause. mentes : this word with its modi- 
fiers is, like mihi mea, emphatic by position, but must be translated 
after ne. 

378. mihi ipsi : explain this Dative. G. 217 ; A. & G. 230 ; B. 
187, ii. b ; H. 384, 5. Translate : and yet, fellow -citizens, to me per- 
sonally (ipsi) no harm can be done, etc. nihil is Ace. of Extent in 
Degree, but for convenience is to be translated as part of the subject. 

379. bonis : true patriots (the usual meaning in these Orations). 

381. dignitas : prestige. tacita: (though) silent, Concessive. 

382. neglegunt : disregard. 

383. est etiam nobis, etc. : I have even such a disposition (am so 
disposed) as not only to, etc. audaciae : Dative, not Genitive. 

385. ultro : voluntarily. He means he will be the aggressor, 
quod si : but if. 

387. convertit : Present for Future. 

388. qua condicione : i.e. on what footing the people wish them to 
stand. velitis : Subjv. in Ind. Question. obtulerint : expose, 
the Perfect Subjv. representing the Fut. Perfect after a Primary 
tense. 



FOUKTH ORATIOX AGAINST CATILINE 1 69 

389. mihi quidem ipsi : (as) for me personally, Dat. after ad- in com- 
position (adquiri). 

390. possit : why Subjunctive ? in honor e vestro : in the dis- 
tinction^) which you confer, lit. in your honor. 

392. videam: Subjv. after cum Causal. libeat: Characteristic 
Subjv. after the preceding neg. sentence with quicquam. 

393. illud : explained by the following Consecutive ut-clause. 

395. conservanda re publica : Abl. of Cause, invidia implying feeling 
or emotion. Observe here that the Perfect Pass. Part, might have 
been used (Abl. Abs.), but would have had a slightly different force, 
since it would have looked backward while the Gerundive looks for- 
ward, laedat . . . valeat : Asyndeton, some conjunction being 
(intentionally) omitted. 

396. in re publica : in public life. 

398. virtute : merit ; Abl. of Means. 

399. venerati: Perfect Part. (Xom. PL), but best translated as 
Present. 

402. aeque ac : just (lit. equally) as ; ac being used after the adverb 
of Likeness. 

403. id ne . . , faciendum sit : that it may not have to be done, etc. 



FOUKTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 
{In L. Catilinam Oratio Quarto) 

PREFATORY NOTE 

1. On December 5 (two days after delivering the preceding ora- 
tion), Cicero convened the Senate to ask its advice on the question, 
What should be done with the prisoners ? The meeting was held in 
the Temple of Concord, at the foot of the CapitolineHill, about which 
many citizens were gathered ready with arms to carry out the wishes 
of the consul. 

2. The Debate. To Silanus, as consul-elect, the question was put 
first (Introduction, §75). He advocated the death -penalty. Other 
Senators were then consulted in regular order until among the 
praetors-elect Caesar was asked for his views. While fully recogniz- 
ing the guilt of the men, Caesar warned the Senate against taking 
any step which they might afterwards have reason to regret. He 
therefore proposed life imprisonment for the culprits, and confisca- 



1 70 NOTES 

tion of their property. Shortly after Caesar's speech, Cicero m 
chairman rose, and in his Fourth Oration against Catiline summed 
up these two opinions, somewhat as a judge might sum up the argu- 
ments in a case at court. Caesar's proposal had made a deep impres- 
sion upon the Senate, and seemed likely to prevail, when young Cato, 
a tribune-elect, sprang to his feet, and in severe terms denounced all 
half-way measures. The conspirators, he said, were criminals, caught 
in the act, and deserved summary punishment. An effort was made 
to adjourn the Senate before taking any action but failed, and Cato's 
motion for immediate execution was carried by a large majority. 

3. The Execution. Without loss of time Cicero adjourned the 
Senate, and proceeded to carry out the sentence. He ordered that 
the prisoners should be brought from their places of confinement, and 
led to the door of the ancient dungeon known as the Tullianum, a 
large oblong underground chamber with a smaller dungeon, circular 
in shape, beneath. As each prisoner was brought to this place, lie 
was thrust down into the lower chamber, and there strangled by the 
executioners (tresviri capitales). When the fifth and last man was 
thus executed, the consul departed, and on his way through the Forum 
said to the wondering citizens whom he met, Vixerunt (' They have 
lived/ i.e. they live no longer). 

4. Legality of the Executions. For nineteen centuries men have de- 
bated the question whether the executions were legal or not without 
having reached a definite conclusion. A schoolbook may, therefore, 
well leave the matter undiscussed. Nevertheless there are certain 
well-ascertained facts relating to the case which should be noted here. 
It is known, for example, that it was an old principle in the Koman 
law that no citizen might be put to death without the assent of the 
people ; and that this principle had been reaffirmed in a law of the 
tribune Gaius Sempronius Gracchus in 123 B.C. (hence called a lex 
Sempronia i as usual, after the gentile name of the proposer). 

(1) Now Cicero made the point that the conspirators were not citi- 
zens, but enemies, and as such were not entitled to the protection of 
a law made for citizens. If it was true that they had forfeited their 
citizenship, then Cicero's contention was correct; but this "if" in- 
volves one of the very points at issue. In the case of Catiline and 
Manlius, there could be no doubt : they were self-confessed enemies, 
being already in Etruria with an army ready to strike ; but how with 
Lentulus, Cethegus, and the rest of the conspirators in the city ? The 
letters which they had written and which Cicero had intercepted, 
pointed clearly to the existence of a plot of a dangerous kind, but the 
writers had not actually done anything, had not been caught in any 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE IJl 

overt act, and hence they were entitled to the benefit at least of a trial 
in court. It should be remembered also that the Senate was not a 
judicial body, and hence could not pass upon the questions involved. 

(2) On the other hand, it is also known that in times of grave peril 
the Senate passed, as it did in this instance, its ultimum decretum, 
or extreme decree, authorizing the consuls to "see to it that the 
commonwealth suffered no harm." The exact extent of the powers 
conferred on the consuls by such a decree is not clear now, and was 
not clear even in that day. Some said that it gave the consul plenary 
powers even to carry out the death-penalty, if need be, without trial. 
The democrats questioned this interpretation. 

In a strict interpretation of the laws, therefore, the legality of the 
executions is still an open question ; and yet few persons would deny 
that Cicero in putting to death Lentulus, Cethegus, and their accom- 
plices acted in the only way in which he could crush the uprising. 
His course was generally approved by the people, who showed their 
approval by hailing him as savior of his country. 

5. Defeat and Death of Catiline. The vigorous course pursued by 
the consul frightened the followers of Catiline, and caused the rebel 
army in Etruria to waste away. Nevertheless Catiline, who never 
lacked courage, rallied his 3,000 desperate men about him near 
Pistoria (twenty miles from Faesulae), and there, while trying to re- 
treat to Gaul, was crushed between two Roman armies, one commanded 
by the praetor Q. Metellus Celer, the other by a lieutenant under 
Cicero's colleague Antonius. 



4. iucunda : pleasing ; grata : welcome. 

5. voluntas: i.e. good-will. 

7. mihi (emphatic position) si haec, etc. : for my part, if these were 
the terms on which the consulship ivas given to me ; lit. if this condi- 
tion of the consulship, etc. 

10. dum modo . . . pariatur : explain the use of dum modo. See Note 
on Cat. i. 9, 22 (1. 277). The verb is Singular because dignitas sa- 
lnsque expresses a single complex notion. 

12. non : the negative is repeated for rhetorical effect, and placed 
before the emphatic word in each instance. This repetition is called 
Anaphora. forum : the Forum was surrounded by various public 
buildings, among them the courts of justice ; hence the word aequitas. 

13. campus : the consular elections were held in the Campus Mar- 
tins, and, like every important step in the life of the Romans, were 
preceded by the ceremony of taking the auspices ; hence the Campus 

23 



1 7 '2 2STOTES 

is here spoken of as consecrated with the consular auspices (consulari- 
bus auspiciis consecratus). curia: called summum auxilium, etc., 

because the Senate shaped the foreign policy of the country. 

16. sella curulis : see Introduction, §55. 

17. fuit : Singular predicate with several subjects because each is 
considered apart from the others. multa tacui : have suppressed 
much. See Note on Cat. i. 12, 29 (1. 351). 

18. meo quodam dolore : Abl. of Manner, but best translated, at the 
cost of some pain to myself. in : in the midst of. 

20. ut : with eriperem (1. 24), forming a Consecutive clause, explain- 
ing the words hunc exitum (1. 19). G. 557 ; A. & G. 332, /; H. 501, 
1.2. 

25. subeatur: Subjv. for Imperative (Opt. Subjv.) with the preced- 
ing rel. clause as its subject, the whole being the Apodosis of the 
Logical (simple) Condition whose Protasis is si . . . voluerunt (11. 19, 
20). 

26. fatale : destined. 

27. cur non laeter : Potential Rhetorical Question, implying its own 
answer. consulatum . . . exstitisse : what other construction may 
follow verbs of Emotion ? Principal Parts of exstitisse (not from 
exsto) 1 

r 30. consulite vobis : distinguish between Dat. and Ace. when used 
with this verb. 

34. debeo: I must (cannot help). pro eo ac: in proportion as. 
G. 643 ; A. &G. 234, a, n. 2 ; B. 341, 1, c; H. 554, 1. 2, n. 

35. relaturos esse gratiam (with mini above) : will reward me. si 
quid obtigerit : Fut. Perfect (translated as Pres.) in the Protasis of 
a Logical (simple) Condition. 

36. aequo animo, etc. : Ablative of Manner. 

37. immatura consulari: a premature (death) to a consular t i.e. one 
who has once enjoyed the consulship can have no higher ambition. 

38. sapienti: to a philosopher, i.e. the philosopher is indifferent to 
everything external, even to death. This was a tenet of the Stoics, 
who taught the sternest morality. ille ferreus qui . . . movear : so 
iron-hearted as not to be influenced : Characteristic Subjv. following 
Mie Demonstrative pronoun ille. 

39. fratris : his brother Quintus Cicero, at this time praetor-elect. 
A few years later he served with Caesar in his Gallic war. 

41. neque meam mentem non, etc. : note in this sentence the two 
negatives, making a strong affirmative, and the several subjects with 
their modifiers, filling three or four lines. It is best to translate non 
fail to, and treat the whole sentence as if passive, taking mentem as 



POUKTH ORATIOX AGAIXST CATIL1KB 173 

subject and the real subjects as agents (by) : nor do my thoughts 
(mentem) fail to be recalled, etc. The position of non makes domum 
the emphatic word. 

42. uxor: Terentia, by whom he had two children — Tullia (filia), 
probably fourteen years old, and Marcus, only two (parvolus nlius). 

44. ille : by him (keeping up the passive translation). 

46. gener: C. Calpurnius Piso Frugi, the first husband of Tullia. 
As he was not a member of the Senate at this time, he was probably 
standing near the door of the temple with the crowd that attended 
this session of the Senate. moveor : the position of the word 
emphasizes Cicero's contradiction of the negative statement — I am 
indeed influenced. in earn partem uti : to the end that, with a 
Complementary Consecutive clause. 

47. vobiscum : the Senate ; omnes : his family. oppresserit (Fat. 
Perfect) : crush. 

48. una : general, lit. one. peste : ruin. 

49. pereamus: Subjv. on account of the idea of (negative) Design 
involved. G. 644, R. 3, a. 

52. non Ti. Gracchus, etc. : (it is) not Tiberius Gracchus for wish- 
ing as he did (lit. because he wished), etc , not Gains Gracchus for 
attempting, etc., etc., (that) is brought, etc. For the story of the 
Gracchi and of Saturninus, read Introduction, §§10, 17, 18, and 19. 

53. agrarios : the agrarian party, i.e. the adherents of the younger 
Gracchus in his measures providing for the allotment of public lands 
to the poorer classes of citizens. 1 

54. Memmium : a candidate for the consulship in 100 b.c murdered 
at the instance of Saturninus. I 

55. in discrimen aliquod : to some test or other. The Indefinite pro- 
noun makes the phrase vague, as was probably intended in deprecia- 
tion of the former danger in contrast with the present. 

56. iudicium : the bar, lit. judgment. tenentur ei qui, etc. : in 
our power are those who, etc. ad : for, expressing Design. 

57. omnium: while with this word Cicero regularly uses the Geni- 
tive forms nostrum and vestrum (rather than nostri and vestri), yet 
sometimes instead of the personal pronouns in the Gen. case he uses 
the possessive forms noster and vester. We have, for example, de 
nostro omnium interitu (Cat. 1. 4, 9), but vitamque omnium vestrum (Gat. 
in. 1, 1), and again in the present passage the possessive rather than 
the Genitive. 

61. ut interfectis omnibus (Abl. Abs.) nemo . . . relinquatur : coordi- 
nate in translating (although strictly the Abl. Abs. is subordinate, of 
course) — that all (of us) may be put to death and not a man be left, 



174 NOTES 

etc. ne . . . quidem here simply strengthens the general neg. nemo 

and should be translated affirmatively — even. Note the exceptional 
use here of ut nemo instead of ne quis in a Final clause. 

64. rei : the accused men. 

65. multis iudiciis: i.e. by its decrees as explained in the following 
words. 

66. gratias egistis : thanked. 

68. Lentulum . . . coegistis : see Note on Cat. in. 6, 14 (1. 177). 

71. meo nomine : in my honor. 

72. honos : the antec. incorporated in the rel. clause. Translate : 
an honor which. togato : explain the meaning. nemini : 
Dat. of Agent. 

77. referre ad vos . . . integrum . . . et de facto quid, etc. : to lay before 
you, as if still an open question, both what your decision is concerning 
the fact, etc. The Subjunctives iudicetis and censeatis indicate In- 
direct Questions depending on referre. 

79. quae sunt consulis : which a consul should ; lit. are the consul's, 
Possessive Genitive. 

80. versari: was rife. nova: revolutionary schemes, lit. neu) 
things. 

81. misceri : were brewing. concitari mala : mala is the Aec. 
subject of concitari, yet like the Ace. of the Inner Object gets its sub- 
stantive idea from the verb. Translate : a wicked turmoil caused. 

85. delatum sit: Subjunctive in Ind. Question, depending on videtis. 

86. huic : refers to facinus of the preceding sentence. adfinis : 
Ace. Plural. 

87. opinione: account for this Ablative. G. (L. Ed.) 398, n. 1 ; A. 
& G. 247, b ; B. 217, 4 ; H. 417, n. 5. Translate : than you suppose. 

89. serpens: participle. 

90. sustentando : by withholding your hands ; prolatando : by pro- 
crastination. Both are Ablatives of Means. 

91. ratione: method. With placet, supply vindicare from the fol- 
lowing clause. 

92. sententias : the regular word for the views expressed by a sen- 
ator on a public question or the vote by which he declared his views. 
Translate : views, or proposals. D. Silani : (that) of D. Silanus. 
G. 308, R. 3 ; A. & G. 195, b; B. 247, 3 ; H. 451, 1. See Prefatory 
Note, §2. 

93. haec : meaning here ? See the Vocabulary. 

94. Caesaris : what was his rank at this time ? See Prefatory 
Note, %2. 

95. removet: sets aside (rejects); amplectitur: includes. 



FOURTH ORATlOK AGAIXST CATILIKE 1 75 

96. uterque : regularly Singular when referring to individuals, 
being Plural only of sets or parties. pro : suitably to. Caesar 
as praetor-elect had the consulship before him as the only honor 
remaining to complete the cursus honorum. 

97. in . . . versatur : lit. is engaged in, i.e. advocates. The word 
admits of various translations. alter : one, subject of putat. 

98. conati sunt : Indicative because Cicero's words, not a part of 
the quotation. qui : notice the rhetorical repetition of this word 
in this and succeeding lines. See Note on 1. 12. 

100. punctum : Accusative of Extent in Time. temporis : Parti- 

tive Genitive. 

103. alter intellegit, etc. Cicero contends that Silanus in recom- 
mencing the death-penalty is really less severe than Caesar, who advo- 
cated life-imprisonment as the proper punishment of the conspirators. 
At the same time he interprets the course of each Senator in his own 
way. He says, for example, that Silanus recollects (recordatur) that 
there are precedents for his proposal, although it does not appear 
that Silanus had mentioned them, and he declares that Caesar is 
aware (intellegit) that death is often a blessing, etc., of which the 
prisoners were unworthy, deserving rather all the pains of perpetual 
imprisonment. 

107. et ea : and that. ad : for, expressing Design. singu- 

larem : special. 

109. dispertiri : with eos understood for its subject. He means 
that they should be scattered by giving them over in custody to the 
various provincial towns. iubet : not orders. habere : to 
involve. iniquitatem : a hardship. 

110. si velis : lit. if you should wish, that is, if one would : Ideal 
Second Person. G. 595, r. 3. " It would be unfair to force the towns 
to be responsible for the prisoners' safe keeping, while a mere re- 
quest to this effect would meet with questionable success," is his 
meaning. 

112. qui . . . putent : Characteristic relative clause with Indefinite 
Antecedent. 

113. esse suae dignitatis : Predicate Genitive. G. 366, R. 1 ; A. & 
G. 214, c; B. 198, 3 ; H. 402. adiungit : adds. Notice the em- 
phatic position, implying, "But this is not all, for he also proposes," 
etc. 

114. ruperit : probably Pf. Subjv., representing Fut. Perfect in 
Caesar's direct words, but note that the two forms are the same. 

115. horribilis (Ace. PI.) : because demanding great severity. 

116. eorum : this word limits poenam and is antecedent of quos. 



1/6 NOTES 

117. per senatum : that is, through its decrees. per populum : 

that is, through measures passed in the Comitia. 

120. multos uno (supply dolore) : side by side for contrast. 

122. itaque : and so. The sentiment here expressed, that the idea 
of future punishment was a mere bugaboo invented by ancient writers 
(antiqui) to frighten would-be offenders, does not accord with what 
Cicero has written elsewhere. It is to be remembered, however, that 
he is merely summing up the views of Silanus and Caesar, and it is 
very evident that he is doing his utmost to make it appear that death 
for the prisoners would be true mercy both to them and to their 
countrymen. 

124. voluerunt : maintained. 

125. eis remotis = si ea (i.e. supplicia) remota essent, representing 
the Fut. Perfect in 0. 0. after a Past (intellegebant). 

127. ego mea : emphatic by repetition and juxtaposition. mea 

. . . intersit : is to my personal interest. G. 381, 2 ; A. & G. 222, a; 
B. 211, i, a; H. 408, i. 2. 

129. in re publica : in public life. popularis : political term for 
democrat as opposed to the optimates, or aristocrats, who were iden- 
tified with the Senate. 

130. hoc . . . cognitore (Abl. Abs.) : with him as the author and ad- 
vocate. 

131. populares : popular, i.e. of the people. sin: supply eritis 
secuti. How is this conjunction regularly used ? 

132. nescio an: I do not know but. G. 457, 2; A. & G. 210, /, r. ; 
B. 300, 5 ; H. 529, 3, n. 2. negoti: trouble, Part. Genitive with 
amplius. 

133. rationes: considerations. 

134. vincat : let .. .prevail over (outweigh). ipsius : Ms own, as 
distinguished from that of the maiorum. 

135. postulabat : Singular predicate with two subjects, the latter 
forming a single complex idea. 

136. obsidem : guarantee, lit. hostage. 

137. intellectum est : it was seen, that is, when Caesar spoke in the 
debate. quid inter esset : what a difference there is. contiona- 
torum: agitators, those who addressed the people in the contio for 
selfish purposes. 

138. saluti: iv el fare. 

139. de istis : — eorum, Partitive with non neminem, some, or perhaps 
here, one. Cicero seems to have had in mind particularly Metellus 
Nepos, the tribune-elect, and creature at this time of Pompey, who 
was offended because Cicero had dealt with the present trouble single- 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 1 77 

handed, failing to call on Pompey to suppress the threatened out- 
break. A few weeks later, as Cicero was about to make the usual 
farewell speech at the close of his consulship on the last day of 
December, 63 B.C., this same Metellus, as tribune, interposed with 
the declaration that he who had deprived Roman citizens of their 
right of appeal to the people (referring to the execution of the con- 
spirators) had no right to address the people. 

140. de capite . . . sententiam ferat : cast a vote concerning the civil 
rights, etc. 

143. The order is : iam hoc nemini dubium est quid qui (he who) de- 
crevit custodiam reo, etc., iudicarit de tota re et causa, iudicarit is the 
Subjv. in Ind. Question, and its subject is the preceding rel. clause. 

145. re: the fact ; causa: the case (in its legal aspects). 

146. legem Semproniam : i.e. the law of C. Gracchus, whose gentile 
name was Sempronius. 

149. latorem : that is, C. Gracchus. iussu populi : as this is not 
true, some have supposed that Cicero said rather iniussu {without the 
order), which certainly makes the sense clearer. If C. Gracchus, says 
Cicero (according to the changed reading), who proposed the law, 
was put to death without appeal, all the more may the present of- 
fenders be so treated. 

150. idem: he also, i.e. Caesar. G. 310 ; A. & G. 195, e; B. 248, 
1 ; II. 451, 3. largitorem et prodigum: Concessive, implying 
"with all his extravagance in courting the good-will of the 
people." 

153. popularem: a friend of the people. 

156. se iactare : to make a parade, i.e. in order to gain credit for 
political purposes. 

158. ut omnis animi cruciatus (Ace. PL), etc.: that even poverty and 
beggary may follow (be added to) every, etc. 

160. hoc : Caesar's proposal. Note the coincidence of attainment 
denoted by the Fut, Perfect in both the dependent and the principal 
clause (statueritis, dederitis). 

161. ad: before. 

164. obtinebo: I shall maintain (the view). 

165. tanti sceleris immanitate = tarn immani scelere: attribute (sub- 
stantive) used for attributive (adjective). 

166. de : by. G. 397, r. 

167. ita mihi . . . liceat, ut . . . moveor : lit. so may it be permitted me, 
etc., as I am moved, etc. ; more freely, as I hope to be permitted, etc., 
I am actuated, in being rather severe in this case, not by cruelty, etc. 
Observe the common form of Asseveration expressed by ita with the 



I78 NOTES 

Opt. Subjunctive (liceat) followed by ut with the Indicative (moveor). 
G. 262 ; A. & G. 267 ; B. 279 ; H. 483, 4. 

170. videor mihi : I fancy. 

173. animo: i.e. with my mind's eye, Ablative of Means. 

175. bacchantis : as lie revels, lit. revelling. cum vero mihi pro- 

posui . . . perhorresco : but whenever I picture to myself ; lit. have placed 
before myself, etc., Iterative Action in Present time. G. 567 ; A. 
& G. 322 ; compare B. 288, 3, and H. 518, N. 2. 

177. purpuratum: suggesting the oriental form of despotism with 
courtiers robed in purple. Of course, in republican Rome the mere 
thought of a king was hateful. huic : i.e. Lentulo, Dat. of Advan- 

tage — for him, implying at his side. 

185. sumpserit: the Latin says "take" where the English says 
inflict punishment. For the mood and tense, compare Note on 1. 114 
above (ruperit). 

186. utrum . . . an . . . videatur : explain the construction. G. 460 
and 458 ; A. & G. 211 and d; B. 162, 4 ; H. 353, 1. 

187. mihi : supply videtur. The word is emphatic by position — to 
my mind. 

188. qui non . . . lenierit : Causal rel. clause. nocentis suum : the 
two words side by side for contrast between the culprit and his 
victim. 

189. in : in the case of (as often). qui, qui, qui : see Note on 
1. 12 above. 

192. id egerunt, ut, etc. : have aimed at this, (namely) to set up, 
etc. 

195. sin : account for the use of this word. 

197. nisi vero : ironical (as usual)— unless indeed. L. Caesar : 

not the well-known Caesar, but a relative. He was consul the year 
before this. His sister, referred to in this passage, was Julia, who 
had been twice married — first to M. Antonius Creticus (father of Mark 
Antony), and after his death to the present conspirator, Lentulus ; 
hence the word virum, husband, in the text (1. 200). 

201. avum suum: M. Fulvius Flaccus was the maternal grandfathei 
of Lucius Caesar. As an adherent of Gaius Gracchus, he perished in 
the riot of 121 B.C. with his leader. 

202. filiumque eius : son to Flaccus, and uncle to L. Caesar. The 
fact that Lucius Caesar, Cicero means, could in his speech have con- 
demned his own relative Lentulus, comparing his case with that of 
his grandfather and uncle, was a strong argument in favor of the 
death-penalty. The younger Flaccus here referred to had been sent 
by the party of Gracchus to the consul Opimius in order, if possible, 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 1 79 

to make terms with the senatorial party, but was thrown into prison 
by the consul and afterwards murdered. 

203. quorum quod (interrog.) simile factum: what deed of t%eira 
(quorum, lit. of whom) was like (the present crime) ? 

205. voluntas : the spirit, lit. intent. versata est : was rife. 
For the historical facts, see Introduction, §§16, 17. 

206. contentio : rivalry. avus Lentuli : P. Cornelius Lentulus, 
consul in 162 B.C. and a leader of the senatorial party in the time 
of Gracchus. 

207. ille : i.e. the grandfather ; hie in the next sentence refers to the 
present Lentulus, the grandson. 

211. trucidandos : to be butchered. G. 430; A. & G. 294, d; B. 337, 
7, b, 2; H. 544, 2, n. 2. 

213. vereamini, censeo : you must surely be afraid, I think ; ironical. 

219. exaudio : this word implies indistinctness of hearing on account 
of distance or surrounding noise. It seems to refer here to whispers 
exchanged between the Senators. 

221. ut: meaning after verbs of Fearing ? G. 550, 2; A. & G. 331, 
/; B. 296, 2 ; H. 498, in. n. 1. 

222. ad : with transigunda, expressing Design. 
224. cum . . . turn : not only . . . but also. 

231. sentirent : Characteristic Subjunctive after the superlative 
sola. unum atque idem : see Note on 1. 302 below. 

232. cum viderent : seeing. 

234. in . . . numero habendos : for the meaning of this phrase, see 
Note on Cat. in. 10, 25 (1. 348). 

236. ceteri (vero) : subject of consentiunt (are united), but on account 
of its emphatic position best translated, but as for the rest, i.e. the 
other citizens. 

237. ad: that is, to promote. 

239. equites : the class from which Cicero himself was sprung, and 
for which he always has a word of praise. commemorem : should 
I mention, Potential Rhetorical Question. 

240. ita . . . ut : only to. G. 552, R. 3; A. & G. 319, b. 

242. huius ordinis : with (lit. of) this order, i.e. the Senate. con- 

cordiam: Cicero prided himself on bringing the two great orders of 
Rome into harmony at this time. The coalition, however, was the 
result only of a community of interests in a period of danger. So long 
as Catiline was plotting against the existing status, the Knights as the 
rich men of Rome with much at stake naturally acted with the Sen- 
ate in upholding the government and thwarting his revolutionary 
schemes ; after the conspiracy was crushed, the old jealousies revived, 



l80 KOTES 

and the "harmony of the orders" proved to be without any perma- 
nence of character. Three years after this speech, Pompey, to whom 
Cicero looked for cooperation in guiding the fortunes of his "new 
party," joined Caesar and Crassus in forming the First Triumvirate. 

244. quam si : resolve the relative into demonstrative and conjunc- 
tion — and if this. 

245. confirmatam : made sure, established. 

246. confirmo: I assure. 

248. defendundae : in defending, lit. of defending. 

249. tribunos aerarios : revenue officers of one kind or another, with 
a rank just beneath the equestrian order. scribas: government 
clerks. This speech was delivered on December 5, the day on which 
(hie dies) the newly elected quaestors regularly entered upon their of- 
ficial duties (Introduction, §53). On this first day of their official term 
they drew lots to determine their respective fields of duty, the cere- 
mony taking place in the treasury building (aerarium). Cicero says 
that notwithstanding their personal interest in this ceremony, the 
clerks had left the treasury building to attend as patriotic spectators 
the great debate going on in the Senate. 

254. non : as usual, preceding the words to be emphasized. 

256. cum . . . turn : see Note on 1. 224. sit : Subjv. of Charac- 
teristic after the interrogative quis est, two lines above. 

257. operae pretium : worth ivhile. 

259. virtute : personal merit. huius civitatis : of our franchise, 
lit. of this citizenship. He means that by meritorious conduct they 
had gained (consecuti) the rights of citizenship. 

260. patriam : Pred. substantive after an implied copula. Trans- 
late : look upon this as their native land. loco: rank, Abl. of 
Origin. G. 395 ; A. & G. 244, a; B. 215 ; H. 415, n. 

263. communis res publica : the general welfare. 

265. qui modo ... sit : be he only {provided he be). Account for the 
construction. G. 627, u. 1 ; A. & G. 320, d; B. 283, 5; H. 503, n. 1. 

266. tolerabili condicione : Ablative of Quality. 

267. perhorrescat : Subjv. of Characteristic after the negative ex- 
pression nemo est. So cupiat and conferat following. haec : these 
(institutions). 

268. quantum audet . , . potest : these clauses have the force of neuter 
Accusatives with the Part. Genitive voluntatis — as much of his good 
will as he dares and as he can. For the Indie, see G. 629, r. (a) ; A. 
&G. 342, a; H. 529, 11. N. 1. 

270. si quern . . . commovet : for convenience translate as if passive — 
if any one of you is perchance disturbed by that which, etc. hoc 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE l8l 

quod auditum est : this is explained by the following Ace. and Inf. 
(lenonem, etc.). 
271. circum : round to, or (with concursare) is running the rounds of. 

273. quidem: indeed, often (as here) followed by an adversative 
conjunction (sed). 

274. tarn . . . miseri . . . qui non . . . velint : the Subjv. is Characteristic 
after the Demonstrative adverb tarn. Translate : as not to wish. 

275. ilium : yonder, emphasized by the negative non preceding it. 
Cicero probably pointed to some such shops within sight along the 
Forum. sellae : i.e. the workman's bench. 

279. immo vero : or rather, the following words heightening the 
previous statement. 

280. genus : class. oti : peace. 

282. quorum si quaestus : resolve the rel. as usual — and if their 
profits, etc. The two Ablative Absolute phrases, occlusis tabernis, 
incensis (sc. tabernis), may be resolved into cum- or si-clauses. Hence, 
the last part of this sentence stands for a disguised Conditional (Un- 
real, or contrary to fact), of which incensis is the Protasis (= si incensae 
essent) and futurum fuit is the Apodosis. Gr. 597, R. 3 ; B. 304, 3, b ; 
A. &G. 308, c; H. 511, 2. 

288. atque : and even. 

291. consentiunt : for meaning, see Note on 1. 236. impiae : 

because planned by citizens, her own children. Piety with the 
Romans meant reverence or respect for one's parents and, by transfer, 
one's country as well as for God. In English we retain the original 
meaning of the word in the expression " filial piety." 

294. ilium (yonder) ignem Vestae, etc. : the sacred fire was kept day 
and night upon the altar in the temple of Vesta by virgins who had 
dedicated themselves under vows of chastity to the service of the 
goddess. 

297. anima : translate as if Plural. 

300. quae facultas : an advantage which. 

301. id quod : the regular form for a rel. clause referring to a 
sentence (instead of a single word) as antecedent. Translate : some- 
thing that. 

302. unum atque idem sentientem : breathing one and the same senti- 
ment. Explain the Accusatives. See Note on Cat, 1. 12, 29 (1. 351). 

303. cogitate quantis . . . delerit : a compact and weighty sentence, 
typical of the Latin language, and to be rendered in English only 
by making two sentences of one. The grammatical predicate delerit is 
Subjv. because in an Tnd. Question, but the real predicate or main point 
of Cicero's question lies in the participles with their adjuncts. Trans- 



1 82 NOTES 

late : Think by how great labors the empire (was) founded, etc., (that) 
one night almost destroyed. He refers to the night on which the 
Allobroges were stopped at the Mulvian bridge. 
309. praecurritis : outstrip, 

311. functa: supply esse. consulari (adj.): — consulis (Gen. of 
substantive). 

312. ante quam redeo : G. 575 ; A. & G. 327, a; B. 291, i ; H. 520, 
i. I. 

313. quanta: rel., not interrog., which would have required the 
Subjv. of Ind. Question. quam: also rel., but best resolved into 
a demonstrative with " and " (and you see that it is very large). The 
meaning is, that every man engaged in the conspiracy which Cicero 
had put down would prove his personal enemy in future. 

317. plus valuerit : shall have more weight. 

318. me, factorum: account for the cases. G. 377 ; A. & G. 221, b; 
B. 209 ; H. 409, in. 

323. bene gesta : supply re publica, forming Abl. Abs. = quod res 
publica gesta est, giving the reason for the thanksgiving ; so con- 
servata re publica following. 

324. sit : this and the following Subjunctives are Concessive. G. 
264 ; A. & G. 266, c; B. 278 ; H. 484, in. Scipio: the elder 
Scipio, who defeated Hannibal at Zama in the Second Punic War 
(202 b.c). 

326. alter Africanus : the younger Scipio (adopted by the elder 
Scipio's son), who destroyed Carthage in 146 B.C. and Numantia (in 
Spain) in 133 b.c 

328. Paulus : father of the younger Scipio (the latter getting his 
name through adoption). He distinguished himself at Pydna (168 
b.c) in the Third Macedonian War. 

330. Marius qui bis, etc. : by his victories over the Teutones and the 
Cimbri. See Introduction, §18. 

332. Pompeius: see Note on Cat. n. 5, 11 (1. 137). isdem : con- 

strue with regionibus, etc. quibus solis cursus : supply continetur. 

334. aliquid loci : a modest phrase, although Cicero was not modest 
about his achievement. The Genitive is Partitive. gloriae ; 
Poss. Genitive as predicate. 

335. nisi forte: ironical. G. 591, r. 4 ; A. & G. 315, b; H. 507. 
3, N. 1. quo : whither, introducing a rel. clause of Design, hence the 
Subjv. possimus. So revertantur further on. 

337. uno loco : in one respect. 

338. quod, etc. : giving the reason why Cicero's victory in peace 
involved greater dangers than a general's victory won in war. 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILIXE 1 83 

339. oppressi serviunt : (when) crushed become our slaves. 

340. autem: while. 

342. cum reppuleris, . . . possis : Ideal Second Person, you in the sense 
of one, in a Temporal sentence, where cum = si. Observe the Iter- 
ative idea due to the association of a tense of completion (reppuleris, 
Pf. Subjv.) with a tense of continuance (possis, Pres. Subjv.). 

344. mihi : Dat. of Agent with the Pf . Pass. Participle susceptum. 

345. id : subject of posse near the end of the sentence. It refers 
to the warfare he expects to be waged upon him by his personal foes. 

348. haerebit : icill abide. 

349. neque ulla, etc. : was this prediction verified ? See Note on 
1. 242 above. 

351. conspirationem : not conspiracy, as the word bonorum shows; 
coniuratio is the word for " conspiracy." 

353. pro: in the place of. Cicero declined the provinces to which 
he was entitled at the close of his terms as praetor (66 B.C.) and consul 
(63 B.C.). If he had accepted them he would have been a propraetor 
or proconsul with imperium and an army. 

356. clientelis : if he had accepted a province, he might have formed 
valuable connections with the provincials, for the governor of a prov- 
ince, by winning the confidence of the community which he governed, 
often afterwards became its patronus, or legal representative in 
Rome. In such a case the provincials were called his " clients." 
hospitiis : ties of friendship. 

357. urbanis opibus : that is, by the influence which his prestige in 
the city gives him. 

358. tueor : guard (those already acquired) ; comparo : acquire (new 
ones). pro (meis studiis) : in return for. Observe the change in 
the meaning of pro from that in the preceding lines. 

362. quae dum : for so long as this, referring to memoriam. The 
relative here is resolved into ea enim. 

367. solius : Genitive to agree with the possessive idea in suo. 

373. habetis eum consulem qui, etc. : you have for consul one (lit. 
him) who, etc. The relative is Characteristic, hence the Subjv. du 
bitet, possit. 

375. per seipsum praestare : answer for on his own responsibility. 



1 84 NOTES 



THE DEFENCE OP AECHIAS 

{Pro Ar chia) 

PREFATORY NOTE 

1. The Pro Archia was delivered by Cicero in 62 B.C., the year 
after his consulship, in defence of the rights of his old friend Archias 
as a Roman citizen. It is perhaps, with the exception of the four 
speeches against Catiline, the most widely known of Cicero's speeches. 
Archias had been accused of usurping the rights of citizenship with- 
out legal authority. The charge had little foundation. It seems 
likely that the prosecution was inspired by the democratic friends of 
Pompey, between w T hom and the aristocratic friends of Archias, the 
Luculli, much friction had existed ever since the Manilian Law was 
passed, for by that law Pompey superseded L. Lucullus as com- 
mander in the Third Mithridatic War. 

2. Who Archias was. Archias was a Greek, born about 119 B.C. at 
Antioch (in Syria). In boyhood he was precocious, and gave rare 
promise as a poet. At the age of sixteen or seventeen he began to 
travel, and visited various cities in Asia Minor, Greece, and Southern 
Italy. Wherever he went, he was, according to Cicero, received with 
enthusiasm. 

3. In Borne. In 102 he came to Rome, where his ability and his 
personal attractions made for him many friends among the foremost 
families. With the Luculli he was especially intimate. He became 
an inmate of their house and took their gentile name Licinius with 
the praenomen Aulus, thus giving his Greek name Arcliias the Roman 
form of A. Licinius Arcliias. A few years after coming to Rome — 
just when cannot be said with certainty — he became interested in 
Cicero, about thirteen years his junior, who with his younger brother 
Quintus was attending school in Rome. To this personal interest 
shown by Archias, Cicero, in the opening words of his speech, attrib- 
utes his first inspiration to literary effort. 

4. At Heraclia. While travelling with M. Lucullus, Archias visited 
Heraclia, one of the Greek cities that gave to lower Italy its name of 
Magna Graecia. Heraclia honored its distinguished guest with the 
gift of citizenship, his friend Lucullus being present and assisting at 
the ceremony. The same honor had already been conferred on him 
by several other cities of Magna Graecia. 



THE DEFENCE OF ARCHIAS 1 85 

5. The Case. As a result of the Social War (Introduction, §20) two 
laws had been passed, by either of which Archias might have become 
a Roman citizen. These laws were (a) the lex Julia of 90 B.C., which 
provided that the inhabitants of any town which had not engaged in 
the Social War against Rome might, if it desired, be admitted collec- 
tively to the Roman franchise ; (b) the lex Plautia-Pa/pirid of 89 B.C., 
which provided that any individual might be so admitted, provided 
he fulfilled these three conditions : first, he must be a citizen of some 
federated city of Italy, i.e. of a city enjoying treaty relations with 
Rome ; secondly, he must have a domicilium, or fixed abode, in 
Italy ; thirdly, within sixty days after the law was passed, he must 
declare before a Roman praetor his purpose to become a Roman 
citizen. 

To prove his case, Archias used the provisions of the lex Plautia- 
Papiria, and claimed (1) that he possessed the civitas, or citizen- 
ship, of Heraclia (and really of four other cities besides) ; (2) that he 
had long been a resident of Rome ; and (3) that he had made the 
required declaration in due time before the praetor, Q. Metellus, 
in 89 B.C. 

The prosecution objected (i) that Archias could not produce the 
documentary evidence of the civitas of Heraclia, and (ii) that his 
name did not appear on the census books of Rome. In reply to the 
first objection, it was shown by the defence that the record office of 
Heraclia had been destroyed by fire during the Social War, so that 
it was true that Archias could not produce the documentary evidence 
of his being an Heracliot ; but, on the other hand, his friend Lu- 
cullus was a witness to the fact, and his evidence was corroborated 
by the best citizens of Heraclia, a delegation of whom was present at 
the trial for the purpose of testifying. As for the second objection, 
it was a well-known fact that the duty of taking the census of Rome 
(registering the names, the property, etc., of the citizens, for the 
purposes chiefly of taxation) had been generally neglected in recent 
years since personal taxation had been abolished; also, on the only 
two occasions (in 86 and 70 B.C.) when the censors had performed this 
duty, Archias was absent from the city. Everybody, however, knew 
that Archias had been a resident of Rome for many years, and had 
availed himself of the rights of citizenship without objection from any 
quarter. 

6. The Speech. As was said above, the prosecution had little foun- 
dation on which to rest its accusation ; hence, while the fact is not 
definitely recorded, it is morally certain that Cicero won his case. 
The interest of the speech, however, does not rest upon its merits ag 



1 86 NOTES 

a legal argument, but rather upon its character as the utterance of 
an ancient Roman on the glories and pleasures of literature. 



1. The opening sentence consists of three Protases, each followed 
by a relative clause, and an Apodosis beginning with the words earum 
rerum (1. 6). est in me : — habeo, denoting Possession of Quali- 
ties, iudices : the case was tried before a jury with a praetor 
(Cicero- s own brother Quintus) as presiding judge. quod sentio 
quam sit exiguum : and I am aware how slight this is, the relative 
being resolved into conjunction and demonstrative. 

2. exercitatio dicendi : readiness of speech. 

3. huiusce rei : that is, dicendi. ratio : theoretical knowledge. 

4. profecta : proceeding, that is, derived from. 

5. aetatis : life. abhorruisse : has been free. 

6. vel : even, strengthening the superlative. hie : my ^client, a 
frequent use of the Demonstrative of the First Person. A. Lici- 
nius : the advocate calls his client by his Roman name for effect. 

7. fructum repetere : demand a return (as of something due). quoad 
longissime : as far bach as, lit. up to the time that farthest. 

9. ultimam : earliest, lit. farthest from the present. inde usque 
repetens : looking back from that time on. Notice that the verb is 
intransitive here, and has a different meaning from that in 1. 7 above. 

10. mini principem : my chief adviser, predicate after exstitisse. 

13. non nullis . . . saluti: G. 356 ; A. & G. 233, a; B. 191, 2 ; H. 
390. a quo : to be translated after its antecedent huic further on 
— surely (profecto) to that very man from whom, etc. 

14. quo : with which, Abl. of Means. The relative is followed by 
Subjv. of Characteristic (possemus). opitulari : help ; servare : 
save. The words are afterwards echoed in opem and salutem. Note 
the difference between ceteris, all the others, and alios, some others. 

15. quantum est situm in nobis : as far as lies in our (my) power ; 
lit. as much as is situated in us. quantum is Ace. of Extent. 

16. ac ne quis, etc.: the thought is — "You may be surprised at my 
attributing to Archias a poet so much of my success as an orator ; 
but since all the arts that pertain to culture are really related to one 
another, I have not confined my attention to oratory." 

17. quod ... sit : Subjv. in Partial Obliquity, being the implied 
thought of his audience. in hoc sit : — hie habeat, referring to 
Archias. See Note on est in me above (1. 1). 

18. neque : split in translating — and not. ratio : meaning as 
in 1. 3 above. ne nos quidem : we (I) too. . .not. 



THE DEFENCE OF ARCHIAS 1 87 

19. penitus : that is, exclusively. dediti fuimus : for the use of 

fuimus instead of sumus, see G. 250, r. ; and compare A. & G. 291, b, 
r., and H. 471, 6, n. 1. 

22. inter se : see Note on Cat. in. 5, 13 (1. 162). 

23. cui : Indefinite pronoun. vestrum : Partitive Genitive (not 
vestri). in quaestione legitima : in a legal inquiry, that is to say, 
a case in court. iudicio : trial. 

24. cum : Concessive, but it may be translated when. 

25. apud : before. praetorem : see Note on iudices above (1. 1). 
Quintns Cicero was a man of some literary pretensions, though better 
known as a soldier. 

26. tanto conventu . . .frequentia: Abl. Abs., but best translated as 
Abi. of Place Where (which takes in as a rule) — in so crowded an 
assemblage (Hendiadys) ; lit. the assemblage and crowding being so 
great. 

27. uti : verb, its subject being me in 1. 23. quod a consuetudine 
. . . abhorreat : which is foreign to {inconsistent with), subordinate 
clause in Indirect Discourse, depending on mirum videatur (1. 23). 

29. quaeso a vobis : I beseech you, the words beginning the main 
clause of the sentence. 

30. veniam : indulgence, favor. quern ad modum : as. 

31. ut me . . . patiamini : Complementary Final clause, explaining 
the favor asked for. 

32. hoc concursu : Abl. Abs., as also the following hac humanitate 
and hoc praetore exercente, but all three may be freely translated — 
before this gathering, etc., before (men of) your culture, finally before 
this praetor presiding over the court. 

35. in: in the case of. persona: character. The term is bor- 
rowed from the stage ; so tractata est, has been represented. 

36. otium ac studium : {a life of) studious leisure, Hendiadys. 

37. uti : in the same construction as loqui two lines above, the two 
Infinitives with their subject me depending on patiamini. 

38. quod si: and if this. tribui: granted; concedi: yielded. 

39. sentiam, perficiam: Future Indie, in Logical Condition. The 
latter is followed by a Complementary Consecutive clause, ut . . . pute- 
tis. G. 553, 1 ; A. & G. 332 ; B. 284 ; H. 501. 

40. segregandum : supply esse. cum : notwithstanding, Con- 
cessive. 

41. si non : instead of nisi and according to rule. G. 591, (a) 1 and 
2 ; A. & G. 315, a, 1 ; B. 306, 2 ; H. 508, 3. asciscendum fuisse : 
Apodosis of an Unreal (contrary to fact) Condition, depending on 
putetis, with si non esset for its Protasis. The direct form would be 



1 88 NOTES 

asciscendus fuit. G. 597, R. 3 ; A. & G. 308, c; B. 304, 3, b; H. 

511,2. 

42. ex pueris excessit : passed out of boyhood; lit. passed out of the 
boys. 

44. contulit : coordinate with excessit, both following ut primum. 
Antiochiae : the capital of Syria. The case is Locative ; observe that 
its appositive urbe following is Ablative. G. 411, r. 2 (3); A. & G. 
184, c ; B. 169, 4 ; H. 363, 4, 2. 

45. loco: rank, Abl. of Origin (not appositive to Antiochiae). cele- 
bri : populous. 

46. hominibus : this word depends on adfluenti ; so studiis. 

47. adfluenti : in the same construction as celebri and copiosa. oji- 
nibus : Dat. after ante in composition (antecellere). 

48. contigit : it was his fortune, lit. it happened. post : ad- 
verb. 

49. adventus : Plural, implying successive visits to the various cities 
in Asia and Greece. For a similar reason the Impf. celebrabrantur is 
used. G. 231 ; A. & G. 277 ; B. 260 ; H. 469. 

50. ipsius : Distinctive pronoun, contrasting the real man with his 
reputed self. 

51. Italia: particularly in the south, where there were so many 
Greek colonies that it was called Magna Graecia. tunc : that is, 
in the interval between the last of the Gracchan disturbances (121 B.C.) 
and the Social War (90-88 B.C.) with the succeeding struggles between 
the Marians and Sulla (88-82 B.C.). 

55. hunc : my client here. et : observe that this conjunction 
occurs four times in the sentence. The first and the fourth et may 
for convenience be translated not only . . .but also. 

56. civitate : ivith citizenship. For the case, see G. 348 ; A. & G. 
225, d; B. 187, 1. a; H. top of page 198. 

57. aliquid : implying a higher standard than the use of quid (or 
quicquam) would have done, as in English something means more than 
anything. ingeniis : ivories of genius. Abstracts often become 
concrete in the Plural. 

58. hac tanta celebritate famae: Abl. Abs., supplemented by the 
following cum-clause, giving the Circumstances of his arrival (not pure 
Time, which would require the Indicative). 

59. absentibus : that is, to those ivhom he had not yet met. 

; 60. consule : Singular for Plural, agreeing with Mario as the more 
important of the two names — when Marius ivas consul with (lit. and) 
Catulus. nactus est, etc. : hit upon, implying that Archias was 

lucky in the time of his coming to Rome* 



THE DEFENCE OF ARCHIAS 1 89 

62. studium atque amis: enthusiasm and taste, lit. zeal and ears 
(the ear being the organ of taste in music, rhythm, etc.). 

63. posset : Characteristic Subjunctive. praetexxatus : Roman 
boys wore the toga praetexta until seventeen years of age. Cicero 
uses the word with a double object — to indicate the period of life to 
which it applied, and also to produce a favorable effect by speaking 
of Archi as as if a native of Rome. 

64. domum suam : G. 337, R. 3 ; A. & G. 258, b, x. 1 ; B. 182, 1, b ; 
H. 380, 2. 

65. ingeni ac litterarum : Hendiadys, the second word narrowing the 
scope of the first. Translate : a mark of his literary gifts. G. 366, 
R. 1 ; A. & G. 214, c ; B. 198, 3 ; H. 402. The Demonstrative hoc 
is explained by the Consecutive ut-clause following. G. 557 ; A. & G. 
332, /; B. 284, 1 ; H. 501, 1. 2. Supply est with hoc. 

67. temporibus illis : Abl. of Time Within Which. For the proper 
names in this section, see the Vocabulary. 

68. illi : the well-known, a frequent meaning of this pronoun. 

70. et patre et filio : both father and son. We might have expected 
the Plural for the Singular Catulo. 

73. quod: in that, giving the reason for the preceding state- 
ment, colebant : on account of its long subject, translate pas- 
sively — he ivas courted by, etc. 

74. percipere : to learn, lit. to grasp. 

75. si qui forte, etc. : such as made the pretence, lit. if any, 
etc. 

76. satis longo intervallo (Abl. Abs.) : after a sufficient interval, 
i.e. in due time. 

78. Heracliam: a prosperous Greek city of Lucania (in Southern 
Italy), which enjoyed especially favorable treaty rights with Rome ; 
hence the words aequissimo iure, etc. (Abl. of Quality). 

79. ascribi: to be enrolled (as a citizen). se : the subject of the 
Inf. is expressed because what he desired was not entirely within his 
control. G. (L. Ed.) 532, r. 2, 2d part. 

80. cum . . . turn: although. . .yet especially. ipse per se : on his 
personal account. 

81. auctoritate : influence (due to rank) ; gratia : popularity (per- 
sonal). 

82. civitas : meaning as in 1. 56. For the law of Silvanus and 
Carbo (better known as the lex Plautia-Papiria from the gentile names 
of the tribunes M. Plautius Silvanus and C. Papirius Carbo), see the 
Prefatory Note above, §5. si qui : see Note on 1. 75 above. 
These words begin an indirect quotation from the law, hence the 



I90 HOTES 

Subjunctives, ferebatur, however, is Tndic. because merely explana- 
tory. The Pluperfects represent Fut. Perfects of the direct form. 

85. apud: before. professi : declared themselves, i.e. given in 

their names. 

87. haberet : had had (and was still having). For the Imperfect, 
see G. 234 ; A. & G. 277, b; B. 260, 4 ; H. 469, 2. 

89. nihil aliud nisi : after negatives, nisi is common in the sense of 
except. 

90. causa dicta est: our case is stated, i.e. there is no need to say 
more. 

91. Grati : Gratius was the accuser, an obscure person otherwise 
unknown. 

92. adest : here is. religione : scrupulous honor. fide : 
good-faith. non : translate with the Infinitives not that (rather 
than that. . .not). 

95. iudici : trial. publico: official, i.e. the testimony of the city 

of Heraclia. 

97. hie : in these circumstances, lit. here. 

98. Italico bello : at the time of the ItalianWar (i.e. the Social War, 
90-88 B.C.), Abl. of Time When. 

99. omnis (Ace. Plural) : emphatic by position. ad: touching 
(with regard to). 

100. This line contains an instance of Asyndeton ; also of Chiasmus. 

101. memoria . , . memoriam : the word-play cannot be reproduced, 
the former word referring to the faculty of the mind, the latter to the 
official records. 

102. cum: Concessive. religionem: i.e. the scrupulous testi- 
mony. 

103. ea : the preceding cum-clause ends with fidemque, while ea (re- 
ferring to the testimony, etc., just mentioned) is the object of 
repudiare. Notice the Asyndeton after repudiare. 

105. idem: at the same time ; lit. the same (person), Nom. Singular. 
G. 310; A. & G. 195, e; B. 248, 1; H. 451, 3. an: the first part of 
a Disjunctive Question (with utrum or the like) is often (as here) 
omitted, being supplied mentally. G. 457, 1 ; A. & G. 211, b; B. 
162,4, a; H. 353, N. 4. 

106. annis : Abl. of Measure of Difference. ante civitatem da- 
tam : before (the right of) citizenship (was) granted. G. 325, r. 3 : 
A. & G. 292, a; B. 337, 5 ; H. 549, n. 2. He means before the lex 
Plautia-Papiria was passed. 

108. at, etc. : quoting the opponent's objection. immo vero : 

nay, indeed. 



THE DEFENCE OE AKCHIA3 I9I 

109. quae solae, etc. : which (are) the only ones from that registra- 
tion-list (professione) and that board of praetors (that) possess the 
authenticity of public records. The prep, ex here is Partitive. 

111. nam, cum Appi, etc. : this sentence explains the statement just 
made. Of the three praetors Appius, Gabinius, and Metellus, the 
last-named, he says, was the only one whose records were to be 
trusted, since Appius was careless and Gabinius was unprincipled, 
even before his conviction (for extortion as governor of Achaia) had 
destroyed all confidence in his official conduct, levitas and calamitas 
are both modified by the Genitive G-abini, and subjects of resignasset. 
Xotice the Asyndeton between the two subjects. 

115. tanta diligentia : Abl. of Quality. 

116. venerit . . . dixerit : exceptional sequence after the Secondary 
tense fuit, was. G. 513 ; A. & G. 287, c; B. 268, 6 ; H. 495, vi. 

118. A. Licini : i.e. of Archias, whose name was registered in its 
Roman form. 

119. quid est quod: ivhat reason is there why, followed by a Char- 
acteristic Subjunctive (dubitetis). 

121. cum: conjunction with impertiebant below. mediocribus : 
i.e. commonplace persons, not gifted as Archias was. 

122. humili arte : dependent on praeditis. praeditis : like the pre- 
ceding mediocribus, this word is the Indirect Object of impertiebant. 

123. credo : I suppose, ironical. The four proper names here are 
those of the four cities (or their inhabitants) which, besides Heraclia, 
had conferred citizenship on Archias. Rhegium, Locri, Naples, and 
Tarentum were all Greek cities in Southern Italy, or Magna Graecia, 
called here simply Graecia. 

126. noluisse : supply largiri from the preceding clause. quid : 
again, a general interrog. leading up to the specific question he is 
about to ask. post civitatem, etc. : see Note on 1. 106 above. 

127. legem Papiam: an alien law carried by a tribune Papius, and 
aimed at ridding the city of the foreigners that helped to swell the 
ranks of the city. mob. It was passed about 65 B.C. 

129. illis : supply tabulis (registers). Archias, for reasons of his 
own, in 89 b.c. based his petition for the Roman franchise on his 
citizenship of Heraclia rather than that of any other of the cities 
that had honored him. 

131. census nostros requiris scilicet : you ask forsooth for our census- 
lists, est enim obscurum : ironical, meaning that all the world 
knew. 

132. proximis censoribus : under the last censors, i.e. the last that 
had taken the census (70 b.c). So superioribus further on means under 



I9 2 KOTES 

the preceding {censors), that is, the last but one who had performed 
the duty (86 B.C.). In both years Archias was absent from Rome. 

134. primis : that is, the first after Archias became a citizen. On 
this occasion the census was not taken. 

136. non confirmat : does not establish. tantum modo : only. 

137. iam turn : at that particular time. pro cive : as a citizen. 

139. in . . . versatum esse : teas using (enjoying). et : both. 

140. adiit hereditates : came into inheritances, i.e. property left by 
will. 

141. in beneficiis : among (those recommended for) rewards. The 
meaning is that he was reported (delatus) to the Treasury (aerarium) 
for distinguished service under Lucullus, such a recommendation 
being good evidence that he was regarded as a citizen. 

143. neque . . . neque : translated affirmatively, subdividing the gen- 
eral negative numquam. G. 445 ; A. & G. 209, a, 2 ; B. 347, 2 ; H. 
553, 2. revincetur : will be refuted. 

145. quaeres, etc. : at this point Cicero begins the second part of 
his speech with a panegyric on literature in general, and on Archias 
in particular as a type of the literary man. Grati: see Note 
on 1. 91. 

146. ubi, etc.: with that ivherein our spirits are refreshed, Charac- 
teristic clause. G. 631 ; A. & G. 320 ; B. 283, i ; H. 503, i. 

148. suppetere : intransitive. Its subject is the following relative 
clause (quod dicamus, something to say). posse . . . nisi . . . excolamus : 

in Indirect Discourse the distinction between Conditional Sentences 
often disappears. This may be either the Logical or the Ideal Condi- 
tion. G. 656, 3 ; A. & G. 337 ; B. 319, 320 ; H. 527. 

152. pudeat: G. 263, 3 ; A. & G. 266 ; B. 275, 1; H. 484, iv. si 
qui : see Note on I. 75. 

153. litteris : Abl. of Means. The verb abdere also takes in with 
the Ace. (on account of the idea of motion) and in with the Abl. (of 
rest or the result of motion). Distinguish between the Singular and 
the Plural of littera. 

154. neque . . . neque : see Note on 1. 143. communem fructum : 
the general profit, i.e. the good of the world. 

155. quid: interrogative. pudeat: Potential (should, etc.). 

156. vivo: have been living. G. 230 ; A. & G. 276, a; B. 259, 4 ; 
H. 467, in. 2. a nullius umquam me tempore : for the position of 
these words, see Note on Cat. 1. 10, 25 (1. 304). tempore here means 
needs (as often). 

157. abstraxerit, avocarit, retardarit : Consecutive Subjunctives. 
159. reprehendat, suscenseat : Subjv. in Potential Rhetorical Ques- 



THE DEFEXCE OF ARCHIAS I93 

tions, implying their own answers (G. 259). Observe that these 
questions are also the Apodoses of the Logical Condition with 
si . . . sumpsero for their Protasis. 

160. The order is : si tantum (object of sumpsero) temporum, quan- 
tum conceditur ceteris (Dat. of Agent) ad obeundas suas res, ad cele- 
brandos {attending in crowds), etc., egomet sumpsero mini ad recolenda, 
etc. 

163. tempestivis : protracted. 

167. oratio et facultas : power of speech, Hendiadys. The close 
connection is shown by the Singular predicate (crescit). quanta- 
cumque, etc. : however much (or little) I may possess. The Indicative 
is the rule with general relatives, although the English implies a Sub- 
junctive. G. 254, r. 4 ; B. 312, 1 ; H. 476, 3. 

168. quae si : and if this (accomplishment). 

169. ilia : object of hauriam. quae is relative with ilia for ante- 
cedent while ex quo is interrogative, introducing an Indirect Question, 
hence the Subjv. hauriam. Translate : I know from what source I 
draw, etc. 

171. nam nisi, etc. : unless the instructions of his teachers and his 
own reading had convinced him, etc., is his meaning. 

173. nisi : see Note on 1. 89. laudem : true worth. 

175. parvi esse ducenda : are to be counted of little importance. G. 
379 ; A. & G. 252, a; B. 203, 3 ; H. 404. 

177. obiecissem : Apodosis of the Unreal (contrary to fact) Condi- 
tion, the Protasis of which begins the sentence (nisi suasissem). The 
allusion is to his experience with the conspiracy of the year before 
(63 B.C.). 

179. exemplorum vetustas: time-honored precedents, lit. the long 
existence of examples. G. 360, 1, r. 2; B. 354, 1, b. The words pleni, 
plenae, plena are apparently used absolutely {full, i.e. of instruction), 
in which case the Genitives belong to the substantives, not to the 
adjectives. Others take exemplorum with plena (full of instances). 
iacerent . . . nisi accederet : Unreal (contrary to fact) Condition. 

182. expressas : portrayed. 

188. istane : Dem. of the Second Person, as explained in the fol- 
lowing relative clause with tu for subject. 

190. est quod respondeam : I have something at least (certe) to say in 
reply. The Subjv. is Characteristic. 

194. illud refers to what follows (as often). ad laudem . . . valu- 

isse : has availed for (i.e. to produce) distinction and worth. 

196. atque idem ego : and yet I also. G. 310 ; A. & G. 195, e ; H. 
151, 3 ; B. 248, 1. 



194 NOTES 

197. ratio conformatioque : systematic training, Hendiadys. 

198. nescio quid: G. 467, R. 1 ; A. & G. 334, e; B. 253, 6 ; H. 529, 

5, 3- 

199. ex hoc numero: i.e. among these. The Ace. and Inf. construc- 
tions in this and the following clauses depend on contendo above. 

200. Africanum : Scipio the Younger, scholar as well as sol- 
dier. Laelium, Furium : friends of Af ricanus. The name of the 
former gives the title to Cicero's well-known treatise Laelius sive de 
Amicitia. 

203. Catonem ilium {famous) senem : the elder Cato, so called to dis- 
tinguish him from his great-grandson Cato Uticensis, and also be- 
cause he lived to be 85 years old. He is variously called also Censor 
(having been censor in 184 b.c), Sapiens {the sage), and Maior {the 
elder). For the meaning of ilium, see Note on 1. 238. 

204. nihil : not at all. adiuvarentur : Impf . in an Unreal (con- 
trary to fact) Protasis, either denoting continued action in Past time 
or involving the generic idea. G. 597, R. 1 ; A. & G. 308, a ; B. 304, 
2; H. 510, N. 2. 

206. si non : Concessive, hence not nisi. See Note on 1. 41 
above. 

209. ceterae : all other {diversions). temporum : Gen. of Pos- 
session. 

210. omnium limits all three substantives. haec studia, etc. : 
one of the most famous passages in the world's literature. 

211. secundas res : the meaning of these words is suggested by their 
opposite further on, adversis. With the latter supply rebus (Abl. 
Absolute). 

215. quod si : but even if, Concessive, as shown by tamen following. 

216. deberemus : it would still (tamen) be our duty. 

217. nostrum : Partitive Genitive with quis. 

218. Rosci : Q. Roscius, the great comedian of the Roman stage, 
who had died only a few months before (nuper). 

220. videbatur : while this verb is regularly personal (the imper- 
sonal being rare), it is often best translated impersonally, or even 
parenthetically as here, as we all thought. 

221. ergo: well, argumentative. corporis motu: i.e. grace of 
movement, a characteristic of Roscius as an actor. 

227. cum (Concessive) . . . nullam : without having written a single 
letter. 

228. turn agerentur : were the issues of the day, lit. were being dis- 
cussed. This verb is regularly used of political transactions in the 
Senate, the Forum, etc. 



THE DEFEXCE OF ARCHIAS 195 

229. ex tempore: translate by the English derivative. revo- 

catum : encored. 

232. diligam, admirer, putem: Deliberative Subjunctive. G. 265 ; 
A. & G. 268 ; B. 277, a; II. 484, v. 

234. atque : and further. sic: redundant, merely anticipating 
the following Ace. and Inf. clause. 

235. doctrina, praeceptis, arte : Abl. of Definite Price. G. 404 ; 
A. & G. 252 ; B. 225 ; H. 422. Note the meaning of constare here. 
In the sense consist of, it regularly takes ex. 

238. ille: well-known. G. 307,2 ; A. & G. 102, h; B. 246, 3 ; H. 
450, 4. quod . . . videantur : Subjv. of the quoted reason (Partial 

Obliquity), the thought being that of Ennius, not Cicero. Ennius 
was the first of the great Roman poets. He was born at Rudiae in 
Calabria (the " heel ? ' of Italy) in 239 B.C. He is frequently quoted 
by Cicero. 

240. sit: may it be, Optative Subjunctive. 

241. poetae : Appositional Gen. with nomen. G. 361, 1 ; A. & G. 
214. /; B, 202 ; H. 396, vi. 

242. saxa et solitudines, etc. : the story ran that Amphion, the son of 
Jupiter and Antiope, queen of Thebes, became himself king of Thebes, 
which city lie fortified with walls. By playing on the lyre he caused 
the stones to move of their own accord, and take their places in the 
walls. Of Orpheus, the son of Apollo and the muse Calliope, it was 
related that when his wife, the nymph Eurydice, died, he sang such 
tender strains that he enchanted even wild beasts to follow him like 
lambs, while rocks and trees also moved from their places. 

245. moveamur: seeXote on 1. 232 above. Homerum: the great 

epic poet of Greece, the honor of whose nativity was claimed by seven 
cities. Note the variety of words used by Cicero for " claim," dicunt, 
vindicant, etc., arranged in the order of a Climax. 

249. inter se : with one another. ergo: as in 1. 221, where see 

Xote. alienum : an alien, i.e. to six of the seven cities that 

claimed him. 

251. vivum, noster : contrasted with post mortem and alienum pre- 
ceding. 

254. Cimbricas res : referring to the well-known victory of Marius 
over the Cimbri (102 B.C.). 

255. adulescens : in his youth; lit. a youth, Predicative Attribu- 
tion. Archias was about seventeen in 102 b.c See the Prefatory 
Note, §2. durior: somewhat rude (unsympathetic). 

259. patiatur: Subjunctive of Characteristic. Theniistoclem : 

the famous Athenian statesman, general and admiral, through whom 



I96 NOTES 

Athens became a great naval power, and through whose advice the 
Long Walls were built. He was the hero of Salamis, where the Per- 
sian fleet of Xerxes was routed by the Greeks (480 B.C.). 

260. Athenis : Locative. cum ex eo quaereretur : upon being 
asked ; lit. when it was ashed of him, impersonal. 

261. quod, cuius : interrog. pronouns, hence followed by Subjv. in 
Indirect Question (audiret). 

263. Plotium : L. Plotius Gallus, the first Roman to teach rhetoric 
at Rome. 

264. Mithridaticum bellum: see the Prefatory Note to the speech 
For the Manilian Laiv, §4. 

266. ab hoc : that is, by Archias. 

269. aperuit Lucullo imperante (Abl. Abs.), etc. : that is, by his 
military successes against Mithridates, Lucullus threw the Pontic 
kingdom open to Roman merchants, etc. 

270. natura et regione : by natural situation, Hendiadys. 

271. non maxima: no very great, i.e. a rather small band. 

272. Armeniorum : they were allies of Mithridates. 

273. laus: the glory. Cyzicenorum: Cyzicus was an important 
seaport on the southeastern shore of the Propontis (Sea of Marmora). 
During the war it remained faithful to Rome. The text refers to its 
siege by Mithridates until relieved by Lucullus (eiusdem). The Ace. 
and Inf. clause (urbem, etc.) is the subject of est. 

275. nostra: Pred. Nom. either with laus (understood) or pugna 
further on for subject. The correct reading here is questionable. 
Translate : (as) ours will it always be spoken of and proclaimed, that 
marvellous naval fight off Tenedos, when by the efforts of L. Lucullus 
(lit. Lucullus contending) the leaders of the enemy were slain and their 
fleet crushed. The et preceding incredibilis may be a mistake for est. 
The fight took place in 73 B.C. in the beginning of Lucullus' cam- 
paign against Mithridates. 

279. quae quorum : two relatives beginning the same sentence, as 
often in Latin. The antecedent of the former is what precedes, while 
that of the latter is (ab) eis following, quae is the subject of effe- 
runtur, and should be translated and. . .these things. 

281. Africano superiori : to the elder Africanus, a friend of Ennius. 
By his victory over Hannibal at Zama (202 B.C.) he brought 
the Second Punic War to an end, and won the surname Afri- 
canus. 

282. is : i.e. his statue. ex marmore : Abl. of Material, regu- 
larly with the prep, in classical Latin. G. 396 ; A. & G. 244, 2 ; II. 
415, in. 



THE DEFENCE OF ARCHIAS I97 

285. huius : referring to the younger Cato (Cato Uticensis), who was 
present in court. See Note on 1. 203. 

286. ill! : see Note on 1. 238. The proper names refer to some of 
the national heroes, especially Q. Fabius Maximus, surnamed Cuncta- 
tor on account of his successful policy of delay in the struggle with 
Hannibal in the Second Punic War (218-202 B.C.) ; Marcellus, who 
took Syracuse in the same war ; and Fulvius Nobilior, who in his 
victorious campaign against the Aetolians (189 B.C.) took the poet 
Ennius along as his companion. 

288. ergo: as in 1. 221. ilium: Ennius. fecerat: the word 

" poet " comes from a Greek word meaning " maker." Rudinum 

. . . Heracliensem : Rudiae was a rather small place, Heraclia a city of 
some importance. Hence the contrast in favor of the latter as the 
city that had given citizenship to Archias. 

290. civitatibus : Dat. of Agent. 

292. nam : introducing a reason for rejecting the anticipated objec- 
tion that Ennius was worthier of recognition because he wrote in 
Latin while Archias wrote in Greek. 

294. Graeca: Greek, Singular in English, Neut. Plural in Latin. 
So Latina. 

297. quo pervenerint : the antecedent of quo is eodem (to the same 
point, i.e. as far) and the verb is Subjv. by Attraction, depending on 
the Inf. penetrare. G. 629 ; A. & G. 342 ; B. 324 ; H. 529, 11. 

298. cum . . . turn : while. . .at the same time. 

299. populis: Dative after ampla, honorable. haec: that is, 
gloria famaque. 

300. de vita dimicant : fight at the peril of their lives. 

305. qui . . . inveniris : to have found (in) Homer, etc., Causal relative 
clause. G. 633 ; A. & G. 320, e; B. 283, 3 ; H. 517. 

307. quid: see Note on 1. 126 above. 

308. Magnus : the surname of Pompey, conferred by Sulla. 

311. milites : (mere) soldiers, the substantive having adjectival 
force. 

314. credo : ironical, as usual when parenthetical. 

315. ut donaretur perficere non potuit : could not have managed to 
be presented, etc. Note the Indie. Apodosis potuit according to rule. 
G. 597, r. 3; A. & G. 308, c ; B. 304, 3 ; H. 511, 1, n. 3. 

317. repudiasset : the Protasis to this Apodosis is contained in pe- 
tentem. G. 593, 2 ; A. & G. 310, a; B. 305 ; IT. 549, 2. quern: 
i.e. Sulla. 

318. poeta de (of) populo : that is, an untrained poet. subie- 
<?isset : had passed up to him, as he sat on the tribunal at an auction 



I98 NOTES 

sale of goods confiscated. quod epigramma, etc. : an epigram 

that he had made about (on) him ; incorporation of the appositive 
(epigramma). G. 616, 2 ; A. & G. 201, d ; B. 251, 4, b. 

319. tantummodo . . . longiusculis : only in longish distichs. A line of 
poetry is called a verse ; two lines make a distich (or couplet). The 
reference here is probably to the elegiac distich, consisting of the 
dactylic hexameter and pentameter in alternate lines (verses), longi- 
usculis is a diminutive formed from the neuter of the comparative 
degree of longus, meaning a bit longer, i.e. than the laws of metre 
allow. 

321. ea condicione, etc. : Sulla was a wit as well as a statesman and 
soldier. 

322. mali . . . tamen dignum : unskilled (as he was), yet worthy. 
324. expetisset : the Apodosis of an Unreal (cont. to fact) Condition 

with its Protasis implied in the context. So impetravisset further on. 

326. qui praesertim : Causal relative = praesertim cum is. usque 
eo : to such a degree. 

327. de suis rebus scribi : his exploits to be written about ; lit. (it) 
to be written about his exploits, impersonal. , 

328. pingue quiddam sonantibus atque peregrinum : speaking a rather 
heavy and outlandish dialect; lit. sounding a certain fat and foreign 
(sound). 

331. prae nobis ferendum: must be candidly admitted; lit. must be 
borne in front of us. 

332. optimus quisque maxime : every man in proportion to his merit, 
G. 318, 2 ; A. & G. 93, c ; B. 252, 5 ; H. 458, 1. 

334. in eo ipso . . . volunt : in the very quarter (i.e. in their books) 
in which they declare-their-contempt-for (despiciunt) name and fame, 
they are willing to be named and famed, de se goes only with prae- 
dicari, which is impersonal, while nominari has se understood for its 
subject. 

336. Decimus Brutus: as consul in 138 B.C. he conquered the Gal- 
laeci in Spain (hence called Gallaecus), and, according to the custom, 
built temples, etc., out of the spoils. He was a patron of Accius, an 
early tragic poet. 

339. Ennio . . . Fulvius : see the last part of Note on 1. 286. 

341. imperatores prope armati: contrasted with togati (in the garb 
of peace) iudices further on. 

345. me indicabo : I will tell you my secret, lit. will reveal myself. 
The words are said in a spirit of fun, although Cicero was never really 
disposed to underrate the importance of the events of his consulship 
referred to in the next sentence. 



THE DEFEXCE OF ARCHIAS 199 

352. adornavi: I supplied him with material, i.e. for his work. 

353. hanc laudis : in Latin, neither the demonstrative nor the de- 
terminative (is) is used in translating the phrase that of. G. 308, 
r. 3 ; A. & G. 195, b; B. 247, 3 ; H. 398, 1, jr. 1. hanc here means- 
something more definite, having an adjectival force rather than a 
pronominal. Translate : this (meed) of praise (of which I have been 
speaking). 

356. exerceamus : Characteristic Subjunctive. certe si, etc. : this 
sentence contains two Protases followed by three Apodoses (Unreal). 

357. quibus regionibus : the antecedent incorporated in the relative 
clause. G. 616, 1 ; A. & G. 200, b; B. 251, 4, a; H. 445, 9. 

361. nunc: as it is. optimo quoque : compare Note on 1. 332. 

365. parvi animi : Gen. of Quality. videamur : are ice to appear, 

Deliberative Subjunctive. See Note on 1. 232. 

369. an statuas, etc. : or (while) many eminent men have been careful 
to leave behind them (lit. have carefully left), etc., shall not we greatly 
prefer, etc. For the translation, compare the Note on Cat. 1. 1, 3 
(1. 19). 

370. imagines : portrait-masks of deceased members of noble fam- 
ilies, which only nobles had the right to possess (ius imaginum). 
See Introduction, §68, and footnote. 

374. iam turn : even then. 

377. afutura : destined to be absent. 

378. mei : Part. Genitive. nunc quidem certe : now indeed at 
any rate. 

380. eo pudore : Abl. of Quality. So ingenio and causa with their 
attributives further on. 

381. cum . . . turn : meaning ? 

382. vetustate: by the duration (of their friendship). quantum: 
Pred. Ace. after existimari. 

383. quod . . . videatis : Characteristic Subjv. after tanto. 

388. eum : object of accipiatis, six lines below, which with its intro- 
ductory ut depends on petimus. 

395. de causa: i.e. about the legal question involved, to which he 
had devoted the first part of his speech. pro : according to. 

397. omnibus: Dat. of the Agent. autem: on the other hand. 

399. ipsius studio : the text here is doubtful, some editors reading 
ipso. It is possible that ipsius, as the Gen. of the Distinctive pronoun, 
was used (if at all) to distinguish Archias the poet from Archias the 
man of talent in general (ingenio). 

400. iudicium exercet : presides over the court. See Note on iudi- 
ces (1. 1). 



200 

SPEECH FOE THE MANILIAN LAW 

\ 

(Pro Lege Manilla, or De Imperio Pompei) 

\ 
PREFATORY NOTE 

1. Cicero's speech advocating the Manilian law was made in 66 
B.C., the year of his praetorship. It was a contio (Intr. §43), and his 
maiden speech on a political theme. While it purports to be of the 
deliberative order of oratory, it is in fact rather demonstrative, con- 
sisting largely of a panegyric on Pompey (Intr. §85). The object of 
the proposed law was to place Pompey in command against Mithri- 
dates, king of Pontus, in the Third Mithridatic War. 

2. Pontus. Pontus, the northeasterly district of Asia Minor, lay 
along the south and southeast shore of the Pontus Euxinus (Black Sea). 
Its chief towns were Sinope, Amisus, and Trapezus, all on the coast. 
Neighboring kingdoms were: Paphlagonia on the west, and Bithynia 
still farther to the west ; Galatia on the southwest ; Cappadocia on the 
south; Armenia on the southeast. (See map facing page 86.) 

3. Mithridates the Great. The Pontic kingdom reached its great- 
est height under Mithridates VI., surnamed Eupator, more com- 
monly known as Mithridates the Great. This king is one of the most 
picturesque characters in ancient history. Of large frame and giant 
strength, clever, well educated, ambitious, but cruel, treacherous, and 
bloodthirsty, he is the hero of many romantic stories. We are told 
that he early began to fortify his body against poison by daily taking 
a dose; that he could ride a thousand furlongs a day, changing his 
horses at intervals ; that he could converse in twenty odd different 
languages, etc. However exaggerated these stories may be, certain it 
is that he was a man of extraordinary ability. He succeeded his 
father at the age of twelve (120 B.C.), his mother acting as regent. At 
twenty he killed his mother, and took the reins of government into 
his own hands. Foreseeing the inevitable struggle with Rome, he 
entered upon a career of conquest in order to strengthen his power. 
In a few years he had extended his dominion almost entirely around 
the Black Sea, and annexed the kingdom of Bosporus (the Crimean 
Peninsula). Later he won Armenia in alliance by giving his daughter 
in marriage to its king, Tigranes. He also attacked Cappadocia and 
Bithynia, and conceived the bold plan of expelling the Romans from 
their province of Asia (the western part of Asia Minor) in order to 
make himself master of the entire peninsula. It was the question of 

st+sUP ' '■ '" ' x ' " *■ "' ' ****** 



SPEECH FOR THE MAKILIAN LAW 201 

the succession in Cappadocia and Bithynia that first brought Mithri- 
dates and Rome into conflict, the two powers favoring different can- 
didates for those thrones. Finally invading the Roman province, he 
met the Roman forces and defeated them. As a grim commentary 
on Roman greed, he put a Roman general to death by pouring 
molten gold down his throat. He also issued an order to all the 
cities of Asia that every Roman or Italian within its walls should 
be put to death, and 80,000 persons were thus cruelly butchered 
(88 B.C.). 

4. Mithridatic Wars. Three wars ansued : the First (88-86 b.c), 
conducted by Sulla, who defeated Mithridates, and forced him to 
conclude a peace upon terms of advantage to Rome ; the Second (83- 
82 B.C.), of little importance, conducted by Murena; the Third (74-65 
b.c), conducted at first by L. iiicinius Lucullus, a typical aristocrat, 
who after several years of considerable success saw much of his work 
undone through his inability to control his mutinous army. This 
result was no doubt due largely to political intrigue at Rome, the 
democrats purposely discrediting and weakening his authority. Lu- 
cullus was finally recalled, and his successor appointed in the person 
of M\ Acilius Grlabrio (presiding judge at the trial of Verres), who, 
however, for some reason declined to assume the command. 

5. Pompey. At this stage of affairs it was natural for people to 
think of the general who had just closed a brilliant campaign in 
another direction. /This was Pompey, upon whom by the Gabinian 
law of the preceding year (67 b.c) had been conferred extraordinary 
powers for a period of three years over all the coasts of the Mediter- 
ranean and for fifty miles in the interior/ This was for the purpose 
of ridding the seas of the pirates who had long preyed upon the com- 
merce of Rome, cut off her supplies of food, and kidnapped Roman 
citizens, whom they held for ransom. Although these powers were 
unconstitutional both in extent and in duration, yet the majority of 
people said that the law had been justified by the results. In six 
weeks Pompey had cleared the Mediterranean of pirates, and after 
capturing their strongholds in Cilicia, had brought their country into 
subjection to Rome. Hence the tribune C. Manillas now brought 
forward the law that bore his name (the Manilian Law), which added 
all the countries of the East to the provinces previously committed to 
Pompey. This is the law concerning which Cicero was now to address 
the assembled people for the first time. The law was passed, and in 
two years Pompey conquered Mithridates, and annexed the greater 
part of his kingdom to the Roman province of Bithynia, which had 
been bequeathed to the Roman people by its last king (74 B.C.). 



202 NOTES 

6. The Speech. The Pro Lege Manilla is by some regarded as Cice- 
ro's best political speech. Certainly every circumstance that could have 
any bearing on its merits was. in the orator's favor. At the time of 
its delivery he was in his prime — just forty years of age — and had had 
a career of uninterrupted success. As defender of Roscius of Ameria 
in 80 (footnote, p. xxxvii), as quaestor in 75, as prosecutor in the great 
state trial of Verres five years later, again as aedile in 69, and now 
as praetor as well as the unrivalled leader of the Roman bar, he had 
in each field added fresh laurels to his fame, winning immense popu- 
larity with the people in particular. His present theme was thoroughly 
congenial, affording him an opportunity to display his rare faculty 
for eulogy. Not only was Pompey of the same origin as himself 
(equestrian), but he was also the hero of many a field of battle. At 
this moment fresh from his victories over the dreaded pirates, he was 
the idol of the people, who were therefore a unit in favor of the law. 
/So were the Knights, who included in their ranks the rich commercial 
classes and capitalists,/ and whose interests therefore were injuriously 
affected by the dangers growing out of the war. Only the conserva- 
tives of the Senate, men like Hortensius and Catulus, opposed the 
measure, not only because they regarded it as unconstitutional, but 
especially because they hated Pompey as a member of the despised 
equestrian order, and deemed him unworthy of the repeated honors 
which the people seemed inclined to heap upon him. Finally, Cicero 
had in prospect the consulship, for which in three years more he 
would be of eligible age, and it is quite possible that the thought of 
this prospect may have colored his views concerning the proposed 
law. Yet it is not necessary to charge him with insincerity. In the 
generous enthusiasm of the moment, excited by the recent exploits 
of Pompey and the present unanimity of the people, Cicero seems to 
have honestly believed that the provisions of the Manilian law were 
really necessary to maintain the stability of the Republic. 



RHETORICAL OUTLINE 

I. Exordium (§§1-3), conciliating the good-will of his hearers, 
and sounding the key-note of his speech (praise of Pompey). 

II. Narratio (§§4-6), setting forth his main theme, the war with 
Mithridates (Propositio), and dividing it (Partitio) into three heads 
for separate consideration in the Confirmatio. 



SPEECH FOR THE MANILIAK LAW 203 

III. Confirmatio (§§6-50), discussing the question in detail as fol- 
lows : 

1) The character of the war (§§6-19) — 

a. a war for the national honor (§§6-14); 

b. a war for financial stability (§§14-17); 

c. a ivar for protection to Roman citizens abroad (§§18, 19). 

2) The magnitude of the war (§§20-26)— 

" Lucullus with all his success has yet proved unequal to 
the occasion" 

3) The choice of a commander (§§27-50)— - 

the four requisites of a commander of the first rank united 
in Pompey as follows : 
\ a. his military knowledge (§28) ; 

b. his soldierly and other virtues (§§29-42) ; 

c. his prestige (§§43-46); 

d. his good fortune (§§47, 48); to which is added his prox- 

imity with an army to the scene of the war (§50). 

IV. Refutatio (§§51-68), answering the objections — 

1) of Hortensius (§§52-58); 

2) of Catulus (§§59-63); 

3) of all who oppose the popular will (§§63-68). 

V. Peroratio (§§69-71), appealing to Manilius to stand firm in his 
proposal, and calling the gods to witness the disinterested motives 
that prompt his own words. 



I. EXORDIUM (§§1-3) 

Although I appreciate the honor of addressing you from the Rostra, 
my fellow-citizens, this is the first time I have ever done so. This 
circumstance has been due in part to modesty, in part to my engage- 
ments hitherto in the courts. But the compliment which you recently 
paid me by electing me praetor at the head of the polls encourages me 
to employ ivhatever of ability or influence I may possess in addressing 
you on this occasion, especially when I have so inspiring a theme as 
the merits of Pompey. 

§1. 1. frequens conspectus vester : the sight of your throngs; lit. 
your thronging sight. The possessive vester is used here for the Objec- 
tive Gen. vestri of the pronoun ; this is rare. hie locus : the 
Rostra, from which public speakers addressed the people in the 
Forum. 



204 NOTES 

2. multo : why Ablative ? autem (always postpositive) : more- 
over, agendum : public discussiori ; the technical word applied to a 
magistrate when addressing the people. Cicero was now praetor, 
amplissimus : most honorable, i.e. as compared with debates in the 
Senate or pleading in the courts — a compliment to his audience. 

3. est visus has two subjects, conspectus and locus, which, however, 
are not distinct enough to take a Plural verb. Quirites : the reg- 
ular term used in addressing the Roman people. 

4. hoc aditu laudis : from this avenue to fame ; Abl. of Separation 
after prohibuerunt. optimo cuique maxime : quisque with the super- 
lative implies a proportion. Thus, optimum quidque rarissimum est, 
every best thing is rarest, implies the better a thing, the rarer it is. 
G. 318, 2; A. & G. 93, c; B. 252, 5, c ; cf. H. 458, 1. Translate: 
has been open to each in proportion to his merit. 

5. rationes : plans, ab ineunte aetate : from early manhood; 
lit. from beginning age. 

6. cum . . . auderem statueremque : translate by Pres. part, {daring , 
etc.), as often. 

7. per: owing to. huius auctoritatem loci: the abstract sub- 
stantive auctoritatem is here used with the force of an attribute. 
Translate : this august place, and compare verni temporis suavitas, the 
sweet springtime. 

8. nihil, etc.: to be translated, that nothing ought, etc., but note 
that the subject of the so-called impersonal verb oportere is the whole 
Ace. and Inf. clause preceding. G. 535; A. & G. 270, b; B. 330; H. 
538. perfectum: finished; elaboratum: wrought out, polished. 
Observe the Asyndeton (omission of the conjunction et). 

9. tempus : time; temporibus : needs. Cicero often uses the same 
word in the same breath in different senses, a practice that would be 
condemned with us but does not seem to have been regarded 
as a blemish in Latin. With Cicero it is usually a mark of viva- 
city. 

§2. 10. ita neque : the two following clauses are grammatically co- 
ordinate, but in sense the first is subordinate to the second {while, 
etc.). Notice the self-depreciation implied in the words, as became an 
orator making his first political speech. neque : = et non. 

11. vacuus ab eis qui . . . defenderent : free from (i.e. without) men to 
advocate, etc. ; Subjunctive of Characteristic. 

13. versatus : a favorite word of Cicero's, variously translated. It 
is the frequentative of vertor, turn, hence means : turn oneself frequently 
or habitually in a certain sphere or place. Translate (within): en- 
gaged with. In the words caste integreque, honestly and disin- 



SPEECH FOR THE MANHJAH LAW 205 

terestedly, he probably refers to the practice of taking fees as a lawyer, 
which was forbidden by statute. 

14. dilationem comitiorum : the postponement of the elections may 
have been due to the non-observance of some formality, to unfavorable 
omens, or to public disorder, most likely to the last-named cause, 
primus: leading, i.e. at the head of the polls. How many praetors 
were there ? centuriis cunctis : that is, he was not only elected at 

the head of the polls but received a unanimous vote. Each century 
had but one vote (Introduction, §§45, 46). 

16. iudicaretis, praescriberetis : Subjv. of Indirect Question. He 
means that his election not only indicated the people's estimate of 
him (iudicaretis) but also their requirements of other candidates 
(praescriberetis) if they wished to succeed. 

17. in me sit (= habeam) : Subjv. after Causal cum. 

18. honoribus : the regular word for public office, or the magistra- 
cies at Rome. esse : supply in me. 

21. certe, etc. : with these words the main sentence begins. si 
quid: whatever ; lit. if anything, modestly put in conditional form. 

22. consequi : attain. 

23. potissimum : above all. qui ei quoque, etc. : who have deemed 
that to that qualification (rei, i.e. the power of ready and skilful speech) 
also a reward should be given by their judgment, i.e. by voting for 
him at the polls. 

§3. 24. atque : regularly adds something more important : and 
further. illud : refers to the quod-clause following. Translate: 

tliis. It is the Ace. of the Inner object with laetandum. 

25. mihi: why Dative ? G. 355; A. & G. 232; B. 189, i; H. 388. 
laetandum: here passive in sense : to be rejoiced at, a cause of rejoic- 
ing, quod : this word both explains illud and gives the ground for his 
rejoicing. It may be translated, therefore, either : the fact that, or 
because. For the latter use, see G. 542 ; A. & G. 333, b; B. 286, i ; 
H. 540, iv. 

26. mihi : while this word is strictly the Dat. after ob in composition 
(oblata), yet its position makes it clearer who it is that is unaccustomed 
to this style or manner (ratione) of speaking. 

27. oratio : speech, ivords. in qua . . . possit : Subjv. of Char- 
acteristic after talis. 

28. de Cn. Pompei virtute : the key-note of his speech. For an ac- 
count of Pompey's exploits, read Introduction, §§24-27. huius 
orationis : of this theme, i.e. on such a tlteme. 

30. mini : Dat. of the Agent with quaerendus. 



206 NOTES 



II. NARRATIO (§§4, 5, and 6 through line 51). 

We are engaged in a war — a serious and perilous war — with two 
powerful princes in Asia, Mithridates and Tigranes. Every day my 
friends in the equestrian order are receiving letters, telling of the 
dangers that threaten Roman tributaries and their friendly neighbors, 
of villages burned, and of the demoralization in which the Roman 
army is plunged, and out of which only one man possesses the power 
to extricate it. (Propositio, §§4, 5.) 

I purpose treating the matter under the three heads t (1) the char- 
acter of the war ; (2) its magnitude ; (3) the choice of a commander. 
(Partitio, §6 through 1. 51.) 

§4. 31. proficiscatur : Subjunctive of Design. inde . . . unde : at 

(lit. from) that point from which. 

32. ducitur : is derived. 

33. vectigalibus : tributaries. Compare its meaning here with that 
in 1. 37 below (see Note). 

34. alter : why not alius 1 relictus : allowed to escape, as Mith- 
ridates was by Lucullus after defeating him ; lacessitus : provoked, as 
Tigranes was by the insolence of the emissary sent by Lucullus, de- 
manding the surrender of Mithridates, Tigranes' father-in-law. Mith- 
ridates after his defeat by Lucullus had taken refuge at the court of 
Tigranes. 

35. Asiam : the Roman province of that name, the western part of 
Asia Minor, bordering on the Mediterranean. 

36. equitibus Bomanis : what connection had the Roman knights 
with the provinces ? See Introduction, §14. 

37. magnae res . . . occupatae : great interests involved. aguntur : 
are at stake. vectigalibus : here revenues ; compare the Note on 
this word in 1. 33 above. 

39. necessitudine : close relations. Cicero was sprung from the 
equestrian order. mini cum illo ordine : the combination of the 

Dative and the Abl. with cum is common in Latin. 

§5. 40. Bithyniae : called vestra provincia, because it had been be- 
queathed to the Roman people by the last king, Nicomedes III., in 
74 B.C. 

41. compluris : Ace. Plural. Note the Ace. and Inf. constructions 
here following litterae of the preceding sentence. 

42. regnum Ariobarzanis : Cappadocia. Both Cappadocia and Bi- 
thynia were neighboring kingdoms to Pontus. See the Prefatory 
Note above, §2. The thrones of these countries and Paphlagonia 



SPEECH FOR THE MANILIAX LAW 20~ 

were in continual dispute, Rome always antagonizing Mithridates in 
the matter of the succession. Ariobarzanes was the nominee of the 
Roman Senate for the throne of Cappadocia. 

43. Lucullum : see the Prefatory Xote, §4. 

44. magnis rebus gestis : Ablative Absolute with Concessive force 
(although). huic qui successerit : Glabrio, consul the preceding 
year, now proconsul of Cilicia. huic is the Dat. afW: STHftesserit, the 
latter being the Subjv. because in a dependent crause in Indirect 
Discourse. Supply eum (antecedejj^b^of qui) as the subject of esse 
paratum. k * 

46. civibus : sucl^a3"liad business abroad, especially the Knights. 

§6. 48. causa quae sit : quae is interrogative (adjective form of quis), 
not relative, as is shown by the use of the Subjv. (Indirect Question 
depending on videtis), 



III. CONFIRMATIO (§6, line 52, to §50). 
1) The Character of the War (g§6-19). 

This is a war of far-reaching scope. (Last part of §6.) 

a. It is a war for the honor of Home. Mithridates has long defied 
her power, has massacred her subjects, intrigued with her enemies, and 
set at naught her will in the affairs of the East. (§§7-13.) 

b. It is a war for financial stability. The revenues derived from 
Asia are endangered, and the enterprise of the publicani is paralyzed, 
not only by any actual successes which Mithridates may win, but by 
the interruptions to agriculture, commerce, and grazing caused by the 
mere fear of his invasions. (§§14-16.) 

c. It is a war for protection to Roman citizens abroad. Many 
enterprising citizens, besides the publicani, have interests in Asia. 
To these interests Rome cannot with impunity deny her protection, 
since such neglect is sure to impair the public credit, and precipitate 
a panic at home. (§§17-19.) 

52. eius modi quod : such as, etc., followed by a Subjv. of Character- 
istic (debeat). 

53. ad persequendi studium : to zeal in prosecuting. 

54. agitur : is at stake ; here personal, with gloria for its subject, 
agatur in 1. 149 below is used impersonally with de and the Ablative 
ID practically the same sense. 

55. cum . . . turn : meaning ? 
58. certissima: surest. 



2o8 



HOTES 



59. pacis ornamenta : what is meant by the " ornaments of peace M ? 
requiretis : will miss. 

60. quibus (with consulendum) : ivliose interests. a vobis : why 
not the simple Dat. of the Agent with the Gerundive ? G. 355, r. ; 
A. & G. 232, n. ; B. 189, i. a; H. 388, n. and footnote. 

§7. 62. appetentes : what is the English derivative ? gloriae : 

G. 374; A. & G. 218, a; B. 204, i ; H. 399, i. i. praeter : beyond, 

i.e. more than. 

63. gentis : Ace. Plural. vobis : compare a vobis above (1. 60) 
and Note. 

64. macula: stain ; referring to the massacre of Roman citizens by 
Mithridates' orders. superiore : last, not counting the unimportant 
Second Mithridatic War waged by Murena. penitus insedit : has 
sunk deep. 

66. quod : in that, explaining the macula mentioned just above, 
is : subject of suscepit (1. 69) and regnat (1. 70). 

67. una significatione litterarum : by the single intimation of a 
letter, i.e. by one ivritten order. 

68. necandos, trucidandos : Ace. of the Gerundive expressing Design. 
G. 430; A. & G. 294, d; B. 337, 7, 0, 2; H. 544, 2, n. 2. This is 
called the "Factitive Predicate." 

69. dignam scelere : G. 397 ; A. & G. 245, a; B. 226, 2 ; H. 421, 
in. suscepit : more commonly in Latin (and Greek) a person 
suffering punishment is said to give (dare) ox pay (solvere) the penalty 
as a fine, while he who inflicts punishment is said to take (sumere) it. 

70. annum iam tertium . . . regnat : has been ruling (and is still 
ruling). Account for this use of the Present tense. So in French, 
Depuis quand etes-vous ici? means "How long have you been (lit. 
are you) here ? " 

73. luce : with what word just above is this contrasted ? versari : 
operate ; see the Note on 1„ 13 above. 

§8. 75. triumphavit . . . de : triumphed over. Both Sulla and Murena, 
his lieutenant, enjoyed the honor of triumphs for their exploits against 
Mithridates, but in neither case, of course, had Mithridates graced 
the occasion with his presence as a prisoner. 

78. regnaret: continued to rule; Subjv. after Consecutive ut. -Note 
the restrictive force here of ita . . . ut, implying that while they 
triumphed, yet Mithridates went on ruling. G. 552, r. 3; A. & G. 
319, b. The two participles pulsus and superatus have a Concessive 
force (though). 

79. quod egerunt : in that they acted, or were active, e.g. they took 
the field. quod reliquerunt : in that they left something undone. 



SPEECH FOR THE MAHILIAN LAW 209 

e.g. they failed to crush Mithridates. Note the Asyndeton (omission 
of the conjunction et or the like) between the two clauses ; so in 1. 81 
below, before Murenam. 

80. res publica : the public interests. During his absence in Asia, 
his democratic enemies had raised a revolt in Rome, thus precipitating 
the first civil war. See Introduction, §§21, 22. 

§9. 83. novi : for a new (war). 

84. postea cum : strictly speaking the cum-clause explains postea, but 
translate : after having, etc. What use of cum is this ? G. 585 ; A. 
& G. 325; B. 288, 1, b; H. 521, 11. 2. 

87. simularet : note the tense, differing from that of the preceding 
verbs and expressing contemporaneous action. Translate : while (cum 
above) pretending. 

88. ad eos duces : these words refer to the remnants of the Marian 
party, led by Quintus Sertorius, in the civil war between the Marians 
and Sulla. They held Spain. Sertorius made terms with Mithridates 
against their common enemy (Rome), agreeing to send him Roman 
troops with a Roman general in return for the ships and money that 
Mithridates promised to send to Sertorius. Sertorius, however, 
was shortly after murdered by one of his own officers, Perperna, 
who then proved no match for Pompey. ut : with dimicaretis 
(1. 91). 

89. disiunctissimis maximeque diversis : far separated and distinct 
(in character), i.e. Spain and Asia. cum: conjunction. 

90. binis: why not duabus T G. 97, R. 3; A. & G. 95, b; B. 81, 4, 
b; H. 174. 2, 3. bellum: subject of gereretur. 

91. districti: Xom. Plural of the Perfect Part, passive. de 
imperio : for supremacy. 

§10. 92. periculum : subject of depulsum est. alterius partis : 

from (lit. of) one quarter. 

93. plus firmamenti ac roboris : because Sertorius was a successful 
commander and was at the head of trained troops. The Genitives 
are Partitive. 

94. Pompei : Cicero credits Pompey with bringing the war to a close, 
as he did, but only after the murder of Sertorius had removed all 
effective opposition. 

95. virtute : generalship; so virtuti below, 1. 97. The Ablatives 
consilio, virtute are Ablatives of Means. in altera parte : in Asia. 
Throughout this passage Cicero refers to matters of recent history 
with much tact. It suited his purpose above to refer to the consilium 
and virtus of Pompey in the Spanish campaign notwithstanding the 
facts (see Note on 1. 94) ; he is equally careful now to attribute (tri- 

17 



2IO NOTES 

buenda) the failures of Lucullus to fortune and his successes to 
generalship. 

96. initia : translate as if it were an adjective agreeing with gesta- 
rum, and compare the Note on 1. 7 (auctoritatem) above. 

100. vera: deserved; falsa: undeserved. ei: Indirect Object. 

Translate : from him with detracta ; for him with adficta. 

§11. 101. de vestri imperi dignitate, etc. : as to the dignity, etc. 

102. exorsus : first part (division). 

105. mercatoribus . . . tractatis : Abl. Absolute = cum mercatores 
tractati essent ; so milibus . . . necatis. Note milibus (PL of mille) with 
the Gen. acccording to the rule. G. 293 ; A.. & G. 94, e. 

107. nuntio : Abl. of Means ; tempore : Abl. of Time When. 

108. quo . . . animo : what, pray (tandem), ought to be your feeling, 
etc. ; lit. of what mind, Abl. of Quality. appellati superbius : 
addressed rather haughtily. The ambassadors referred to were sent 
to Corinth to attend a meeting of the Achaean League in 148 B.C. As 
to the treatment they received, accounts vary : some say that they 
were merely ejected, others that they were imprisoned. Cicero prefers 
to represent the case as mildly as possible, to contrast the former 
yigor of the Romans with their present apathy under supposedly 
greater provocation. 

109. lumen : eye. Corinth, at that time the richest and most luxu- 
rious city in Greece, was captured and sacked by the Roman consul 
Mummius (146 B.C.). Soon after, Greece became a Roman province 
under the name of Achaia. 

110. voluerunt : ivilled. For the use of exstinctum esse here, see G. 
280 (c). eum regem : Mithridates. 

111. legatum consularem : Aquilius, the Roman general whom Mith- 
ridates put to death just before the First Mithridatic War (Prefatory 
Note, §3). He had been sent to Asia on an embassy concerning the 
succession to the thrones of Bithynia and Cappadocia ; hence the 
word legatum. He was consul in 101 b.c. 

112. atque {and even) . . . excruciatum necavit : observe the Climax 
with which this sentence closes. 

113. libertatem imminutam . . . ereptam vitam: Chiasmus, or inver- 
sion in the order of words, as in the verse, " Sweet is the breath of 
morn, her rising sweety Point out an instance of this figure in 1. 59 
above. 

114. ius legationis . . . persecuti sunt : they punished a mere verbal 
insult to the rights of ambassadors ; lit. they punished the right, etc. 
violated by a word, referring to the case of the Roman envoys at 
Corinth. For the translation of the participle violatum, compare the 



SPEECH FOR THE MAKILIAK LAW 211 

phrase ante urbem conditam. So in the preceding libertatem imminutam 
and ereptam vitam as well as the following legatum interfectum. See 
G. 325, r. 3; A. & G. 292, a; B. 337, 5; H. 549, N. 2. 

§12. 117. ut : as (of Comparison). fuit : Indie, of an individual 

fact. G. 629, r.; A. & G. 342, a; B. 314, 3 ; H. 529, 11. N. 1. So 
accepistis further on. sit : after ne above (negative clause of Design). 

122. Ariobarzanes rex : his expulsion by Mithridates for the fourth 
time had recently occurred. He was restored by Pompey. 

123. toti Asiae : G. 346; A. & G. 227; B. 187,' 11. a; H. 385, 11. 
125. cuncta Asia: either Local Ablative (G. 388; A. & G. 258, /, 2; 

B. 228, 1, b ; H. 425, 2) or Xom. in apposition to civitates. 

127. certum : special or particular. 

128. miseritis (from mitto) : Subjv. after Causal cum. alium : 
Glabrio. audent : Principal Parts ? 

§13. 129. hoc idem quod (all three Ace. of Inner Object): what verb 
is to be supplied ? After idem translate the relative as or that. 

130. summa : highest (qualifications). sint : are united; why 
Subjunctive ? 

131. propter: near at hand. Pompey was in Cilicia, dictating to 
the piratical state which he had just conquered, quo: lit. by which; 
Abl. of Measure of Difference with the comparative aegrius. Trans- 
late: wherefore they want him all the more sorely (the sorer their want 
of him). 

132. ipso : mere. tametsi . . . venerit : dependent clause in 0. 0., 
hence Subjunctive. 

134. libere loqui : the much-cowed provincials were naturally afraid 
to be candid, Cicero means. 

136. dignos quorum . . . commendetis : worthy that you should commit 
their safety (worthy to have you commit, etc.). Note the construction 
after dignos. G. 631, 1 ; A. & G. 320, /; B. 282, 3; H. 503, 11. 2. 

137. atque hoc, etc. : and that too all the more, in that (quod), etc. 
The word atque; has its usual force in adding something more impor- 
tant to what precedes. 

138. cum imperio : with full powers. For the meaning of imperium, 
see Introduction, §56. mittimus : the Indie, shows that the reason is 
given on Cicero's responsibility (not that of the provincials), and hence 
the statement is all the more impressive. A Roman general and army 
when once quartered in a province were usually as costly to the prov- 
ince as the attacks of the enemy had been against whom they had 
been sent to deliver the province. eius modi : these words contain 
the real predicate idea after mittimus : all the others ivhom we send, 
etc., are of such a character that, etc. 



2X2 KOTES 

139. ipsorum : their own (that is, in contrast with that of the en- 
emy), adventus : Plural, to represent all distances of the sort. 

140. audiebant : used to hear. 

141. temperantia, mansuetudine, humanitate: as a man of such 
moderation, etc. : Ablative of Quality. 

143. diutissime : compare this adverb in the three degrees. 
commoratur : the Indie, because the clause is a mere circumlocution. 
G. 629, r.; A. & G. 342, a; B. 314, 3; H. 529, 11. n. 1. 

§14. 144. nulla . . . lacessiti : without, etc. ipsi : as distinguished 

from the allies (socios). 

145. The wars here mentioned were: the three Punic Wars, 264-146 
B.C. (cum Poenis) ; the war with Antiochus the Great of Syria (cum 
Antiocho), against whom and his allies, the Aetolians (cum Aetolis), 
Rome took the part of her Greek allies in Asia, 192-190 B.C.; the 
Second Macedonian War, in which the Roman legion under Flami- 
ninus was pitted against the Macedonian phalanx under Philip V. of 
Macedonia (cum Philippo), resulting in the Roman victory at Cynosce- 
phalae in Thessaly, 197 B.C. quanto studio : Abl. of Manner. 

147. una cum : together with. 

148. praesertim cum : especially as ; Causal cum. This combination 
is almost as common in Cicero as quae cum ita sint (the Ciceronian 
formula) or esse videatur (a favorite close of the sentence). It is 
sometimes written cum praesertim, as in 1. 127. 

149. agatur : it is a question of (de). See Note on 1. 37 (aguntur). 
Note the phrases salus vestra agitur : your safety is at stake ; de salute 
vestra agitur : it is a question of your safety. Actum est de means 
it is all over with. 

150. tanta . . ,ut: only so great that (i.e. only sufficient). eis : 
Abl. with contenti. G. 401, r (n.) 6; A. & G. 254, 0, 2; B. 219, 1 ; H. 
420, 1, 4. ad . . . tutandas : to protect, i.e. to support the army, 
etc. 

151. vero: while, almost = autem. It is usually, as here, in the 
second place in the sentence. 

152. agrorum, fructuum, pastionis : see Note on 1. 163 below. 

154. antecellat : with the Dat. on account of ante in composition. 

155. belli utilitatem : resources in war, lit. war -usefulness. 

§15. 158. ceteris : all other ; the regular meaning of this word, 
venit : the Perfect of Iterative (repeated) action. G. 567; A. & G. 316, 
3; B. 288, 3; H. 471, 3. at: marking a sharp contrast. in: 

in the case of. 

159. metus ipse: the mere fear of it. 

161. pecuaria (adj.) : supply res, and translate : the grazing indus- 



SPEECH FOR THE MAKILIAN LAW 213 

try. relinquitur : abandoned, neglected; so quite often in this 

oration. 

163. ex portu (customs' dues), ex decumis (tithes), ex scriptura (land- 
rent) : three important sources of revenue to the Roman treasury. 
The first mentioned were duties on exports and imports ; the second, 
tithes of cereals, wines, etc. ; the third, rent paid for the privilege of 
pasturing cattle on the public lands. 

165. fructus : income. 

§16. 167. eos : subject of esse preceding, the predicate being quo 
animo (Abl. of Quality). exercent : farm ; exigunt : collect. The 

first refers to the equites, or publicani ; the second, to their agents on 
the spot. 

169. propter : see Note on 1. 131. 

171. familias : establishments (slaves, etc.). habent : maintain. 

172. portubus atque custodiis : harbors and coast-stations, at which 
the officers of the publicani prevented smuggling. periculo : risk. 

174. fructui : a source of profit ; lit. for a profit, Dat. of the Object 
For Which. G. 356 ; A. & G. 233, a; B. 191, 2 ; H. 390. Note the two 
Datives here. conservaritis . . . liberatos : keep free (freed) : the 

Fat. Perf. of the Protasis (or Perf. Subjv. by attraction, representing 
the Fut. Perf). What kind of Condition ? 

§17. 177. ac ne illud quidem : referring back to the case of themul- 
torum civium, quibus est consulendum at the end of Chap. ii. (11. 60, 
61). Translate: and that too is not to be overlooked, etc. This is the 
last (extremum) point in the enumeration of matters touching the 
stability of the financial world. 

179. quod ad multorum, etc. : a matter that, etc. 

180. quorum . . . ratio diligenter : due regard for whom. pro : in 
accordance with. 

181. et publicani: probably Cicero started with et, intending to 
follow it with a repetition of the word ; instead, he uses deinde 
(1. 187). Preserve the spirit by translating both followed by and then 
(deinde). homines honestissimi, etc. : most worthy and substantial 
persons. Odious as the publicani were to the oppressed provincials 
they were indispensable to the Roman government with its system 
of revenue farming, since they were the only class of citizens rich 
enough to buy the contracts with the state. 

182. rationes et copias : interests and resources. contulerunt : 
have transferred, for the purpose of investment. 

183. ipsorum per se : in their own rights as individuals and citizens. 

184. curae : (for) a care = objects of care ; compare note on 1. 174 
above (fructui), 



2 1 4 NOTES 

185. nervos : sineivs. 

186. exercet : as in 1. 167, where see Note. firmamentum : prop 
and stay. ordinum : name the orders of Rome (Introduction, gll 
following). 

§18. 188. partim ipsi . . . partim eorum: the word partim is an old 
Accusative, used sometimes as an adverb, sometimes as an indeclin- 
able substantive with a Partitive Genitive. Here the first partim is 
apparently in apposition to the subject (homines), while the second is 
followed bja Partitive Genitive (eorum). Translate: in some cases. . . 
(while) others of them. ipsi : in person ; in contrast with these 

persons the second class of citizens transacted their business through 
agents. The former were, of course, absent from Rome (absenti- 
bus). 

190. conlocatas : invested. est humanitatis vestrae : it is the 
part of your humanity. G. 366, R, 1; A. & G. 214, d; B. 203, 5; H. 
401, n. 2. So sapientiae. 

191. eorum civium: not Partitive, but rather Appositive. G. 361, 2; 
A. & G. 214, /; B. 202 ; H. 396, vi. Translate with magnum numerum : 
a large class consisting of those, etc. 

192. videre . . . non posse (not ne possint) : Cicero states the impos- 
sibility as a fact, not as something to be striven for. 

193. illud parvi refert: it makes little difference. It would be a 
ruinous policy, he says, to argue that Rome could recover the revenues 
by victory even if one set of tax-farmers were lost, since the same set 
would not have the means (facultas) to make contracts (redimendi) 
again, and others would be held back from entering upon such con- 
tracts through their want of confidence. parvi : Gen. of Value. 
G. 382, 1; A. & G. 252, a; B. 211, 3; H. 408, in. 

195. isdem, aliis : Datives of Possession. 

§19. 197. quod : relative, its antecedent being id, in the next 
line. Asia (Nom.), Mithridates : two subjects representing a 

single experience, hence the singular verb docuit. 

198. id quidem certe : that indeed at least (if nothing else), ca- 

lamitate docti : taught by disaster. 

200. res : what is the meaning here ? solutione impedita : by the 
suspension of payments ; Ablative Absolute. 

201. fidem: credit. 

202. ut non : without ; lit. in such a way as not to, etc. ; so again a 
few lines below. G. 552, R. 4. 

204. id quod ipsi videtis : not to be translated literally, but say : 
in a matter which you see for yourselves. The whole clause is a kind 
of Inner Object after credite. 



SPEECH FOR THE MAXILIAX LAW 2 I 5 

205. ratio pecuniarum : financial system. in foro : the banks 
were situated on the Forum. 

206. versatur : prevails. implicata cum : inseparable from ; lit. 
enveloped with. illis, etc. : the distant (illis) finances of Asia ; illis 
is in contrast with the preceding haec. 

207. mere : its meaning is suggested by the form of its substantive, 
ruina. ut non : see Xote on 1. 201 above. 

208. dubitandum : meaning with the Infinitive ? 

211. defendantur : Subjv. of Design after quo (= ut in eo). The 
closing words of this paragraph sum up the considerations that make 
for Cicero's view of the character of the war. 

2) The Magnitude of the War (§§20-26). 

Having spoken of the character of the war, I shall now speak briefly 
of its magnitude. This should not be underrated. The experience of 
Lucullus should be sufficient warning, and Lucullus is surely a man 
of acknowledged ability. To that commander indeed I am disposed 
to award full credit for his many successes — and this is more than 
the oppjonents of the Manilian Law have done. (§§20, 21.) 

"If Lucullus has accomplished so mttch," some one may ask, " then 
what remains to be done F" TJie question is a reasonable one. True, 
Lucullus routed Jlithridates, but in the eagerness of the army to 
capture the rich treasures which Jlithridates had left behind, they 
allowed the king himself to escape to the sheltering court of Tigranes 
in Armenia. Then Jlithridates, his fallen fortunes reviving, ven- 
tured even to renew the war, and with such success in the endeavor 
that I dare not dwell upon the details. Enough that, in obedience to 
an old prrecedent against the prolongation of military commands, you 
have recalled Lucullus, and the question now is one that concerns the 
choice of his successor. (§§22-26.) 

§20. 213. enim (not for) : this word often gives an illustration or 
explanation of a point. The point Cicero seeks to impress upon his 
hearers is the magnitude of the war. He begins therefore by antici- 
pating a possible (potest) error that others may make in their estimate 
of the matter. Translate: now it is possible that it may be said, etc. 

214. gerendum : note the recurrence of forms in -dus (meaning must, 
ought). 

216. contemnenda esse videantur : may appear worthy of contempt. 

218. Lucullo: Cicero to all appearances makes a handsome acknowl- 
edgment of the exploits of Lucullus, but his object is to sharpen the 
attention of his hearers and prepare the way for his glowing eulogy 



2 I NOTES 

of Pompey soon to follow, to which this praise of Lucullus is only 
a foil. 

219. debeatur: is due. dico : introducing a series of sentences 
in 0. 0., extending through esse gesta (1. 237). eius adventu : 
upon his arrival ; the Abl. seems to imply something more than mere 
Time here, indicating the occasion of Mithridates' great preparations. 

220. Mithridati : Genitive (usually in -is) ; compare Tigrani in 1. 267. 
The participles ornatas and instructas have the force of adjectives 
here, as is shown by the use of fuisse instead of esse. G. 250, r. 1 ; A. 
&G. 291, b, r.; H. 471, 6, n. 1. 

222. Cyzenicorum : that of the Cyzenici. Cyzicus was a leading city 
of Phrygia, on the coast of the modern Sea of Marmora, opposite By- 
zantium (Constantinople). In relieving this place (liberavit) from the 
siege (obsidionis), Lucullus bottled up Mithridates, who escaped only 
after great losses by famine and sickness. Cyzicus remained loyal to 
Rome throughout the war. 

§21. 226. ducibus Sertorianis : Dat. of Advantage. The Sertorian 
leaders were, of course, the followers of Sertorius. See Note on 1. 88. 

227. studio : merely party zeal, odio being added as an epithet. 
Translate: by the hatred of party zeal (Hendiadys). raperetur : 

was being hurried on. 

231. fuisset : observe, not esset, because the part, clausus has the 
force of an adjective. 

235. se : object of contulisse in a common phrase. alios reges : 

Tigranes (Mithridates' son-in-law) and other neighbors. 

237. vectigalibus : tributaries. laudis : Part. Gen. with satis, 

atque ita : some think that the word dicta (or the like) has been lost 
here ; otherwise the use of ita is strange. For the meaning of the 
combination, compare the phrase atque id: and that too. Translate : 
and {that it has been said), too, in such a ivay that you may perceive, 
etc. 

239. obtrectant : Indie, to give a Circumlocution in 0. 0. See G. 
629, r. (a); A. & G. 342, a; B. 364, 3; H. 529, 11. n. 1. legi, 

causae : Datives after ob- in composition. 

§22. 241. quern ad modum . . . possit : Indirect question. 

244. sic . . . ut : as (of Comparison). 

245. Medea : referring to the story of her flight from her home in Col- 
chis with Jason, taking her brother Absyrtus with her. When pursued 
by her father Aeetes, King of Colchis, she killed her brother, cut his 
body in pieces, and scattered the fragments in the sea in order that 
her father might be detained while gathering the scattered remains, 
quam ; subject of dissipavisse, 



SPEECH FOR THE 3IAXILIAX LAW 2 I J 

246. se persequeretur (0. 0.): represents her thought as me perseque- 
tur (Fut. in 0. R.). The sequence (Impf. Subjv.) is taken according 
to the rule from dissipavisse, on which it depends (not from praedicant). 

247. conlectio dispersa : the membra were dispersa, but here the epithet 
is transferred to the act itself. Translate : the act of gathering them 
here and there. 

248. persequendi : translate as an abstract substantive. - retar- 
daret : Subjv. of Design, and in the singular because of the close con- 
nection between the two subjects, often (as here) indicated by -que. 

249. maximam vim auri: one story ran that the wily Mithridates 
purposely had a mule, laden with treasure, placed between him and 
his pursuers, who in their dispute over the booty missed the main 
prize, Mithridates himself. Note the meaning here of vim. 

251. ipse: in contrast with a maioribus (1. 250). superiore : for- 
mer, direptas congesserat : coordinate in translation, as if it were 
diripuerat et congesserat. 

252. dum conligunt : the Pres. Indie, is the usual construction with 
dum, while (during), even of past time. G. 570 ; A. & G. 276, e; B. 
293, i; H. 467, 4. 

253. diligentius : rather too carefully (euphemistic). 

254. ilium: A eetes in pursuit of Medea; hos : the Romans in pursuit 
of Mithridates. 

§23. 255. timore et fuga : panicky flight (Hendiadys). 

256. dimdentem : Prin. Parts ? rebus : Dat. as always in clas- 
sical Latin (G. 401, r. 6; A. & G. 227; B. 187, n.; H. 385), while fidere 
and confidere usually take the Abl. of Things (Dat. of Persons). 

257. adnictum erexit, perditumque recreavit: choose your words wilh 
care in translation. 

258. plures etiam gentes: etiam regularly precedes the word whose 
meaning it heightens ; here it splits the combination, giving the im- 
pression that gentes is the important word, as opposed to individual 
cases. 

260. nationibus : Dat. after in- in composition. numquam, neque, 
neque: never, either, or ; distribution of the negative. G. 445; A. & 
G. 209, a, 3; B. 347, 2; H. 553, 2. 

261. lacessandas : provoked (by attack); temptandas : tried, or put to 
the test (to see how much ill-treatment they would stand). 

266. coneitabantur : the Impf., as the tense that dwells on the pro- 
cess, is used here to describe the panic as it spread from one place to 
another. Just above (1. 259), the Perfect of the same verb was used to 
show the coincidence of the action with that of the leading verb, 
venit (Pf.). 



2l8 NOTES 

268. usus erat: not used ; this word admits of many translations. 

§24. 270. fuit enim illud, etc. : for this was the upshot (extremum) 
of the matter (namely), that a timely retreat, etc. was sought, etc. 
rather than a further advance (into the enemy's country). Lucullus 
had a discontented army, far from any base of operations, in the midst 
of hostile peoples, who were wrought up to the greatest pitch of excite- 
ment through their fears of an invasion. So much Cicero tells us ; 
but Lucullus was further hampered by political intrigue at Rome. 

273. eorum : this word goes with auxiliis in the next line. Mithri- 
dates was helped not only by his own countrymen, but also by troops 
from other countries (adventiciisj. ipsius : the distinctive pronoun, 
distinguishing Mithridates from his followers. 

276. ut adliciant: Subjv. of Result after fieri, a verb of Happening. 

278. nomen regale : = nomen regis; a frequent use of the adjective. 

§25. 279. tantum . . . quantum numquam : i e. more than ever. Both 
victus and incolumis are predicative attributes, and should be trans- 
lated: though conquered (i.e. in the hour of his defeat) and, when safe 
(i.e. in the days of his safety), efficere : accomplish. 

281. eo (antecedent of quod) : see Note on eis, 1. 150. praeter : 
beyond, more than. 

282. ut illam, etc. : defines what happened. He means that Mithri- 
dates was lucky enough to reach his country at all, but not content 
with his safe return he actually made an attack, etc. 

284. hoc loco : at this point. 

287. ex sermone rumor : hearsay rumor. Triarius, the lieutenant of 
Lucullus, with a division of the army was cut off and overpowered by 
Mithridates before Lucullus could reach him. Hence the calamitatem 
to which Cicero refers, the news of which reached Lucullus through 
the natives before the official messenger could arrive. 

§26. 289. belli offensione : reverse of war. tamen: {^.notwith- 

standing the reverse. aliqua ex parte : in some measure. 

290. potuisset : verbs denoting Possibility, etc., usually take the 
Indie, in the apodosis of an Unreal (contrary to fact) Condition, be- 
cause it is not the possibility that is Unreal, but the action of the In- 
finitive. Here, however, the use of the Subjv. shows that Cicero 
regarded the possibility itself under the circumstances as Unreal. G. 
597, r. 3, (a) and (ft) ; A. & G. 308, c, and n. 1; B. 304, 3, n. ; H. 511, 
1, n. 3. The circumstances that made it impossible for Lucullus to 
recover lost ground are given in the next clause (vestro iussu, etc.). 
See also the last part, of the Note on 1. 270 above. 

291. vetere exemplo : according to long-standing precedent, which he 
says was opposed to prolonging military commands. The rule had 



SPEECH FOR THE MAKILIAN LAW 2IQ 

fallen into neglect, however, Lucullus himself having been in com- 
mand since the beginning of the war in 74 B.C. 
292. stipendiis confecti : worn out with service, in the army. 

294. consulto: advisedly. vos coniectura: lit. see through by 
putting matters together, that is, draw your own conclusions, from the 
facts stated, beginning with the words quod coniungant further on. 

295. coniungant : are waging in concert (con-). The Subjunctives 
are Characteristic. The war, he says, must have been serious to have 
caused such a stir. With these words he concludes his argument as 
to the magnitude of the war. 

3) The Choice of a Commander (§§27-50). 

There is but one man in Rome who unites the four qualifications 
that every commander of the first rank should possess. In Pompey 
alone do we find these four requisites : (a) military knowledge ; (b) sol- 
dierly and personal virtues ; (c) prestige ; (d) good fortune (§27). 

(a) His military knowledge (§28). 

(b) His soldierly and personal virtues (§§29-42). 

(c) His prestige (§§43-46). 

(d) His good fortune (§§47, 48), and his present proximity to the 
scene of the war (§50). 

(In §49 Cicero recapitulates all that he has said concerning the 
character and the magnitude of the war, and the choice of a com- 
mander. See Note on lines 569-576.) 

§27. 298. fecisse videor, quare esset : account for the sequence esset 
(is). G. 518; A. & G. 287, i; B. 268, 2; H. 495, iv. Note the differ- 
ence of tense in the English translation. 

300. restat ut . . . videatur : a literal translation here would not make 
sense. Say: it evidently remains that I should speak, etc. For the 
construction after restat, see G. 553, 4; A. & G. 332, a; B. 297, 2; H. 
p. 276, footnote 2. 

301. utinam . . . haberetis : an Unreal Wish in Present Time. G. 261 
and the second paragraph on the same page ; A. & G. 267; B. 279, 2; 
II. 483, 2. See Note on 1. 272 of the First Oration against Cati- 
line. 

302. innocentium : stainless. 

303. deliberatio : question ; followed by an Indirect Question (quem- 
nam putaretis). The tenses should be noted : esset : were (would be) ; 
putaretis : you think. potissimum : above all others. 

304. rebus, bello : account for the case. Q. 347; A. & G, 228; B. 187, 
in.; H, 386, 



2 20 NOTES 

* 305. nunc vero : but as it is. unus: the only man; predicate 

and followed by a Characteristic clause (qui superarit). 

307. virtute: Abl. of Respect (Specification). quae res, etc. , is 
Interrogative, but quae . . . possit is a Characteristic relative clause. 

308. cuiusquam : in what kind of sentence is this word used ? 

§28. 309. sic : anticipates the following Ace. and Inf. and may be 
omitted in translation. 

310. res : qualifications ; rei : art, 

(a) His Military Knowledge (§28). 

His knowledge of the military art is the result of a life-long and 
varied experience. Beginning with his boyhood, and continuing in 
his youth and manhood, this experience has been one of uninterrupted 
success. 

312. homine : why Ablative ? debuit : had a right to be. 

313. e : from the days of. disciplinis : training. 

315. extrema pueritia : at the close of his boyhood. He was seven- 
teen when he served under his father in the Social War (89 B.C.). 

316. ineunte adulescentia : at the age of twenty-three in the first 
civil war, he fought on the side of Sulla, who honored him with the 
title of Imperator. 

318. hoste : public enemy ; inimico : private foe. 

319. ceteri : all the rest, the regular meaning of ceteri. 

321. alienis : the regular possessive adjective of alius and translated : 
of others. The Ablatives in this sentence denote the Means. 

324. exercuerit: has engaged ; Characteristic Subjunctive. 

325. civile, etc. : this sentence contains an epitome of Pompey's 
whole military career up to this time. With its Roman compactness 
of expression, crowding the events of a quarter of a century within the 
compass of a few words, it forms a fine close to this chapter, in which it 
is sought to show that if experience is to count, then Pompey is the 
man for the present emergency. But it does more than this: it serves 
also as a transition to the detailed discussion of Pompey's several cam- 
paigns (Chap, xi.), leading up to what was in fact the climax of his 
achievement — his notable success in the war on the pirates (67 B.C.), 
the memory of which was still fresh in the hearts of his hearers (Chap, 
xii.). civile : Pompey sided with Sulla in the first civil war, and after 
defeating Carbo in Sicily passed over to Africa (hence Africanum), 
where he routed Ahenobarbus, and reestablished the authority of the 
Senate. Later, on his way to fight the Sertorian remnants of the 
democrats in Spain (hence Hispaniense), he met L. Junius Brutus, 



SPEECH FOR THE MAJflLIAK LAW 22 1 

whom he defeated in Transalpine Gaul (hence Transalpinum). The 
servile bellum refers to the uprising of Spartacus, in suppressing which 
Pompey also took part. The navale bellum was the war which he 
waged against the pirates of Cilicia. 

328. nullam rem . . . militari : that there is nothing based on military 
experience ; followed by a Characteristic clause. 

(b) His Soldierly and Personal Virtues (§§29-42). 

Of Pompey } s merits as a commander mere words can give no ade- 
quate description. That the ordinary virtues of energy, courage, 
diligence, promptness, and prudence are his, was shown by his con- 
duct in Italy, in Sicily, in Africa, in Spain, and repeatedly again 
in Italy, Notably in his recent campaigns against the pirates did 
he show his ability, whether to relieve the provinces of their fears on 
account of these marauders, to secure our tributaries, to protect our 
allies, or to restore the prestige of our navy on the high seas. (§§29- 
32.) 

To come nearer home, our very coasts and highways were long sub- 
ject to these piratical attacks, so that foreign visitors to our shores 
and our own citizens fell into the hands of these corsairs. And yet 
in how incredibly short a time did he clear the seas ! Not only did 
he make secure the three great granaries of Rome — Sicily, Africa, 
and Sardinia — from these attacks, but he strengthened every section 
of the empire, and pursuing the pirates to their very strongholds in 
Cilicia he brought them in subjection to the Roman power. (§§32-35.) 

Above all, Pompey is unique among Roman generals in the posses- 
sion of those rare qualities that go to make the stainless soldier. The 
soul of honor, he has been singularly free from the usual vices of 
rapacity and dishonesty, and by his own self-control he has instilled 
the same virtue in his soldiers. (§§36-39.) 

His moderation in other respects must explain his extraordinary 
success. How else can we account for the rapidity with which he has 
achieved his own results in contrast with the exploits of others ? 
Neither pleasure nor avarice can allure him from the path of duty : 
and such are his humanity, his wisdom, and his affability that he is 
loved even by those whom he conquers. Does it not seem indeed as if 
he had been born by some special favor of Heaven that he might bring 
to a close all the wars that his generation has seen? (§§40-42.) 

§29. 331. iam vero : and again, introducing, as it often does, a 
transition. virtuti : emphatic position. oratio : words. 

332. illo dignum : consult your grammar (if necessary) and tell (1) 



222 NOTES 

the case construction after dignus and (2) its mood construction (with 
the relative). 

333. cuiquam : Dat. of the Agent. In what kind of sentence is this 
pronoun regularly used ? 

337. tanta . . . quanta non : i.e. greater than, as we should say in 
English. 

338. audivimus : heard of. 

§30. 340. L. Sulla : the events referred to here and in the four sen- 
tences following relate to Pompey's service in behalf of the aristocratic 
party under Sulla in his war against the Marians. This was in the 
first civil war beginning in 83 B.C. See Note on 1. 325. virtute : 

generalship. 

342. non terrore belli : because when Pompey was sent to Sicily, the 
democratic leader there (Perperna) off ered no resistance but evacuated 
the island. Pompey, however, met and defeated Carbo, whom he put 
to death at Lilybaeum. Point out an instance of Chiasmus in this 
sentence. explicavit : extricated. 

343. oppressa : when overwhelmed. 

349. ab hoc absente : Pompey was in Spain when the war with Spar- 
tacus began. 

351. sublatum (from tollo) ac sepultum : Prin. Parts of these verbs ? 

§31. 354. quis . . . locus : quis is used here (as often) for the adjective 
form of the interrogative pronoun qui. toto mari : G. 388 ; A. & 

G. 258, /, 2; B. 228, 1, I; H. 425, 2. per : during. 

357. qui non: without, introducing a Characteristic Subjunctive. 

358. aut hieme aut referto, etc. : he who wished to sail the seas 
(navigavit) had to choose between the bad weather (hieme) and the 
pirates, who were, of course, most active in the summer, referto 
praedonum : G. (L. Ed.) 374, n. 1 ; A. & G. 248, c, e. ; B. 204, 1 ; H. 
399 and 400, 3. 

359. hoc tantum bellum, etc. : the object of the sentence, in emphatic 
position. Preserve the order by translating: as for this war, so great, 
so disgraceful, etc. 

360. quis umquam arbitraretur, etc. : who would ever have dreamed, 
etc.; a Potential rhetorical question in Past time. G. 258 and 259 ; A. 
&G. 811, a; B. 280; H. 486, 11. 

361. omnibus annis: i.e. in a life-time. 

363. hosce: G. 104, 1, r. ; A. & G. 100, footnote ; B. 87, footnote ; 
H. 186, 1. 

§32. 364. cui praesidio : to whom... as a protection ; for the two 
Datives, see G. 356 ; A. & G. 233, a; B. 191, 2; H. 390, 1. 

367. urbis : Ace. Plural. 



SPEECH EOR THE MAXILIAX LAW 2 2 3 

368. fuit : the Perfect of what is over and gone. G. 236, 1 ; A. & G. 
279, a ; H. 471, 11. 1, 2. 

369. proprium (with Gen.): peculiar to, that is, the special privilege 
of. a domo : the use of the prep, with domo is regular with words 
of measurement, as longe, procul, etc. G. (L. Ed.) 390, 2, N. 4. 

371. per hos : all these. 

372. dicam : the interrogative sign is omitted, as is usual in impatient 
questions. G. 453. For the tense of this word, and also of querar (1. 
374) and dicam (1. 376) below, compare commemorem (1. 379), and see 
Xote on querar (1, 387). 

373. transmiserint : cross; here intransitive. The sequence is due 
to dependence on dicam, a Primary tense, rather than on clausam fuisse, 
the Perf. Infinitive. In contrast, observe in the next sentence that 
venirent depends on captos (esse) and therefore has a Past sequence, 
while the cum-clause depends on querar and so has a Primary 
sequence. summa : the deptths of; the position after the substan- 
tive is not usual with such adjectives. G. 291, R. 2; A. & G. 193; 
B. 241, i, and 350, 4, 0; H. 440, 2, n. 1. 

374. captos (sc. esse) : supply eos (antecedent of qui) as subject of the 
Infinitive. legati : envoys ; who they were is not known. 

376. duodecim secures : the axes of the lictors as a symbol of power 
instead of the magistrates who possessed the power (Metonymy). As 
praetors when outside of Rome were entitled to six lictors, allusion 
seems to be made here to the capture of two praetors. 

§33. 378. innumerabilisque : according to Plutarch 400 cities fell 
under the power of the pirates. 

380. quibus . . . ducitis : because they were ports of entry for the 
grain supplies of Rome. These cities are named further on — Caieta, 
Misenum, and Ostia. 

381. vero : really. celeberrimum : much frequented. Caieta 
was a port of Latinm. 

382. inspectante praetore : while a praetor looked on (helpless) ; Ab- 
lative Absolute. So inspectantibus vobis in 1. 387. 

383. ex Miseno : a town near Naples on the coast of Campania, in 
later days an important naval station. liberos : the Plural is 
rhetorical, only one child — the daughter of Iff. Antonius, the orator 
and grandfather of ''Mark Antony"— having been kidnapped by 
pirates. eius ipsius : the very man. 

385. Ostiense (adj.): at Ostia. Ostia is from ostium, mouth; com- 
pare Vovismouth, Vlyinouth, etc. It was t lie harbor of Rome, 16 
miles distant, and was at the mouth of the Tiber. 

387. querar: not Fut. Indicative. G. 466; A. & G. 112, h; B. 280; 



224 KOTES 

H. 485 and 486, n. prope : see Note on 1. 385 above. ea i 

such, followed by a Characteristic relative clause (cui == ut ei) with 
the Subjunctive. 

391. modo ante : just at. videbatis : used to see. 

393. Oceani ostium : to the ancients Oceanus meant a river, the mouth 
of which was the Straits of Gibraltar. audiatis : should be hear- 

ing. 

§34. 394. atque haec . . . praetereunda non sunt : while the main 
thought of this sentence is the rapidity (celeritate) of Pompey's 
achievements, and we might therefore have expected praetereundum 
non est, yet the deeds themselves must be told to show the manner 
of their doing; this confusion between two things accounts for the 
agreement of the predicate praetereunda with haec, the subject of the 
dependent clause, instead of its true subject, the dependent clause 
itself. This dependent clause (qua . . . sint) is an Indirect Question 
dependent on videtis. 

395. a me : instead of the more usual Dat. of the Agent with the 
Gerundive, perhaps for clearness ; compare Note on 1. 60. 

397. adire . . . conficere : Asyndeton (both verbs depending on po- 
tuit). tarn brevi tempore, quam celeriter, etc. : to translate this lit- 

erally would not make good English. Say : who (inspired) with zeal 
(studio) in (of ), etc., was ever able, etc., in so short a time as to equal the 
speed with which (quam celeriter) the storm (impetus) of war crossed 
the seas when Pompey led ? 

399. tempestivo ad, etc.: G. 359, r, 3; A. & G. 234, b ; B. 192, 2, N. ; 
H. 391, II, i. 

§35. 404. confirmata, missis, adornavit : coordinate the three clauses 
in translation as if written, confirmavit, misit, adornavit. The two 
seas were the Mediterranean and the Adriatic. 

407. ut : in the rather forced sense of after. In its Temporal use 
ut regularly means as, when, etc. 

408. imperium populi Romani : although Rome was at this time a 
republic, empire is the right word here in the wider sense of dominion, 
power, etc. 

411. idem (Nom.): also. G. 310; A. & G. 195, e; B. 248, i; H. 
451, 3. Cretensibus : Q. Metellus had been engaged since 68 B.C. 

in conquering Crete as one of the nests of piracy. He had shown 
much severity in the conduct of the war, and the Cretans in despera- 
tion had appealed to Pompey to interfere, Pompey being at the time 
in Pamphylia (in Asia Minor). It is questionable whether Pompey's 
commission by the Gabinian law included Crete in its terms. Never- 
theless he did interfere, ordering Metellus to stop the war. This order 



SPEECH FOE THE MAKIIIAK LAW 22 5 

Metellus ignored, and a conflict was imminent between the two Roman 
generals when Poinpey was called away by the troubles in the far 
East, where the figure of Mithridates began once more to loom up in 
formidable proportions. 

412. legatos deprecatoresque : envoys as suppliants ; Hendiadys. 

413. ita tantum bellum, etc. : thus a war so great, etc., a war in 
which all nations, etc., Cn. Pompeius prepared for at the close of 
winter, etc. 

§36. 418. haec : such, referring to what precedes. The thought is: 
" I have now spoken of Pompey's merits as a general : how about his 
other merits ? " 

419. quid: a general term = what do they amount to, or, simply, 
what of his other merits ? It is afterwards split up into quantae 
atque quam multae, more specific terms, relating to magnitude and 
number. paulo ante : in §29. 

422. artes eximiae : splendid qualities. 

423. quanta innocentia : how stainless, lit. of how great innocence; 
Abl. of Quality. 

425. temperantia : self-control. fide, facilitate, ingenio, humanitate : 
fidelity, affability, address, and refinement. ingenium is inborn 
character, especially talent or genius ; here it seems to mean a natural 
tact m dealing with others. 

426. qualia sint : what their character is {as seen) in Pompey ; In- 
direct Question. 

428. ex aliorum contentione : by contrast with others. 
§37. 430. ullo in numero putare : esteem of any account. With this 
compare the phrase in numero nullo esse : to be of no reputation. 

431. veneant atque venierint (both from veneo, not venio) : Subjunc- 
tive of Characteristic. 

432. magnum aut amplum (qualifying quid, not hominem) de re 
publica cogitare : supply possumus putare from the preceding sentence, 
and translate: what high or noble thoughts {can we suptpose) the man to 
have concerning the public weed, wJio, etc. quid : Ace. of the Inner 
Object with cogitare. 

434. propter cupiditatem provinciae : on account of their lust for a 
province, i.e. to retain command in a province. provinciae : Ob- 
jective Genitive. 

435. in quaestu : profitably invested; lit. in profit. Cicero makes 
the charge that some general or generals had taken money sent by 
the Senate for military purposes and appropriated it to the purpose 
of retaining their commands by bribery, or had actually used the 
money for private investment. 

18 



2 26 NOTES 

436. facit ut . . . videamini : makes it apparent that you, etc. ; lit. 
causes that you seem. For the construction, see G. 553; A. & G. 332; 
B. 297, i; H. 498, n. qui: interrogative, not relative, introduc- 

ing an Indirect Question. 

438. voluerit : Fut. Perl, but translated loosely as Present. 

439. quantas . . . ferant, quis ignorat : the former clause depends on 
the latter as an Indirect Question, but preserve the order in translation. 

§38. 441. itinera : emphatic position. quae : interrogative, not 

relative. 

443. quid . . . existimetis : what you are to think, not what you think ; 
representing an original Subjv., i.e. a Deliberative Subjv. in the Direct 
Question. G. 467, 3; A. & G. 334, b; B. 300, 2; H. 523, 11. 1, n. 

444. utrum ... an : a Direct Disjunctive (or Double) Question. G. 
458 ; A. & G. 211, 2 ; B. 102, 4 ; II. 353. Cicero intimates that it was 
more destructive to allied cities to furnish winter-quarters for Roman 
armies than it was to hostile cities to be attacked by them. 

446. neque enim potest, etc. : for it is not possible for a general either 
to, etc. 

447. continere : control. se ipse : G. 311, 2 ; A. & G. 195, 1 ; 
B. 249, 2 ; II. 452, 1. in se (Ace): toivards himself. 

§39. 451. non modo : the second non (which is understood here) is 
omitted when followed by ne . . . quidem, provided the two clauses 
have the same verb. G. 482, r. 1 ; A. & G. 149, e; B. 342, 3, a; H. 
552, 2. Translate : not only not. cuiquam : Dat. after nocuisse. The 
thought is, of course, extravagant : the soldiers under Pompey, ac- 
cording to Cicero, not only refrained from wilful violence with their 
hands, but even marched through the country without leaving any 
trace of their footsteps.* 

452. iam vero : and now. 

453. hibernent : Subjunctive in Indirect Question, depending on 
sermones, etc. 

454. sumptum facere in : = to make an outlay on. militem : sol- 
diery, Singular for the Plural. 

455. vis adfertur : is pressure brought to bear, the phrase being 
equivalent to a verb of Urging, hence followed by a Complementary 
Final clause, ut faciat. 

456. hiemis, non avaritiae perfugium : a refuge from the winter, not 
for avarice. The two Genitives differ in use, the first being the 
Objective Genitive, the second the Subjective Genitive. esse : that 
there should be. 

§40. 458. age vero : but again, lit. but come. quali temperan- 

tia : hoiv self -controlled, lit. of tub at self -control ; Abl. of Quality. 



SPEECH EOR THE MAS ILIA H LAW 22 7 

460. non : the position of the negative at the beginning of the sen- 
tence here gives effect to it all through. At the same time, by putting 
ilium next to non, Cicero emphasizes the pronoun, marking the con- 
trast between Pompey and other generals : "Whatever was true of 
others, he was not helped by these extraneous causes." 

461. eximia vis : the extraordinary vigor, 

462. novi: unusual. 

464. non avaritia, non libido, etc. : note the position of the negative 
again, emphasizing the absence of these vices in Pompey's case. See 
Note on 1. 460 above. 

465. amoenitas : charm of scenery, lit. loveliness. 

466. nobilitas : fame. ad cognitionem : to (tnaJce) its acquaint- 
ance ; ad here (as often) with a substantive expressing Design. 

467. signa : statues. 

468. ceteri : supply imperatores. tollenda : to be carried off, that 
is, as prizes of war. 

469. ea : emphatic appositive to signa, etc., above. 

£41. 472. fuisse . . . homines Romanos, etc. : that Romans once really 
possessed this self-control, lit. were of this self-control. 
473. quod : a fact that ; in apposition to the preceding sentence. 
476. maiores suos : subject of maluisse. Whose ancestors are meant? 

478. iam vero : and finally, introducing a Climax, as often. 

479. faciles aditus : Pompey, he says, was so easily approached by 
private persons and so freely gave his attention to their complaints 
that, while he surpassed princes in true worth,, he seemed on a level 
with the humblest in accessibility. aliorum : Subjective Geni- 
tive. G. 363, 1 ; A. & G. 214 ; B. 199 ; H. 396, 11. 

£42. 482. quantum consilio . . . valeat : how strong he is in counsel, 
how strong in the weight and fluency of his sjjeech, etc.; Indirect 
Question. 

483. imperatoria : worthy of a commander, 

484. loco : the Rostra. He means that they had heard him speak on 
public questions. fidem eius : {as for) his good faith ; emphatic 
position. 

486. omnium generum : qualifies, hostes. iudicarint: Subjv. after 
the Causal relative, quam = cum earn. sanctissimam : inviolable. 

487. dictu : explain the use of this form. G. 436 ; A. & G. 253, a; 
B. 340, 2 ; H. 547. utrum ... an : these words introduce either a 
Direct or an Indirect Question. Which here ? See Note on 1. 444, 
and compare the moods in the two cases. pugnantes and victi are 
predicate attributes to hostes. Translate : while fighting and after 
they are conquered. 



228 



NOTES 



489. quin : why used here ? G. 555 ; A. & G. 332, g, n. 1 ; B. 298 ; 
H. 505, i. 

491. natus esse : Nominative because only a copulative verb (videa- 
tur) intervenes between it and the subject. G. 206 ; A. & G. 185, a; 
B. 168, 2 ; H. 362, 2. 

(c) His Prestige (§§43-46). 

The prestige necessary to the successful conduct of a war Pompey 
possesses in a preeminent degree. Proof of this was furnished by the 
unanimity with which you demanded his appointment to the command 
against the pirates ; by the fall in prices that followed immediately 
upon his appointment ; by the happy effect of his mere presence in 
Asia when the cause of Rome against Mithridates and Tigranes was 
well-nigh lost. (§§43-45.) 

The Cretan affair, in which the inhabitants of that island appealed 
to Pompey for his intervention, shows what the enemies of Rome think 
of him. And did not Mithridates himself send an envoy as far as 
Spain for the purpose of treating with Pompey ? (§46.) 

§43. 494. multum valet : has much weight ; Ace. of Extent. So 
plurimum further on. 

495. quin : see Note on 1. 489, where an affirmative was questioned, 
while here we have a negative. re : respect. idem : also, not 
the same. See Note on 1. 637 below, imperator : as a commander. 

496. vehementer autem, etc. : preserve the order of the clauses. Use 
the word "it" as the preparatory subject of pertinere, the real subject 
following in the two quid-clauses. The Subjv. (existiment) indicates 
an Indirect Question, dependent not on ignorat but on the general 
idea of obliquity inherent in the context, ignorat here takes an Ace. 
(the quid clauses) and Inf. (pertinere). Translate : that it has a great 
deal to do with the conduct of wars, what the enemy, what the allies 
think, etc., who is ignorant, etc. ? * ' > 

498. ut aut contemnant, etc. : to despise, etc. ; Complementary Con- 
secutive clause, depending on commoveri. 

499. opinione : general impression^ ; fama : report (gossip) ; ratione 
certa : well-defined reason. 

502. id quod, etc.: a fact that, etc. (parenthetic). G. 614, r. 2; A. 
& G. 200, e ; B. 247, 1, b ; H. 445, 7. 

503. iudicia : as evidenced by the honors which they had conferred 
on Pompey. 

§44. 505. quo (= ut eo) : relative adverb introducing a Character- 
istic Subjunctive. illius diei : when the Gabinian law was passed. 



SPEECH FOR THE 3IANILIAN LAW 2 29 

507 : unum : construe with Pompeium. commune omnium gen- 

tium : because all were interested in clearing the Mediterranean of the 
pirates. 

509. ut plura non dicam : to leave more unsaid ; for the more com- 
mon ne of negative Design, non here negatives a single word (dicam). 

511. rerum egregiarum : conspicuous events. With the words qui quo 
die, etc., he begins to enumerate the events that indicated the prestige 
enjoyed by Pompey. He has already (in the first part of this section) 
adduced the popularity indicated by the passage of the Gabinian law 
as one of the signs, and devotes the remainder of this section and 
§§45, 46 to other evidences that go to prove the point, sumantur : 
let, etc. ; Optative Subjunctive. 

512. qui quo die = eo die, quo die is : the day on which he. Note 
the two relatives beginning one sentence, not to be reproduced in 
English. bello : Dat. after prae in composition. 

513. imperator : as commander. ex : after. 

515. unius hominis spe ac nomine : from the hope inspired by one man's 
name; lit. from the hope and name, etc. The depredations of the 
pirates had caused such a panic in Rome that famine prices prevailed 
in the grain-market, until the appointment of Pompey by the Gabinian 
law brought reassurance and relief. 

516. potuisset : the Apodosis of an Unreal (contrary to fact) Condi- 
tion, the Protasis being implied in the words in summa ubertate agro- 
rum = si agri uberrimi fuissent. See also Note on 1. 290. 

§45. 517. paulo ante : in §25 (end) above. To what disaster does 
he here refer ? See Note on 1. 287. 

518. cum . . . naberet : observe that three verbs follow this cum. 
What use of cum is this ? The main clause begins with the word 
amisissetis. 

520. amisissetis : an Apodosis to which nisi . . . attulisset is the 
answering Protasis. What kind of Condition ? ad ipsum discrimen 
eius temporis : for the very crisis of that occasion ; that is, in the nick of 
time. 

523. continuit: checked; retardavit : arrested. 

525. virtute : generalship. 

527. ipso (mere) nomine acrumore: translate as Hendiadys, and com- 
pare Note on 1. 515. 

§46. 528. age vero : see Note on 1. 458. ilia res : explained by 

the following quod-clause, (namely) the fact that, etc. See G. 525, 2; 
A. & G. 333; B. 299, 1; H. 540, iv. 

532. Cretensium: see Note on 1. 411. noster imperator : Metel- 

lus. 



23O NOTES 

533. in ultimas terras: i.e. Pamphylia, which was ultima to Rome 
but not to Crete. 

537. eum : subject of iudicari below, the two together being the ob- 
ject of maluerunt, to which ei is subject. But to preserve the emphasis, 
translate : a man (eum) whom Pompey always considered an envoy, 
[while] they to whom it ivas annoying (molestum) that he should have 
been sent to Pompey especially (potissimum), py^ef erred that he should 
be considered, etc. At this time Metellus was in command against 
Sertorius in Spain, Pompey being a subordinate officer. Cicero means 
that the friends of Metellus were annoyed because Mithridates had 
sent his envoy to sound Pompey rather than his ranking officer 
Metellus. 

540. auctoritatem : Prolepsis. G. 468; A. & G. 385; B. 374, 5; com- 
pare H. 636, iv. 3. The subject of the dependent clause (here of 
valituram esse) is treated as the object of the leading clause, 

(d) His Good Fortune (§§47, 48). 

While it is not becoming in mortals to speak too boldly of such sub- 
jects, yet it may be said with truth that the most successful com- 
manders have always been Fortune's favorites. This is so strikingly 
true in Pompey' s case that his successes have been more numerous 
and more marked than any other general has dared to hope for. You 
should be glad, therefore, to promote at once the public welfare and 
the success of one who has been its chief instrument, 

§47. 544. reliquum est ut, etc. : translate in the following order : 
de felicitate, quam nemo potest praestare {warrant, insure) de se ipso, 
(supply sed or the like) possumus meminisse et commemorare {record) 
de altero, reliquum est ut dicamus, sicut aequum est homines (supply 
dicere) de potestate deorum, timide et pauca (briefly), 

547. Maximo : Q. Fabius Maximus, whose policy in the Second Punic 
War against Hannibal gave him the nickname Cunctator (from cunctari : 
to delay) and to our vocabulary the word "Fabian" (dilatory}. 
Marcello : M. Claudius Marcellus, the conqueror of Syracuse in the 
same war. Scipioni : probably P..Scipio Aemilianus, who from 

his conquest of Africa in the Third Punic War was called Africanus. 
Mario : C. Marius, who in Cicero's childhood crushed the Cimbri and 
the Teutones. 

551. fuit enim profecto, etc. : for Fortune in a tvay (quaedam) 
has, I am sure (profecto), been yoked, etc. quidam (lit. certain) is 
often added to a word to tone down what might otherwise seem toe 
bold a statement. ad : for. 



SPEECH FOR THE MAKILIAN LAW 2$ \ 

554. hac . . . non ut dicam : not such. . .as to assert (implying really a 
want of moderation); Consecutive Subjunctive. 

556. ut . . . videamur : (such) that ice shall appear. In this and the 
preceding clause the idea of Design necessarily inheres in the con- 
text on account of the Future of the. first person (utar), although 
both clauses are Consecutive after hac. A sentence of pure Design 
(negative) follows in ne . . . videatur. 

§48. 559. gesserit : Subj v. of Indirect Question. 

560. ut: how. 

563. impudentem : presumptuous. 

564. tacitus : adjective for the adverb. G. 325, r. 6; A. & G. 181; 
B. 239; II. 443. auderet: Subjunctive of Characteristic. 

565. quod ut, etc. : and that this characteristic may, etc.; lit. which 
thing may, etc. 

566. cum. . .turn: G. 588; A. & G. 208, d; B. 290, 2; H. 554, 1. 5. 

567. causa : to be taken with salutis and imperi as well as hominis. 
§49. 569-576. In this section Cicero recapitulates the arguments 

he lias used in the Confirmatio under the heads of the character of the 
war, its magnitude, and the choice of a commander. Such summaries 
are necessary in any formal argument in order to keep in mind and 
enforce what has already been said before proceeding to the next 
stage of the subject. Yv r ith the transitions with which Cicero passes 
from one part of an oration to the next, these summaries help to 
promote the coherence of the whole. 

569. cum : Causal. 

571. ei = bello: Dat. after prae- in composition (praeficere). 

573. quin : used because dubitatis is questioned. hoc tantum boni : 
this great blessing ; Partitive Genitive. 

575. conferatis : ought to bring to bear, avail yourselves of. The 
Subjv. is original, representing the Deliberative Subj v. in the direct 
form. G. 555, r. 1. 

At this point, as a practical illustration of Pompey's felicitas, and 
as evidence of the will of the gods, Cicero in §50 closes the Confirmatio 
by reminding his hearers that that commander is already in Asia 
with an array. 

A Further Advantage (§50). 

In any event, Pompey should be your choice for the command on 
account of It is consummate qualifications ; but to all that I have said 
must be added- the further advantage of his presence in Asia, a cir- 
cumstance that points to the way the gods are leading. 

§50. 578. erat deligendus : would be the one to choose ; why not 



2 2 NOTES 

esseU See G. 597, R. 3 (a)-, A. & G. 308, c; B. 304, 3, b; H. 511, 2. 
Note also the Concessive force of the Condition. 

579. nunc : as it is. 

580. opportunitas : lucky circumstance. ut . . . adsit, etc. : there 
are three ways in which these Subjunctives might be accounted for — 
(1) the influence of the preceding demonstrative (haec), leading to a 
Consecutive clause ; (2) the fact that the substantive opportunitas re- 
quires an explanation, also leading to a Consecutive clause ; (3) the 
meaning of the verb adiungatur (is added), although according to the 
grammars the third case is applicable only to impersonal verbs. G. 
553, 4; A. & G. 332, a, 2; B. 297, 2; H. 501, 1. 1. It is to be noted, 
however, that the so-called impersonal verbs have an ut-clause for 
their subject, and in the present passage opportunitas only prepares 
the way for such a clause. In any case the Subjunctfves are Con- 
secutive, and perhaps are most naturally accounted for as explana- 
tory of opportunitas. G. 557; A. & G. 332, a, 2; B. 297, 3; H. 501, 
1. 2. 

581. ab eis, etc. : i.e. from the generals hitherto in command he 
could get a second army. 

584. committamus : should, etc. ; Potential Rhetorical Question, im- 
plying we should, etc. 

IV. REFUTATIO (§§51-68). 

Objections to the Manilian law have been raised by Hortensius 
and Catulus, two men of unquestionable reputation. Their influence 
in the present case, however, cannot avail with you, especially as 
both admit the truth of all that I have said concerning the necessity 
and the proportions of the war, and the supreme worth of Pompey. 

(§51.) 

1. The objections of Hortensius answered (§§52-58). 

2. The objections of Catulus answered (§§59-63). 

3. Senatorial objections in general answered, and authorities cited 
in defence of the proposed law (§§63-68). 

§51. 586. at enim : the usual words employed in introducing objec- 
tions. 

587. vestris beneficiis amplissimis adfectus : honored with the proudest 
distinctions at your hands, lit. affected, or treated, with, etc. The verb 
adficere with the Abl. (honoribus, laetitia, ignominia, iniuria, etc.) is a 
very common circumlocution in Latin in both good and bad senses, 
and is best translated freely as here. Q. Catulus : one of the 

noblest members of the aristocracy, consul in 78 B,c, itemque, 



SPEECH FOR THE MAHTILIAN LAW 233 

etc. : observe that in each instance Cicero describes the man before 
naming him. The words summis . . . praeditus apply, therefore, to 
Hortensius, Cicero's rival in oratory, and, until eclipsed by Cicero in 
the trial of Verres, the leader of the Iloinan bar. He was consul in 
69 B.C. 

589. ratione : view. 

590. auctoritatem : influence, but in the next sentence opinions 
(auctoritates). In each instance the underlying idea is that of weight 
derived from rank or position. plurimum valuisse : has had the 
greatest weight, lit. has availed in the greatest measure; Ace. of 
Extent. 

592. cognoscetis : will hear of, i.e. later in his speech. The idea is, 
that although he could match Catulus and Hortensius in their oppo- 
sition to the bill with other statesmen who favored it, yet he preferred 
for the moment to waive this point, and have the matter settled on its 
merits. In §68 below, he names some of those who advocated the 
measure. 

593. ipsa re ac ratione : from the very reason of the case, lit. from 
the fact itself and reason ; Hendiadys. 

595. isti : referring (as often) to the opposite side. 

596. et necessarium, etc. : these two clauses (Ace. and Inf.) are in 
apposition to ea omnia quae . . . dicta sunt. 

1. The Objections of Hortensius Answered (§§52-58). 

Hortensius admits that if all the power granted by the Mamlian 
law is to be conferred on a single person, then Pompey is the man most 
worthy of appointment; but he opposes on principle a measure that 
gives so much to one man. An answer to this argument is furnished 
in the case of the Gabinian law of last year, which conferred like 
powers on Pompey, and has been amply justified by the glorious results. 
For we, whose ancestors once ruled the seas, had become as helpless 
against the pirates as the most insignificant city, and now, thanks 
to the Gabinian law and to Pompey, we are once more masters of the 
world. (§§52-56.) 

How ungracious too is that opposition which would prevent the ap- 
pointment of Gabinius as Pompey 's lieutenant in the present war ! 
For to Gabinius, as the author of the former law, is due hardly less 
credit than to Pompey himself. (§§57, 58.) 

§52. 600. obsolevit : is out of date, lit. has grown old. oratio : 

argument. Observe the use here of iam as the "now" of experience 
— by this time. 



2 34 NOTES 

601. refutata: Nbm., agreeing with oratio. idem: meaning? 

602. pro : in accordance with ; that is, as was to be expected of. 

604. graviter ornateque : with weight and studied effect, lit. weightily 
and ornately. 

605. promulgasset : had given notice of, as required by law, a few 
days before a measure could be voted on. 

606. permulta verba fecisti : spoke at length. 

§53. 607. plus apud . . . valuisset : had weighed more with ; Plupf. 
Subjv. in an Unreal (contrary to fact) Protasis of Past time, the 
Apodosis (teneremus) denoting opposition to the Present time. 

609. vera causa : their true interests. 

610. an : in the Disjunctive (or Double) Question the second member 
is regularly introduced with this word. Here, however, as often, the 
first member of the sentence is only implied in the context. G. 457, 
i ; A. & G. 211, b; B, 162, 4, a; H. 335. Translate : or did this 
really seem an empire at the time when, etc. ? 

611. legati: see Note on 1. 374. 

614. rem transmarinam obire : conduct business across the sea. 
§54. 618. maritimis rebus : sea-power. 

621. tenuis : insignificant, lit. slender in resources, tarn in this 
sentence leads to a Characteristic clause, quae . . . defenderet. 
623. at : and yet, introducing a sharp contrast. 

626. permanserit: as denoting a Characteristic, this Subjv. is far 
more effective here than the simple Indie, of the bare fact would have 
been. ac : indeed. parte : why Ablative ? G. 405 ; A. & G. 
243, a; B. 218,8 ; H. 421, 11. 

627. utilitatis : for the meaning of this word, see Note on 1. 155. 
§55. 628. Antiochum : Antiochus the Great, King of Syria, and 

ally of Philip V. of Macedonia in the Second Macedonian War (200- 
197 B.C.). Persen : Perses, son of Philip V., in the Third Mace- 

donian War (171-168 B.C.). 

629. Karthaginiensis : Ace. Plural. Carthage was the last rival Rome 
had in the struggle for supremacy in the ancient world. At the be- 
ginning of the First Punic War (264 B.C.) the naval power of the Car- 
thaginians was so far superior to that of Rome that their ambassadors 
told the Romans that they could not even wash their hands in the sea 
without permission from the Carthaginians. But the Romans were 
quick to learn from others, and after building their ships and devel- 
oping their own naval tactics they gained a victory in the first naval 
fight they had with their rivals (260 B.C.). The conquerors soon 
established their supremacy on the water, and extended their con- 
quests into the enemy's country. 



SPEECH FOR THE MANILIAN LAW 235 

631. ei : in apposition to nos (four lines above), but serving to con 
centrate in one word the force of the preceding relative clauses. The 
effect may, perhaps, be reproduced by translating : we, alas ! 

634. salvos praestare : to warrant safe ; that is, guarantee the 
safety of. 

635. quo: whither; Terminal adverb. 

636. commeabant : used to resort. The Imperfects throughout this 
passage (except carebamus) denote Customary Action. 

637. eidem : we also, idem is the regular word to unite two or more 
attributes or predicates on a person or thing. G. 310 ; A. & G-. 195, 
e; B. 248, 1 ; H. 451, 3. 

639. Appia via : the greatest of Roman roads, extending along the 
western shore of Italy till it reached Capua, thence running more 
easterly and ending at Brundisium in the " heel " of Italy. care- 
bamus : were losing, saw ourselves losing. 

640. magistratus . . . escendere : account for the case and also for the 
Infinitive. G. 377 and r. 3 ; A. & G. 221, b and c; B. 209, 1, a; 
H. 409, in. and 410, iv. locum: i.e. the Rostra, where the people 
assembled in the contio to hear a question discussed before it came 
up in the Comitia for their votes. 

641. exuviis : the name Rostra itself was derived from the fact that 
its platform, from which orators addressed the people, was embel- 
lished (ornatum) with the bronze prows (rostra) of ships captured in 
the Latin War at Antium (338 B.C.). 

§56. 643. bono animo: with good intentions; Ablative of Man- 
ner, qualifying dicere below. te and ceteros are the subjects of 
dicer e. 

646. dolori: vexation, on account of Roman apathy in the face of 
the depredations of the pirates. 

647. yestrae (not tuae) : referring not only to Hortensius but also to 
Catulus and all who had the same views (in eadem sententia) con- 
cerning the Gabinian law. Of course, the una lex was the Gabinian 
law, the unus vir Pompey, and the unus annus the year 67 B.C. 

649. aliquando : at last, lit. at some time. 

650. gentibus : peoples; why Dative ? G. 346; A. & G. 227; B. 187, 
11. a; H. 385, 1. 

§57. 651. quo . . . indignius : wlxerefore all the more unworthy ; quo 
is Abl. of Measure of Difference (lit. by which), obtrectatum 

{disparaged) esse: intransitive verbs must in the passive become im- 
personal, the Dative being retained. G. 217; A. & G. 230; B 187, 11. 
b ; H. 301, 1. Translate : that — shall I say Gabinius or Pompey, or 
both. etc. — should have been disparaged in order that Gabinius might 



236 NOTES 

not be appointed lieutenant, that is, to keep him from being appointed, 
etc. 

653. expetenti, postulanti : Concessive participles. G. 664; A. & G. 
292; B. 337, 2, e; H. 549. 

654. utrum : modern English omits whether in the Direct Question. 

655. velit : would like; Potential, or perhaps Subjv. of Partial 
Obliquity, implying Pompey's thought. qui impetret : Subjv. of 
Characteristic. This is a common construction after idoneus, also after 
aptus, dignus, indignus. Translate : the proper person to obtain his 
wish. cum : Causal, but may be translated when. 

656. ad expilandos socios, etc.: if such men as these, says Cicero,, 
might choose their own legati, surely Pompey, the model soldier, 
should be allowed the same privilege. 

657. ipse: the very man, i.e. Gabinius. The student should be 
cautioned against confounding the two laws here concerned — the 
Gabinian law of the preceding year, appointing Pompey in command 
against the pirates, and the present Manilian law for his appoint- 
ment to conduct the Mithridatic war. 

659. expers (from ex and pars) : without a share. 

660. qui ... est constitutus : Singular because of the close connection 
between the two subjects, both having been created by the same 
law. perieulo : risk, on account of the excited opposition to the 
passage of the law, and his responsibility for the consequences after 
its passage. 

§58. 661. an C. Falcidius, etc.: or (while) Falcidius, etc., although 
they had been tribunes of the people, were able to be legati the next 
year, are they (the opponents of the law) so careful in the case of (in) 
Gabinius alone, who, etc. The true reason for this opposition to the 
appointment of Gabinius (a reason of which Cicero says nothing) was 
possibly found in the old statute (the lex Aebutia, 170 B.C.) which pro- 
hibited the proposer of a law that created any office or power from 
active participation in the benefits of the office so created, for the 
present law, proposed by Manilius, only added to the powers already 
conferred upon Pompey by the law of Gabinius. According to Cicero's 
words the opposition was based on the fact that Gabinius had been 
tribune of the people the preceding year. 

662. honoris causa : with all respect ; a common phrase. 

666. etiam praecipuo iure esse : to enjoy even special rights, that is, 
Gabinius had a special claim to such an appointment ; Abl. of Qual- 
ity, deberet : Impf . because an Unreal Apodosis in Present time, 
Subjv. because Concessive (qui in 1. 664, its subject, being — cum is). 
Verbs of Obligation, etc., in the Apodosis of an Unreal Condition 



SPEECH FOR THE MANILIAtf LAW 237 

regularly take the Indie, unless there are other reasons for the use of 
the Subjunctive. Compare the Note on potuisset, 1. 290, where the 
Subjv, was used for a different reason. 

667. de quo legando : (the question) of his appointment as legatus. 
relaturos ad : will lay before ; the technical term for laying a subject 
before the Senate. qui si : and if they. 

668. me relaturum : only Magistrates had this right. As praetor, 
therefore, Cicero had the right unless forbidden by a higher Magis- 
trate. 

669. impediet ... quo minus : G. 549; A. & G. 331, e, 2; B. 295, 3; H. 
497, 11. 2. This is the regular construction with impedire, although, 
on account of the negative, quin might have been used. Prohibere, 
on the other hand, regularly takes the Infinitive. 

670. vobis: Abl. with fretus. G. 401, r, 6; A. & G. 254, 2; B. 218, 
3; H. top of p. 228. vestrum ius beneficiumque : your right and 
favor, the right to appoint and the favor to be shown to Gabinius. 

671. intercessionem : i.e. of a tribune. 

672. quid liceat : what they are permitted (to do), i.e. how far they 
may go in their opposition ; Indirect Question. 

673. unus : = solus. 

674. socius: as partner (sharer). 

675. alter, uni . . . alter : the first and the third of these words are 
regularly used of two definite persons, the one. . .the other ; uni seems 
to be used to avoid too much repetition, although it refers to the same 
person as the second alter, i.e. Pompey. The first alter, of course, 
refers to Gabinius. See G. 319; A. & G. 203; B. 253, 1; H. 459. 

2. The Objections of Catulus Answered (§§59-63). 

As for the objection raised by Catulus, that if any accident should 
happen to Pompey he ivould be without any successor, you made the 
proper answer in saying as you did that in such an event you would 
put your faith in Catulus himself. His second objection— that the 
measure is without precedent — is also untenable, since in a time of 
war the Roman people are guided less by precedent than by expediency, 
as you have already shown in the case of Pompey himself. Indeed, 
Pompey' s career throughout has been a contradiction of all precedent, 
and that too with the assent even of Catulus and his friends. 

§59. 679. videatur : compare Xote on 1. 300. 

680. si . . . poneretis, etc. : the direct question asked by Catulus was 
—si . . . ponetis (Fut.), si quid eo factum erit (Fat. Perf.), in quo (inter- 
rogative, not relative) spem habebitis (Fut.) or estis habituri (Fut. peri- 



238 KOTES 

phrastic) ? In the indirect form (as in the text) the periphrastic form 
(essetis habituri) is necessary because nothing else in the context shows 
that the time is future. G. 515 ; A. & G. 334, a; B. 269, 3 ; H. 529, 
11. 4. In the direct words given above, however, every verb is either 
Fut. or Fut. Perf., so that the periphrastic is not needed ; if used, it 
implies that Catulus put the question in the form of a present inten- 
tion : in whom are you going to put your faith ? omnia poneretis : 
made everything depend on. si quid eo factum esset : if anything 
should happen to him ; lit. if anything should have been done with 
him. For the use of the Abl. (eo) here, see G. (L. Ed.) 401, n. 7; A. & 
G. 244, d; H. 415, m. n. 1. 

682. fructum : reward. cum : — quod : in that, G. 582. 

684. res : enterprise. quam : = ut earn ; Characteristic relative, 

hence the Subjv. possit. 

687. quo . . . hoc : the... the ; Abl. of Measure of Difference. G. 403 ; 
A. & G. 250, R.; B. 223; H. 423. 

688. dum per deos, etc. : so long as the immortal gods permit. G. 
569 ; A. & G. 328, 2; B. 293, 11.; H. 519, 1. 

689. viri vita atque virtute : Alliteration. 

§60. 689. ' at enim ne,' etc. : out let no innovation be introduced, 
etc. : quoting the second and main objection of Catulus. Account 
for the use here of each of the words — ne (why not non !)$ quid (kind 
of pronoun, and used after what words ?), novi (why Gen. ?), and fiat 
(why Subjv. ?). 

690. non dicam, etc.: an instance of Praeteritio, or pretended sup- 
pression of facts really mentioned. See Note on the First Oration 
against Catiline, 1. 23. 

691. in : in a time of; denoting the character of the time. G. 394. 

692. utilitati : expediency ; why Dative ? 

693. novorum consiliorum rationes : this does not differ in meaning 
much from the simpler nova consilia, the circumlocution being used 
apparently only to balance the similar form ad novos casus temporum 
preceding. Trans. : to new emergencies have adapted new measures. 

694. ab uno imperatore: i.e. Scipio Aemilianus, who destroyed 
Carthage in 146 B.C. and JSTumantia (in Spain) in 133 B.C. He was 
twice consul — the first time (147 b.c) before he was of age, the second 
(134 B.C.) when there was a law ne quis consul bis fieret. His election 
in both cases, therefore, was contra exempla atque instituta maiorum 
(1. 690). 

698. vobis . . . esse visum ut, etc. : note this phrase for resolve, fol- 
lowed by an ut-clause of Design. For the career of Marius, read 
Introduction, §18 following. 



SPEECH FOR THE MAKILIAH LAW 239 

§61. 701. in: meaning? r novi : Part. Gen. after nihil. 

702. sint . . . constituta : Indirect Question depending on recorda- 
mini. summa voluntate : with the full approval. 

704. tarn novum, quam adulescentem privatum, etc. : so unprecedented 
as that a young man as a private individual, etc. In his young 
manhood Pompey had raised (conficere) an army for Sulla in the first 
civil war. The facts here referred to have already been related in 
the Xote on 1. 325 aboA~e. 

709. imperium : trans, the imperium, and see Introduction, §56. 

710. administrandum : factitive predicate expressing Design. G. 430; 
A. & G. 294, d ; B. 337, 7, b, 2 ; H. 544, 2, x. 2. 

711. innocentia, etc. : Ablatives of Quality. 

712. victorem : crowned with victory, part of the predicate. 

714. triumphare : the honor of a triumph was reserved by usage for 
men of either consular or praetorian rank. Pompey had been neither 
praetor nor consul, so that it required a special dispensation of the 
Senate to remove the legal restrictions in his case. 

§62. 717. ut: a variation from the more common Ace. and Inf. 
used in the preceding clauses. There is little appreciable difference 
between the two constructions, the Ace. and Inf. stating the mere 
idea, the ut-clause emphasizing the condition of things that produced 
the result. Compare G. (L. Ed.) 558, x. 

719. Pompey when a mere knight was sent with proconsular powers 
to reenforce Metellus in his campaign against Sertorius. What was a 
proconsul ? See Introduction, §60. 

720. non nemo: some; lit. not no one. With this expression com- 
pare nemo non = everybody ; similarly non nihil means somewhat, but 
nihil non everything. See G. 449, 4; A. & G. 150, b ; H. 553, 1. qui 
diceret : to say ; Subjv. of Characteristic. 

721. privatum pro consule : put side by side to make the contrast 
more striking. L. Philippus : a distinguished orator, an ex-consul, 
and Pompey's friend. 

722. non se . . . mittere : a witticism at the expense of the two con- 
suls, quoted by Cicero, of course, to enhance the credit of Pompey. 

723. in eo . . . constituebatur : icas built on him. 

724. munus : official duty. 

726. legibus solutus : released from the legal restrictions. The 
Senate suspended two laws in Pompey's favor to allow him to be- 
come consul (70 B.C.). At this time Pompey was thirty-six, and 
had held no curule office. (1) What was the age of eligibility for the 
consulship ? (2) What other magistracies must the candidate for the 
consulship have held previously ? See Introduction, §54. 






24° NOTES 

728. licuisset : Plupf. because prior to fieret. iterum eques 
Romanus : when Pompey celebrated his second triumph on the last day 
of December, 71 B.C., he was only consul-elect (although he entered 
upon his duties as consul the next day) ; Cicero, therefore, says that 
he was still a mere knight. 

729. quae . . . nova . . . constituta sunt, ea : all the unprecedented cases 
which have occurred, teen established. in : meaning ? 

§63. 732. atque : and what is more; the regular force of this 
word. exempla : precedents. 

733. profecta sunt in hominem a . . . auctoritate : have been created for 
the same man with the sanction of Catulus, etc., lit. have proceeded 
to the same man from the authority, etc. 

3. Senatorial Objections in General Answered, and Authorities Cited 
in Defence of the Law (§§63-68). 

The Roman people have hitherto seconded the Senate in honoring 
Pompey : let not the Senate now prove false to the popular cause. In 
the case of the Qabinian law a year ago you showed more insight than 
did these same objectors, and thus saved the country. (§§63, 64, 11. 
736-750.) 

Again, the ill-repute into which the Roman name has fallen in Asia 
and the neighboring countries by reason of the scandalous conduct of 
our former generals leaves us no choice in the matter : other generals 
might conquer the enemy, but only Pompey is proof against temptation. 
(§§64-68, 11. 751-794.) 

And if his appointment needs the sanction of statesmen, it has the 
approval of such eminent men as Servilius, Curio, Lentulus, mid 
Cassius. (§68, 11. 795-806.) 

736. videant : why Subjunctive ? ne sit : why Subjunctive ? 

737. illorum : i.e. Catulus and other Senators. avobis: i.e. by 
the people. Observe that this clause, though grammatically coordi- 
nate with the next (vestrum ab illis . . . improbari), is logically subordi- 
nate to it. Translate : that {while) their opinion concerning the dig- 
nity of Pompey, etc. This placing of two clauses side by side on an 
equal footing is called Parataxis (coordination). The more common 
arrangement here would have been Hypotaxis (subordination). See G. 
472 ; A. & G. p. 164. 

738. comprobatam semper esse : as the popular assemblies in Sulla's 
time had really very little authority and as this was the time to which 
Cicero is referring in this passage, it will be seen that he overstates 
the degree of "popular approval" accorded to the measures of the 



SPEECH FOR THE MANIL1AN LAW 



2 4 I 



Senate; this lie does in order to claim a return now from the senatorial 
party (Catulus, etc.) in favor of the people. 

740, suo iure : with full rigid; that is, on account of the results 
that followed the passing of the Gabinian law, as stated in the follow- 
ing clause. 

741, vel: even. 

743. quern . . . praeponeretis : to place him in charge ; Subjv. of De- 
sign, bello : why Dative ? 

§64. 744. rei publicae : what is the difference in meaning between 
consulere with the Dative and with the Accusative ? 

745. recte (emphatic position) . . . conantur: they are right to try. 

746. sin autem . . . attulistis : if on the other hand you then showed 
more insight (plus vidistisi, etc., (and) in spite of their opposition (eis 
repugnantibus, Abl. Abs.) brought dignity ', etc. Why is sin used here ? 

749. sibi, ceteris : Dat. of the Agent. On account of the following 
Dat. (auctoritati, Indirect Object of parendum esse), we might have ex- 
pected ab with the Abl., but the sense is so clear as to render the 
preposition unnecessary. 

750. parendum esse: obedience must be rendered; lit. it must be 
obeyed, impersonal. Observe that intransitive verbs are regularly 
impersonal in the passive. G. 217; A. k G. 230; B. 187, 11. b ; H. 
301, 1. fateantur : why Subjunctive ? 

751. atque in hoc, etc. : in this and the three following sections there 
is an apparent repetition of what has already been said of the soldierly 
and other virtues of Pompey. Apart from the fact, however, that in 
oratory repetition is not only a virtue but a necessity, the similarity 
of thought between this passage and that of §36 following is only 
general : in the former case he eulogized Pompey as a commander 
under any circumstances ; in the present case he dwells upon his 
peculiar fitness for the command in Asia, where Roman generals and 
armies had brought the Roman name into ill-repute and where Pom- 
pey alone among Roman commanders enjoyed an unsullied reputation. 
His appointment was, therefore, a necessity if the people wished to 
rehabilitate the name of Rome in Asia. regio: adjective, but 
translated as if written cum rege. 

752. in Pompeio : a common substitute for the Dat. of Possession 
when speaking of qualities. G. 349, r. 3. 

755. ita versari : so to act, followed by a sentence of Result, 
imperatorem : Singular for Plural (one standing for all). nisi: 

except or but (so frequently after negatives). 

757. pudore ac temperantia moderatiores : under better control (i.e. 
than is usually the case) in modesty and self-restraint; lit. more 






242 NOTES 

moderate, etc. si here is Concessive, as shown by tamen follow- 

ing, talis (Ace. Plural) : that is, nobody gives them credit for it 

on account of the exceptional occurrence. 

§65. 759. simus : Subjv. of Indirect Question. 

761. libidines et iniurias (after propter): the former is opposed to 
pudore above, and iniurias to temperantia. Translate eorum : on the 
part of those (Subjective Gen.). 

763. quam : interrogative. So quod preceding (1. 761). 

765. requiruntur : are in request. quibus {— ut eis) causa belli 

. . . inferatur : that an excuse for ivar may he brought up against them : 
relative clause of Design. 

§66. 766. libentur (emphatic position) . . . disputarem : I should have 
liked to discuss, lit. should gladly have discussed ; Potential of the 
Past. G. 258; A. & G. 311, a; B. 280; H. 485, n. 1. Avoid the 
common error of supplying unnecessary words to explain the Potential 
Subjunctive as an elliptical Condition. coram: face to face. 

770. simulatione : under the pretence. 

773. capere possit : can hold, has room for. Even subordinate 
officers, he says, w T ere in the habit of putting on high and mighty airs 
(animos ac spiritus) in Asia. 

774. conlatis signis : in a pitched battle ; Ablative Absolute, si- 
gna conferre means to bring standards together, engage in a close fight. 

775. idem (Nom.) : also. qui: one who. Note the rhetorical 
repetition (called Anaphora) of the relative, each having the same 
predicate possit. Observe also that the object of cohibere is se in each 
clause except the last, where it is particularized in the words manus, 
oculos, animum. The Subjv. is Characteristic ; so mittatur. See Note 
on 1. 655. 

§67. 780. pacatam : in a state of peace. 

784. pecunia publica : Abl. of Means. He refers to money sent out 
by the home government for military purposes. 

785. neque : split in translation (and not). quicquam : used on 
account of the negative. adsequi : gain, accomplish. classium 
nomine : on the score of the fleets. The word nomen here is probably 
used in the commercial sense of account. He seems to mean that 
when these commanders came to balance their accounts, they had 
nothing to show on the credit side of the navy's account. 

786. nisi ut : except that, introducing an actual limitation. G. (L. 
Ed.) 591, R. 3. detrimentis accipiendis : the use of the Gerundive 
(instead of the Perf . Part, acceptis) here may be euphemistic, mention- 
ing a disagreeable fact less as a fact than as a prospect or possibility. 
Compare G. (L. Ed.) 426, n, 2. adfici: see Note on 1. 587 above. 



SPEECH FOR THE MANILIAH LAW 243 

787. qua , . . quibus . . . quibus : interrogative, not relative. 

788. iacturis : sacrifices, of various sorts to secure the necessary in- 
fluence, condicionibus : bargains, with politicians, creditors, etc. 

789. ignorant videlicet isti : of course they (the opposite side) do not 
know; ironical. 

790. quasi non . . . videamus : as if we did not see. Why not videremus 
(Unreal, or contrary to fact), since he means, of course, we do see ? 
G. 602, 2d parag.; A. & G. 312, r. ; B. 307, 2; H. p. 286, footnote 3. 

791. cum (conj.) . . . turn t meaning ? Observe the position of non to 
negative all that follows. 

§68. 792. nolite dubitare : a Prohibition, never in prose ne with 
Imperative. quin credatis : that you ought to intrust, an orig- 

inal Sub] v., as if in answer to the Deliberative question credamus : 
are we to intrust t See Note on 1. 575 above. 

793. qui . . . inventus sit : Causal relative, qui = cum is, since he. 

794. gaudeant : Subjv. of Characteristic after unus. 

795. auctoritatibus . . . auctor : in English the word authority may 
be applied either to the person or to his opinion ; hence the same 
English word may be used here in both cases. 

797. P. Servilius : Servilius, Curio, Lentulus, and Cassius, the four 
authorities cited in this paragraph, were all consulars (ex-consuls) 
and prominent members of the Senate. They had also had experience 
in the field. 

799. gravior : weightier, 

801. in quo . . . esse : see Note on 1. 752. 

802. pro : in keeping with, lit. according to. vestris : conferred 
by you, lit. your. 

805. orationi: the argument. 

806. videamur (probably in its orig. sense) : may be looked upon, re- 
garded, that is, have the credit of, 

V. PERORATION (§§69, 70). 

Wherefore, approving your law, Manilius, as I do, and the senti- 
ments that prompt your course, I call on you to stand firm in your 
proposal, and to fear the threats of no man. As for me, I pledge my 
every effort in behalf of this measure, and I call the gods to witness 
that in doing so I have nothing to gain save the consciousness that I 
have done my duty to those who have honored me, to my country, and 
to our provinces and allies. 

§69. 809. auctore populo Romano : having the approval of the Roman 
people; Abl. Absolute. 



244 NOTES 

810. neve : = et ne ; why not neque *? G. 543, 4 (end); B. 282, 1, d ; 
H. 497, it. 1, n. 

811. animi : courage; Partitive Gen. with satis. 

812. cum . . . videamus, quantam . . . videmus : seeing here present with 
so much enthusiasm (that is, so enthusiastic) so large a throng as we do 
(see) once more now (engaged) in (the task of) placing the same person 
in command: an awkward sentence, not easily turned into smooth Eng- 
lish, iterum : alluding to his command under the Gabinian law. 

814. quid est quod : what reasoii is there to, leading up to the Char- 
acteristic Subjunctive dubitemus. re : proposal, i.e. the proposed 
- law. pernciendi facultate : the power to carry it through. 

816. The second and the third quicquid (Inner Object) are taken with 
possum. hoc . . . praetoria : in the favor conferred on me (hoc) by the 

Roman people, ay, in my (hac) official capacity as praetor; lit. in this 
favor of the Roman people, etc. Note the force of the Demonstrative 
of the First Person; also, of atque, completing the meaning of hoc 
beneficio. 

819. polliceor ac defero : I pledge and proffer. 

§70. 820. loco temploque : this consecrated spot ; Hendiadys. The 
word templum primarily meant that w r hich is cut off, especially for 
a sacred purpose ; hence, any space so marked off, whether in the 
heavens (Introduction, §69) or on the earth, and then to the building, 
raised upon such a place and duly consecrated. The term was applied 
to the Senate house (curia) and even, as here, to the Rostra. 

821. mentis: Ace. Plural. ad rem publicam adeunt : take part 

in public affairs. 

823. neque quo: nor because; a rejected reason. G. (L. Ed.) 541, 
N. 2; A. & G. 321, r. ; B. 286, 1, b; H. 516, 2. 

825. amplitudine : advancement. periculis : against dangers; 
Dative. honoribus : the regular word for public office, or the 
magistracies. What office had Cicero probably in view? See Pref- 
atory Note, last part of the last paragraph. 

826. ut hominem praestare oportet : so far as it behooves one (not a 
man, which would be virum) to do (or to warrant). For the use of ut 
in this limiting sense, see G. (L. Ed.) 642, r. 4. 

827. tecti : Perf. Pass. Participle of tego. 

828. ab uno : from any individual ; lit. from a single person. ex 
hoc loco : the Rostra, i.e. by speaking on political issues. 

829. ratione : plan, course. He means that he intends to continue 
his practice as a lawyer in the courts. 

§71. 832. tantum abest ut . . . ut, etc. : so far am I from,, etc., that I, 
etc. Explain this construction. G. 552, r. 1 ; A. & G. 332, d; H. 502, 3. 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 



245 



833. me : subject of suscepisse, two lines below. 

835. sed ego me, etc. : but as for me, invested with this office (honore), 
honored with such favors at your hands, I have thought that I ought, 
etc. Note the emphasis due to the repetition of the personal pronoun 
and the juxtaposition of the two words. 

839. rationibus : interests, like commodis, Dative after prae- in com- 
position (praeferre), 



VOCABULARY 



All the long vowels in this vocabulary are marked. 



A., abbreviation for Aulus, a Koman 
praenomen or forename. 

a. d., for ante diem. See ante. 

a, ab, abs (a before cons., ab before 
vows, and some cons., always before h, 
abs in abs te and absque), prep, with 
abl. from, away from (opp. to ad). 
Of place, direction of motion, from, 
away from ; without motion, of separa- 
tion and distance, with vbs. like abesse, 
distare, and advs. like longe, procul, 
prope. Esp. of the point of view 
from which, in, on, at (e.g. a tergo, in 
the rear). Of time, from, since, after. 
Of the agent with passive vbs. by, on 
the part of. With vbs. of expecting, 
fearing, hoping, etc., showing the source, 
from. With many vbs. only implying 
separation, and with adjs. of kindred 
meaning. 

abdico, -are, -avi, -atum, [ab + dico] 

1 tr. disavow; abdicate, resign, give up. 

abditus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of abdo] adj. 
hidden, concealed ; secret, secluded, re- 
mote. 

abdo, -dere, -didi, abditum [ab + do] 

3 tr. put away, remove; conceal, hide ; 
reflex, abdere s<5, betake one's self, hide 
one's self in, bury one's self in. 

abduco, -ducere, -diixl, abductum, 
[ab + duco] 3 tr. lead away, lead aside, 
lead off, carry off ; lead astray; draw 
away, with drear. 

abeo, -Ire, -Ivi or -ii, abitum, fat. part 
abittirus, lab + eol irr. intr. go away, 
go off, depart, leave, go ; pass away, 
vanish, cease, expire. 

aberro, -are, -avi, — , [ab + erro] l 



intr. wander away, go astray, deviate 
from ; wander in thought. 

abhorreo, -ere, -ui, — , [ab+horreo] 

2tr. and intr. shrink from, have a violent 
aversion for, shudder at, abhor; differ 
from, be inconsistent with, be out of har- 
mony tvith, be at variance with, be averse 
to ; be not connected with. 

abicio, -icere, -ieci, abiectum [ab + 
iacio] 3 tr. cast away, throw away, 
throw down ; give up, abandon ; reflex. 
abicere se, throw one's self down, pros- 
trate one's self, abandon one's self, give 
up in despair. 

abiectus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of abicio] adj. 
cast down, downcast, dispirited, de- 
spondent, overwhelmed, broken ; low, 
mean ; abject, fallen, worthless, vile. 

abiudico, -are, -avi, -atum, [ab + 
iudico] 1 tr. deprive by judicial deci- 
sion, adjudge away. 

abiungo, -iungere, -iunxi, abiunc- 
tum, [ab + iungo] 3 tr. unyoke; re- 
move, part, detach. 

abnuo, -nuere, -nul, , fut. part, ab- 

nuiturus, [ab + nuo] 3 tr. and intr. 
refuse by a sign ; refuse, decline, reject ; 
deny, dissent. 

abripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptum, [ab + 
rapio] 3 tr. take away forcibly, snatch 
a way ; carry off, remove ; drag away, 

hurry off. 

abrogo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ab+rogo] 

1 tr. repeal, annul, abrogate; depose, 
remove from. 

abrumpo, -rumpere, -rfi.pl, abruptum, 

[ab + rumpoj 3 tr. break off, break away, 
sever, tear. 
abs, see a. 



VOCABULARY 



abscldo, -cidere, -cidi, -cisum, [abs + 
caedo] 3 tr. cut off, hew off; separate, 
divide ; tear away. 

absconditus,-a,-um, [pf.p. of abscondo] 
adj. hidden, concealed, secret; hard to 
see or to grasp, obscure. 

abscondo, -condere, -condi, abscondi- 
tum, [abs + condo] 3 tr. hide, conceal ; 
make a secret of. 

absens, -entis, [pr.p. of absum] adj. 

absent, away ; in one's absence, while 
absent, though absent. 

absimilis, -e, [ab + similis] adj. unlike, 
dissimilar. 

absisto, -sistere, -stiti, — , [ab + sisto] 

3 intr. withdraiv from, go away ; desist 
from, leave off ; keep away from, stand 
aloof. 

absolutio, -onis, [absolvo] f. as judicial 
term, acquittal ; completeness, perfec- 
tion. 

absolvo, -solvere, -solvi, absolutum, 
[ab + solvo] 3 tr. set free, discharge ; 
acquit, declare innocent ; complete, per- 
fect. 

abstergeo, -tergere, -tersl, -tersum, 
[abs+tergeo, wipe of] 2 tr. wipe off, 
wipe away; drive away, banish. 

abstinentia, -ae, [abstinens, from ab- 
stineo] f. a refraining from, ab- 
stinence, self-restraint ; integrity. 

abstineo, -tinere, -tinui, abs ten turn, 
[abs + teneo] 2 tr. and intr. keep back, 
hold off, withhold; reflex, abstinere 
se, keep one's self from, refrain, abstain 
from, absent one's self. 

abstraho, -ere, abstraxi, abstractum, 
[abs + traho] 3 tr. drag off, draw away; 
withdraw, divert ; cut off, exclude. 

absum, abesse, afui, fut. part, afuturus, 
[ab + sum] irr. intr. be away from, be 
absent, be far from, be distant; be free 
from; be disinclined to; be unsuitable, 
be inappropriate. tantum abest ut 
. . . ut, so far from . . . that. 

abundantia, -ae, [abund5] f. plenty, 
abundance. 

abundo, -are, -avi, , [ab + undo, 

from unda, wave] 1 tr. overflow ; 



abound in, be rich in, possess in abun- 
dance, enjoy. 

abutor, -titi, -usus sum, [ab + utor] 3 
dep. use up; take advantage of, turn to 
account; misuse, abuse, outrage. 

ac, see atque. 

accedo, -cedere, -cessi, accessum, [ad 
+ cedo] 3 intr. move towards, came to, 
come up, draw near, approach; happen, 
befall ; accede, assent to, approve; come 
near, resemble, be like ; enter upon, un- 
dertake; be added. accedit quod, 
tliere is the additional fact that, more- 
over, then again. 

accelero (adc-), -are, -avi, -atum, [ad 
+ celero, from celer] 1 tr. and intr. 
hasten, quicken; make haste, hurry. 

accessus, -us, [accedo] m. a coming 
near, approach. 

accido, -cidere, -cidi, — , [ad + cado] 

3 intr. fall upon, fall; reach, come to; 
come to pass, happen, take place, occur ; 
turn out, result. 

accido, -cidere, -cidi, accisum, [ad + 
caedo] 3 tr. cut, cut into ; impair, 
weaken. 

accipio, -cipere, -cepi, acceptum, [ad 
+ capio] 3 tr. take, receive, accept ; ad- 
mit, welcome; meet with, sufer, un- 
dergo, experience ; hear, learn, under- 
stand; undertake, assume. 

Accius (Attius), -l, m. a Roman cog- 
nomen or family name. Esp. L. Accius, 
a Latin tragic poet of the second cen- 
tury B.C. 

accommodatus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of ac- 
commodo] adj. suitable, fit, adapted, 
suited, appropriate ; useful. 

accommodo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad + 
commodo, from commodus] 1 tv.fit, 
adapt, adjust, accommodate to; apply, 
bring forward ; with reflex, adapt one's 
self, conform to. 

accubo, -are, — -, — , [ad + cubo] l 

intr. lie at or near, lie beside ; recline 
at table. 

accurate, [accuratus, carefully wrought] 
adv. with care, carefully, with pains- 
taking care ; precisely, exactly, 



abscido— addictus 



accusatio, -onis, [accuso] f. accusation, 
prosecution, Indictment, arraignment, 
p/oseculor's speech. 

accusator, -oris, [accuso] m. accuser, 
prosecutor, plaintiff. 

accuso, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad + causa] 

1 tr. blame, find fault with, reproach, 
accuse ; bring to trial, arraign, indict, 
prosecute. 

Seer, acris, acre, adj. sharp, piercing; 
bitter, harsh ; shrewd, sagacious ; ac- 
tive, eager, keen, brave ; spi?'ited, zeal- 
ous ; hasty, passionate, violent, fierce, 
severe. 

acerbe, [acerbus] adv. bitterly, harshly, 
cruelly; sharply, severely ; painfully, 
grievously, with sorrow. 

acerbitas, -atis, [acerbus] i. bitterness, 
harshness ; severity ; PI. grief, an- 
guish, sufferings, sorrows, affliction. 

acerbus, -a, -urn, [acer] adj. sharp to 
the taste, bitter ; harsh, severe, hard, 
cruel ; ligorous, burdensome, grievous, 
distressing. 

acerrime (acerrume), superl. of acriter. 

acervus, -1, m. heap, pile • great num- 
ber or quantity, multitude, mass. 

Achaia, -ae, [Gr. 'Ax*" 1 ] f- a Roman 
province including the Peloponnesus 
and north Greece as far as Thessaly. 

Achaicus, -a, -um, [Gr. *Ax«uicos] adj. 
of Achaia, Achaean, Grecian. 

Achaius, »a, -um, [Gr. 'Ax*"**] adj. 
Ach aean , Greci an . 

Achill8s, -is, ['AxiAAevs] m. Achilles, 
the famous Grecian legendary hero of 
the Trojan war. 

acies, -Si, f. sharp point or edge; keen- 
ness of glance, sharpness of sight ; line 
of battle, battle array ; battle, engage- 
ment; aculeness of mind, force, power. 

Acilius, -1, a Roman nomen or gentile 
name. Esp. M. Acilius Glabrio, a 
tribune of the people. See Glabrio. 

acq-, Bee adq-. 

acriter, [acer] adv. sharply, fiercely ; 
keenly, precisely; energetically, vigor- 
ously; with spirit, actively, eagerly, 



zealously; passionately, severely, vio- 
lently, cr-uelly. 

acroama.-atis, [a.Acp6a/u.a, from a<poao^ 
A*ai, listen] n. entertainment for the ear, 
entertainment; musician, reader, story- 
teller, buffoon. 

actio, -onis, [ago] f. a doing, perform- 
ing, action; public acts, official conduct; 
suit at law, action, prosecution; trial, 
hearing. 

actor, -oris, [ago] m. doer, performer, 
actor; plaintiff, prosecutor, pleader. 

actum, -I, [ago] n. deed, act, transac- 
tion ; decree, law; pi. records, proceed- 
ings. 

actus, -us, [ago] m. a driving ; act of 
a play ; achievement. 

acuo, -uere, -ul, aciitum, 3 tr. sharpen; 
stimulate, arouse, excite, spur on. 

acus, -us, f. needle. 

ad, prep, with ace. to; of motion and di- 
rection, to, towards, up to, against ; of 
place, at, near, in the vicinity of, to the 
house of (= apud) ; of time, at, by, lo- 
ward, about, till, until, hence ; of pur- 
pose,/^ in order to, for the purpose 
of ; of other relations, for, with regard 
to, in respect to, in accordance with; in 
addition to; about, almost, nearly. 

a. d., see ante. 

adaequo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad + aequo] 

1 tr. and intr. make equal to, match ; 
attain to, keep up with. 

adamo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad + amo] 

1 tr. fall in love with, take a fancy to, 
desire greatly, covet ; admire exceed- ' 
ingly, approve highly. 

adaugeo, -augere, -auxl, -auctum, 
[ad + augeo] 2 tr. add to, increase, 
augment. 

adc-, see ace-. 

addico, -dicere, -dixi, addictum, [ad + 
dlCO] 3 tr. give assent ; adjudge, as- 
sign; devote, give up, sacrifice, betray. 

addictio, -onis, [addic5] f. an adjudg- 
ing, award. 
addictus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of addicO] adj^ 



YOCABULAKY 



assigned to one for debt, given over to, 
bound; devoted, sacrificed. 

addo, -dere, -didi, -ditum, [ad + do] 3 

tr. put to, attach to, join to, bring to, 
add; increase, augment. 

adduco, -ducere, -duxl, -ductum, [ad 
+ duco] 3 tr. lead to, draw to, bring, 
lead, conduct; induce, incite, influence, 
persuade, prevail upon. 

ade5, -Ire, -ii or -ivi, -itum, [ad + eo] 

irr. tr. and intr. go to, come to, approach; 
enter upon, undertake, take part in, take 
possession of; undergo, expose one's self 
to, Submit to; encounter, incur. 

adeo, [ad + eo] adv. to this, thus far ; so, 
so much, so very, to such a degree; even, 
indeed. usque adeo, even to such a 
degree, even so far. atque adeo, and 
even, and in fact, still further, still more, 
or rather, adeo non, so little. 

adeps, -ipis, c.fat; plur. corpulence. 

adfabrS (aff-), [ad+faber, artificer] adv. 
in a workmanlike manner, skilfully, 
cunningly. 

adfecto (aff-), -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. 
of adficio] 1 tr. strive after, strive to 
obtain, aim at, pursue. 

adfectus (aff-), -a, -urn, [pf .p. of adficio] 
adj. furnished, provided, endowed, 
gifted; impaired, weakened, infirm; 
affected, disposed, inclined. 

adfero (aff-), -ferre, attuli, allatum or 
adlatum, [ad + fero] irr. tr. bring to, 
bring, carry; convey to, introduce; ap- 
ply, use, exercise ; bring word of, an- 
nounce, report ; bring forward, allege, 
assign ; produce, cause, bi ing about ; 
contribute, offer. 

adficio (aff-), -ficere, -feci, adfectum, 
[ad+facio] 3 tr. do to, treat, use, man- 
age ; camse to, produce in, fill with ; af- 
fect, influence ; visit with, inflict upon, 
afflict; impair, weaken, break down. 

adfigo (aff-), -figere, -fixl, -fixum, [ad + 
flgo] 3 tr. fasten, attach, affix ; cru- 

ctfy- 
adfingo (aff-), -fingere, -finxl, -fictum, 
[ad + fingo] 3 tr. attach; bestow, con- 
tribute; add falsely, invent besides. 



adfinis (aff-), -e, [ad + finis] adj. adjoin- 
ing, neighboring, bordering on; con- 
nected with, implicated in, accessory to; 
related by marriage. As subst. adfinis, 
-is, c. relation by marriage. 

adfirmo (aff-), -are, -avi, -atum, [ad + 
firmo] 1 tr. strengthen ; confirm, en- 
courage ; corroborate, assert positively, 
maintain, declare. 

adflicto (aff-), -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. 
of adfllgo] 1 tr. break to pieces, shatter; 
crush, suppress, put an end to ; trouble, 
distress, harass, torment. 

adflictus (aff-), -a, -um, [pf.p.of adfllgo] 
adj. cast doivn, prostrated, broken, shat- 
tered, ruined; dejected, discouraged, 
disheartened, distressed, wretched. 

adfllgo (aff-), -fligere, -flixi, adflic- 
tum, [ad + fligo] 3 tr. dash upon, over- 
throw, shatter ; ruin, damage, injure ; 
harass, distress; dishearten. 

adfluens (aff-), -entis, [pr.p. of adfluo], 
adj. abounding ; rich in, replete with, 
full of; abundant, copious, plentiful. 

adfluo (aff-), -fluere, -fluxi, -fluxum, [ad 

+ fluo] 3 mtr. fiow to, flow by ; abound; 

with abl. flow with, be overflowing, be 

full of, abound in. 
adg-, see agg-. 
adhaeresco, -ere, adhaesi, , [inch. 

of adhaereo, stick to] 3 intr. adhere to, 

cling to. 

adhibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [ad+habeo] 

2 tr. hold to, apply ; furnisJi, offer, ren- 
der, bestow ; summon, consult ; employ, 

use, exercise. 

adhuc, [ad + hue] adv. up to this time, 
until now, heretofore, hitherto, as yet ; 
thus far, up to this point. 

adimo, -ere, ademi, ademptum, [ad + 
emo] 3 tr. take away, take from, remove 
from, deprive of, rob of. 

adipiscor, -ipisci, adeptus sum, [ad + 
aplscor, reach] 3 dep. arrive at, reach; 
attain, obtain, get; win, gain, secure. 

aditus, -us, [adeo], m. a going to, ap- 
proach; access, privilege of admittance; 
way of approach, entrance, avenue, 
passage. 



addo— adquiro 



aditimentum, -I, [for adiuvamentum, 
from adiuvo] n. help, aid, assistance, 
support. 

adiungo, -ere, adiunxi, adiunctum, 
[ad + iungo] 3 tr. join to, attach to, 
annex, add; unite to, unite with, as- 
sociate ; win over, gain, secure ; apply, 
confer. 

adiiitor, -oris, [adiuvo] m. helper, as- 
sistant, abettor, confederate, accom- 
plice. 

adiutrix, -Icis, [adiuvo] f . female assist- 
ant, accomplice, abettor. 

adiuvS, -iuvare, -iuvi, adititum, [ad + 
iuv5] 1 tr. help, assist, aid, help on, be 
of assistance to ; further, support, sus- 
tain. 

adlego (all-), -are, -avi, -atum, [ad + 
I8g0] 1 tr. despatch, commission, depute, 
charge. 

adlicio (all-), -licere, -lexi, -lectum, 
[ad + lacio] 3 tr. allure, entice to ; at- 
tract, influence, persuade. 

adlino (all-), -linere, -levi, -litum, [ad 
+ lin5, besmear] 3 tr. besmear ; cover, 
attach to, impart to. 

adluo (all-), -luere, -lui, , [ad + 

luo] 3 tr. flow near to, wash against. 

administer, -tri, [ad + minister] m. 

attendant, assistant, helper; tool, in- 
strument, hireling. 

administra, -ae, [administer] f. fe- 
male assistant, servant, handmaid. 

administro, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad + 
ministro, from minister] 1 tr. man- 
age, conduct, administer, guide, direct, 
control, regulate. 

admirabilis, -e, [admiror] adj. worthy 
of admiration, admirable; wonderful, 
astonishing, strange. 

admirandus, -a, -um, [fut. part, of ad- 
miror] adj. to be admired, to be won- 
dered at; surprising, strange. 

admiratio, -onis, [admiror] f. admira- 
tion; wonder, astonishment, surprise. 

admiror, -ari, -atus sum, [ad + miror] 
1 dep. regard with wondeHng approval, 
admire, wonder at; wonder, be aston- 
ished. 



admitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum, [ad 
+ mitto] 3 tr. send to, let go to; let 
come, admit, receive; give access, grant 
admittance, grant an audience; let be 
done, allow , permit ; incur the blame of, 
become guilty of, perpetrate, commit. 

admodum, [ad + modum] adv. to the 
limit; fully, entirely, at least, quite; 
very, ve?*y much, exceedingly. ' 

admoneo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [ad+moneo] 

2 tr. remind, put in mind of, suggest ; 
advise, admonish, urge, warn; enjoin, 
bid. 

admonitus, -us, [admoneo] m. only abl. 
sing, reminder, suggestion, warning, 
request. 

admoveo, -movere, -movi,-motum, [ad 
+ moveo] 2 tr. move to, carry, conduct, 
lead; approach, draw near; apply, di- 
rect to. 

admurmuratio, -onis, [admurmuro, 

murmur] f. murmuring, murmur of 
approval or disapproval. 

adnumero (ann-), -are, -avi, -atum, [ad 
+ numero] 1 tr. add to; count out to, 
pay; count, reckon, consider. 

adnuo (ann-), -nuere, -nui, — , [ad + 
nuo] 3 intr. nod to, make a sign to, nod; 
nod assent, signify approval, assent; 
promise, grant. 

adol6scens, see aduiescens. 

adolescentia, see adulescentia, 

adolesco, -ere, adolevi, adultum, 3 intr. 
grow up, come to maturity, mature, 
ripen ; grow, increase, become greater. 

adorior, -oriri, -ortus sum, [ad + 
orior] 4 dep. rise up against ; attack, 
fall upon, assault, assail; undertake, 
engage in. 

adorno, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad + orno] 
1 tr. provide, furnish, fit out, equip, pre- 
pare ; decorate, adorn. 

adp-, see app-. 

adquiSsco (acq-), -quiescere, -quievi, 
-quietum, [ad + qui6sco] 3 intr. be- 
came quiet, come to rest, be at rest ; rest, 
have peace, repose; be content or satis- 
fied, find pleasure in . 

adquiro (acq-), -quirere, -quisivi,- qui- 



VOCABULARY 



situm, [ad + quaero] 3 tr. get in addi- 
tion, obtain or get besides, add ; acquire, 
gain, secure. 
adripio (arr-), -ripere, -ripul, -reptum, 
[ad + rapio] 3 tr. catch hurriedly, 
snatch, seize; seize upon, appropriate. 

adrogans (arr-), -antis, [pr.p. of ad- 
rogo] adj. presumptuous, arrogant; 
haughty, proud. 

adroganter (arr-), [adrogans, from 
adrogo] adv. with presumption, pre- 
sumptuously ; arrogantly, haughtily. 

adrogo (arr-), -are, -avi, -atum, [ad + 
rogo] 1 tr. associate with ; appro- 
priate, claim as one's own. 

adsc-, see asc-. 

adsensio (ass-), -onis, [adsentior] f. 

assent, agreement, approval. 

adsentio, -sentire, -sens!, -sensum, 
[ad + sentio] 4 intr., also dep. adsen- 
tior, -Iri, adsensus sum, assent, give 
assent, approve, agree with or to. 

adsequor (ass-), -sequi, -sectitus sum, 
[ad + sequor] 3 dep. follow up, over- 
take ; come up to, reach, obtain, gain ; 
effect, accomplish ; comprehend, under- 
stand. 

adservo (ass-), -are, -avi, -atum, [ad + 
servo] 1 tr. watch over, keep, preserve ; 
guard carefully, keep under close guard. 

adsido (ass-), -sidere, -sedi, — , [ad + 

Sldo, sit down] 3 intr. take a seat, sit 
down. 

adsidue (ass-), [adsiduus] adv. con- 
stantly, continually, unceasingly, unin- 
terruptedly. 

adsiduitas (ass-), -atis [adsiduus] f. 

constant attendance ; unremitting ser- 
vice, devotion ; continuance, constancy, 
repetition. 

adsiduus (ass-), -a, -um, [adsideo, sit 

near], adj. attending, continually pres- 
ent, busied; constant, continual, un- 
ceasing, unremitting, indefatigable. 

adsigno (ass-), -are, -avi, -atum, [ad + 
Slgno, cf. signum] 1 tr. allot, assign, 
awai d ; ascribe, attribute, impute. 

adsp-, see asp-. 



adsto, see asto. 

adsuefacio (ass-), -facer e, -feci, -fac- 
tum, [adsuetus, from adsuesco, ac- 
custom, + facioj 3 tr. accustom, habit- 
uate, inure. Pass, be accustomed, be 
used to. 

adsum, -esse, -fui, — , [ad + sum] irr. 
intr. be at or near, be by, be at hand, be 
present ; stand by, aid, assist, support, 
sustain ; appear, attend ; be close by, be 
at hand, impend. 

adt-, see att-. 

adulescens, -entis, [pr.p. of adolesco] 
adj. young, youthful. As subst. c. 
youth, young man or woman. With 
proper names, the younger, junior. 

adulescentia, -ae, [adulescens] f. 

youth. 

adulescentulus, -I, [adulescens] m. 

lad, mere boy. 

adulter, -eri, m. adulterer, paramour, 
seducer. 

adulterium, -I, [adulter] n. adultery. 

adultus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of adolSsco] 
adj. groivn up, full-groivn, mature, 
adult; inveterate. 

advena, -ae, [advenio] c. stranger, 
foreigner, alien. 

advenio, -venire, -veni, -ventum, [ad 
+ venio] 4 intr. come to, reach, arrive 
at; airive, come. 

adventlcius, -a, -um, [advenio] adj. 
foreign, imported, external, strange. 

adventus, -us, [advenio] m. a coming, 
approach; a?Tival, advent. 

adversarius, -a, -um, [adversor] adj. 
opposed, opposite; antagonistic, hostile, 
contrary. As subst. adversarius, -i, 
m. opponent, adversary, antagonist, 
enemy. 

adversio, -onis, [adverto] f. direction; 
occupation, employ men t. 

adversor, -ari, -atus sum, [adversus] 

1 dep. be opposed, oppose, resist. 

adversus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of adverto] 
adj. turned towards, facing, opposite, 
in front; opposed, in opposition, hostile', 
adverse^ unfavorable, unpropitious^ 



adripio— aestimo 



res adversae, adversity, misfortune. 
lack of success, calamity. 

adversus or adversum, [adverto] adv. 
and prep. : 

1. As adv. opposite, against; to meet. 

2. As prep, with ace. toward, against. 

adverto, -vertere, -verti, adversum, 
[ad + verto] 3 tr. turn to or towards; 
direct, turn. animum advertere = 
animad vertere, turn attention to. no- 
tice, punish. 

advesperascit, -ere, -avit, , [ad + 

vesperasco, become evening'] 3 intr. 
impers. it approaches evening, it is 
twilight, it groics dark. 

advocatus, -l, [advoco] m. supporter in 
a trial, counsel, adviser. 

advoco, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad + voco] 

1 tr. call, summon; call to one's aid, call 
as a witness. 

advolo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad + volo] 
1 intr. fly to, hasten to. 

aedes, 4s, f . dwelling of the gods, temple, 
sanctuary ; in plural, dwelling of men, 
house. 

aedificatio, -onis, [aedifico] f. building; 
structure, edifice. 

aedificium, -I, [aedifico] n. building, 
structure, edifice. 

aedifico, -are, -avi, -atum, [aedis + 
facio] 1 tr. build, erect, construct; build 
up, establish. 

aedilis, -is, [aedes] m. aedile, an officer 
at Rome. For the duties, etc.. of the 
aedile, see the Introduction, §§13-16, and 
Appendix C. 

aedilitas, -atis, [aedilis] f. office of 
aedile, aedileship. 

Aegaeus, -a, -um, [Analog] adj. Aegean, 
of the Aegean Sea. mare Aegaeuin, 
the Aegean Sea. 

aeger, -gra, -grum, adj. sick, ill, suffer- 
ing, weak, feeble; troubled, distressed, 
afflicted, sorrowful, sad. 

aegerrimg, superl. of aegre. 

aegre, [aeger] adv. painfully; with diffi- 
culty, hardly, scarcely; reluctantly, un- 
willingly. 



Aegyptus, -I, [aIyv^to?] f. Egypt. 
Aelius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gentile 

name. See Tubero. 
Aemilius, -l, m. a Roman nomen or 

gentile name. See Lepidus, Paulus, 

and Scaurus. 
aemulus, -a, -um, adj. emulating, vying 

with, rivalling, emulous ; envious, 

jealous. As subst. aemulus, -L ni. 

rived. 

aeneus, -a, -um, [aes] adj. brazen, 
bronze. 

aequabiliter, [aequabilis, like] adv. 
equally, equitably, similarly, indis- 
criminately; uniformly, unvaryingly. 

aequalis, -e, [aequus] adj. equal, con- 
sistent, equable, uniform ; of the same 
age, contemporary. 

aequalitas, -atis, [aequalis] f. equal- 
ity, similarity. 

aequaliter, [aequalis] adv. equally, 
evenly, equably, uniformly, similarly. 

aeque, [aequus] adv. equally, in like 
manner, to the same extent, just as, as 
much; evenly, equitably. 

aequitas, -atis, [aequus] f. evenness, 
uniformity; equity, fairness; calmness, 
absence of passion, equanimity, repose, 
contentment. 

aequus, -a, -um, adj. even, level; favor- 
able, advantageous, kind ; equal, equi- 
table, fair, impartial, reasonable, just, 
right ; calm, patient, resigned, con- 
tented. 

aerarium, -I, [aerarius] n. the treas- 
ury, thepublic money. 

aerarius, -a, -um, [aes] adj. made of 
copper, made of bronze; pecuniary; of 
the public treasury, tribu.nl aerarii, 
see tribunus. 

aerumna, -ae, f . hardship, toil, trouble, 
suffering, tribulation. 

aes, aeris, n. copper, bronze; anything 
made of copper or bronze, as tablets of 
law, money. aes alienum, debt. 

aestas, -atis, f . summer ; summer heat. 

media aestas, midsummer. 
aestimo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. deter- 



8 



VOCABULARY 



mine the value of; estimate, value, rate, 
appraise, assess. 

aestus, -us, m. heat, glow ; heaving of 
the sea, surge, tide ; ardor of passion, 
warmth, fire ; indecision, doubt. Also 
= aestas, summer. 

aetas, -atis, [for aevitas, from aevum, 
eternity] f . age, time of life, lifetime ; 
youth, old age, life ; time, period, gen- 
eration, epoch. 

aeternitas, -atis, [aeternus] f. never- 
ending time, eternity, immortality; im- 
perishable fame, enduring renown. 

aeternus, -a, -um, [for aeviternus, 
from aevum, eternity] adj. lasting, 
never ending, endless, everlasting, eter- 
nal; perpetual, imperishable, immortal. 

Aetolia, -ae, [At™ At a] f. a province in 
Greece, south of Thessaly. 

Aetolus, -a, -um, [AirtoAos] adj. Aetolian. 
As subst. Aetoli, -orum, m. plur. the 
Aetolians, inhabitants of Aetolia. 

aff-, see adf-. 

Africa, -ae, f . a Roman province in the 
northern part of modern Africa. 

Africanus, -a, -um, [Africa] adj. of 
Africa T African, in Africa. Esp. as 
agnomen or surname given for victories 
in Africa. See Scipio. 

Africus, -a, -um, [Africa] adj. African, 
from Africa. 

afuisse, afuturus, see absum. 

age, see ago. 

ager, agri, [cf . English " acre "] m. field, 
farm, estate, cultivated or productive 
land; land, territory, district, domain; 
the country as opposed to city, plain. 

aggrego (adg-), -are, -avi, -atum, [ad 

+ grex] 1 tr. attach, join, include; 
collect, assemble, gather together, bring 
together. 

agito, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of ago] 
1 tr. set in violent motion; drive, impel, 
urge, agitate; rouse, stir up, excite, vex, 
trouble; consider, deliberate on; discuss, 
investigate, sift. 

agnosco, -noscere, -novi, agnitum, 
[ad + (g)nosco], 3 tr. discern, recognize, 



identify; recognize as one^s own, claim; 
acknowledge as true or right, assent to ; 
understand, perceive the meaning of. 

ago, agere, egi, actum, 3 tr. and intr. 
put in motion, drive, lead; direct, guide, 
conduct, manage; carry off, rob; arouse, 
excite ; prompt, induce, incite, urge ; 
act, do, perform, take part in, carry on, 
transact ; treat, discuss, deal with, con- 
fer, plead ; of time, spend, pass, live 
through; pass, sometimes, be concerned, 
be at stake. Imp. age, as interjection, 
come! come now! well! aliquid 
agere, aim at something, work fo?' 
something, cum aliquo agere, try to 
persuade someone, plead with someone. 
gratias agere, see gratia. 

agrarii, -orum, [ager] m. plur. sup- 
porters of agrarian laws, agrarian 
party. 

agrestis, -e, [ager] adj. of the fields or 
country, rural, rustic; uncultivated, 
wild; rough, rude, coarse, clownish, 
boorish. As subst. agrestis, -is, m. 
usually in plural, countryman, peasant, 
rustic, boor. 

agricola, -ae, [ager, cf. cold] m. hus- 
bandman, farmer; rustic, boor. 

agricultura or agri cultura, -ae, [ager 
+ COlo] f. cultivation of the soil, farm- 
ing. 

Ah a la, -ae, m. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. Gaius Servilius 
Ahala, master of horse to Cincinnatus, 
who slew Sp. Maelius for suspected de- 
signs on the government. 

aio, 3 def. intr. say yes, assent; assert, 
say, tell. 

alacer, -cris, -ere, adj. lively, brisk, ac- 
tive, quick; eager, energetic, spirited, 
excited; cheerful, happy, glad. 

alacritas, -atis, [alacer] f. liveliness, 
alacrity; eagerness, ardor; cheerfulness, 
joy, exultation. 

Alba, -ae, [albus, white] f. name of 
several cities in Italy. Esp. Alba 
Longa, the legendary mother-city of 
Rome. 

Albanus, -a, -um, [Alba] adj. of Alba, 
Alban. As subst. Albanum, -I, n. 



aestus— alter 



estate near Alba, Alban villa ; Clodius 1 
estate near Alba, not far from Rome. 
Albanus Mdns, a mountain in Latinm, 
on which in early times was situated 
Alba Longa. 

alea, -ae, f. game with dice, game of 
chance; chance, risk, venture. 

aleator, -oris, [alea] m. player with 
dice, gamester, gambler. 

Alexander, -dri, [*AAef avfipos] m. a com- 
mon Greek name. Esp. Alexander the 
Great, son of Philip of Macedon, and 
king of Macdeonia (356-323 B.C.). 

Alexandria (-6a), -ae, ['AAefai/Speia] f. 
name of several towns founded by Alex- 
ander the Great. Esp. the famous 
Egyptian city at the mouth of the Nile. 

alienigena, -ae, [alienus, cf. gigno, 

beget] adj. m. fweign-born, foreign. 
As subst. alienigena, -ae, m. one for- 
eign-born, foreigner , alien. 

alieno, -are, -avi, -atum, [alienus] l 
tr. make another '*; transfer, make over; 
alienate, estrange; deprive of reason, 
drive mad. 

alienus, -a, -urn, [alius] adj. of another \ 
another's, of others, other people's ; 
strange, foreign ; not suited, unsuitable, 
inconvenient, unseasonable ; unfavor- 
able, unfriendly, hostile. aes alie- 
num, see aes. 

aliquando, [alius + quando] adv. at 
some time or other; at any time, ever; 
at some time in the past, once, formerly; 
at some time in the future, hereafter; 
sometimes, now and then; at last, 
finally. 

aliquanto, [aliquantus] adv. in a 
degree, by considerable, considerably, 
somewhat, rather. post aliquanto, 
some time afterwards. 

aliquant um, -I, [aliquantus] n. a little, 
considerable part, something. 

aliquantus, -a, -um, [alius + quantus] 

adj. some, considerable. 

aliquis, aliqua, aliquid, [alius + quis] 
indef. subst. pron (adj. form, aliqui, 
aliqua, aliquod), somebody or other, 
someone, somebody, any one, something, 



anything, some, any ; with and some- 
times without alius, some other, some- 
thing else, any other, anything else ; 
somebody important or great, something 
considerable or important. 

aliquo, [aliqui] adv. to some place, some- 
where; to some other place, somewhere 
else. 

aliquot, [alius + quot] indef. num. adj. 
indecl. some, a few, several, a number. 

aliquotiens [aliquot] adv. several times, 
at different times. 

aliter, [alis, old form of alius] adv. 
in another way, otherwise, differently. 
aliter ac, otherwise than. 

aliunde, [alius + unde] adv. from an- 
other source, from elsewhere, from some 
other quarter. 

alius, -a, -ud, gen. alius (as poss. 
usually alienus), dat. alii, adj. an- 
other, other, some other, different, else. 
alius . . . alius, one. . .another, one an- 
other, the one. . .the other; plural alii . . . 
alii, some. ..others. 

allatus, seeadfero. 

allego, see adlego. 

allicio, see adlicio. 

allino, see adlino. 

Allobrox, -ogis, [Celtic] m. one of the 
Allobroges. Plural Allobrog6s, -um, 
the Allobroges, a warlike tribe of Gauls. 

alluo, see adluo. 

alo, alere, alui, altum, 3 It. feed, nourish, 
sustain, support, maintain ; cherish, 
promote, increase, strengthen. 

Alpes, -ium, f . plur. the Alps. 

Alsiensis, -e, adj. of or at Alsium, a 
coast town of Etruria. As subst. Al- 
siensis, -e, (sc. praedium) n. villa 
near Alsium, Pompey's estate. 

altaria, -ium, [altus] n. plur. high 

altar, altar. 
alte, [altus] adv. high, oh high ; deep, 

deeply, far; highly, loftily, profoundly. 

alter, -era, -erum, gen. alterius, dat. 
alteri, pron. adj. one of two, one of the 
two, the one, the other of two, another ; 
the second, the next, alter . . , alter, 



to 



VOCABULARY 



the one... the other, the former.. Ahe 
latter ; plural alter! . . . alteri, the one 
party. ..the other. 

alternus, -a, -urn, [alter] adj. one after 
the other, by turns, alternate ; recipro- 
cal, mutual; of verses, alternate hexam- 
eter and pentameter, elegiac. 

alteruter, -utra, -utrum, gen. alter- 
utrius, dat. alterutri, [alter + uter] 
pron. adj. one or the other, one of the 
two, either this or that, either. 

altus, -a, -urn, [pf.p. of alo] adj. nour- 
ished, grown great ; high, elevated, 
lofty ; deep, profound. As subst. al- 
tum, -I, n. the deep, the sea. 

alumnus, -1, [alo] m. foster-son, nurs- 
ling; pupil, disciple. 

alveolus, -I, [dim. of alveus, hollow] m. 
little basin, tray; diceboard; gambling, 
gaming. 

amans, -antis, [pr.p. of amo] adj. fond, 

loving, affectionate, devoted. 
ambi-, prep, used only in composition, 

round, round about. 

ambitio, -onis, [ambio, go round] f. a 
going about ; canvassing for votes ; 
striving for favor, flattery; desire for 
power, honor, etc., ambition. 

ambitus, -us, [ambio, go round] m. a 
going round; canvassing for votes; un- 
lawful canvassing, bribery. 

ambo, -ae, -o, gen. -orum, [akin to 
ambi-] num. adj. both, considered to- 
gether. Cf. uterque, both, considered 
apart, either. 

amburo, -urere, -ussi, -ustum [ambi- 
+ tiro, burn] 3 tr. burn around, scorch, 
singe. 

amens, -entis, i& + mens] adj. out of 
one"s senses, mad, frantic, distracted ; 
foolish, stupid. 

amentia, -ae, [amens] f. want of rea- 
son, senselessness, mad folly, madness, 
frenzy; folly, stupidity. 

amicio, -ire, amixi or amicui, amic- 
tum, [am- for ambi-, + iacio] 4 tr. 
throw around, wrap about, with outer 
garments ; cover, clothe, wrap. 



amicitia, -ae, i amicus \ t friendship, 
amity; leagi iendship, alliance. 

amicus, -a, -uin, Lainoj adj.' friendly, 
amicable, kindly-disposed, favorable. 
As subst. amicus, -I, jn.f?*iend. 

amissus, pf.p. of amitto. 

Amisus, -1, f. an important coast town of 
Pontus. 

amitto, -mittere, -misi, amissum, [a + 

mitto] 3 tr. send away ; part with, 
let go, let slip ; lose. 

amo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. love, be fond 
of, take pleasure in, like. 

amoenitas, -atis, [amoenus, pleasant] 
f . pleasantness, delightfulness, charm. 

amor, -oris, [amo] m. love, affection 
fondness ; eager desire, passion. 

ample, [amplus] adv. largely, 'widely, 
amply, abundantly ; liberally, hand- 
somely, magnificently. See amplius. 

amplector, -plecti, amplexus sum, 
[ambi- + plecto] 3 dep. twine around, 
encircle, embrace ; comprehend, under- 
stand; embrace with love, love, cling to, 
esteem, honor. 

amplexor, -ari, -atus sum, [amplec- 
tor] 1 dep. embrace ; love, be fond of, 
esteem. 

amplifies, -are, -avi, -atum, [amplifi- 
ers, from amplus + facio] 1 tr. broaden, 
extend, enlarge ; magnify, increase, 
amplify. 

amplitudo, -inis, [amplus] f. breadth, 
great extent, size, amplitude ; conse- 
quence, prominence of position, dignity. 

amplius, [comp. of amplus and ample] 

indecl. adj. and adv. muyre, further, 
longer ; in addition, besides ; more 
than. See amplus. 

amplus, -a, -um, adj. large, wide, great, 
spacious, ample ; grand, magnificent, 
splendid, glorious ; prominent, of con- 
sequence, distinguished, illustrious, 
honorable. 

an, conj. belonging to the second member 
of a disjunctive question, direct or in- 
direct, or, or rather, or indeed; in begin- 
ning of sentence, then, or then. The 
first member usually has utrum or -ne, 



alternus— ant§stor 



ir 



which is often unexpressed, though in- 
volved, utrum . . . an, whether. . .or. 
haud scio an, nescio an, / do not 
know but, I am inclined to think that, 
I might say, it may be, perhaps, 'prob- 
ably. 

anceps, -cipitis, [ambi- + capio] adj. 
double- headed, double, twofold; water- 
ing, uncertain, undecided, doubtful, 
ambiguous. 

ancilla, -ae, f. maidservant, handmaid. 

angiportum, -i, n. or angiportus, -us, 

m. [angustus + portus] narrow street, 

lane, alley. 

ango, angere, anxl, , 3 tr. draw 

tight, throttle; torment, distress, trou- 
ble, make anxious, vex, annoy. 

angulus, -I, m. angle, corner; nook, 
lurking place. 

angustiae, -arum, [angustus] f. pi. 

' narrowness, straitness; narrow place, 

defile, strait; of time, shortness, brevity; 

of circumstances, difficulty, distress; of 

mind, narrowness, meanness. 

angustus, -a, -urn, adj. narrow, strait, 
confined, contracted; short, brief; suc- 
cinct; little, petty, base. 

anhelo, -are, -avi,- -atum, [anhelus, 
• out of b?-eath] 1 intr. and tr. breathe 
with difficulty, pant, gasp; breathe 
forth. 

anima, -ae, f. air, breeze.; breath, spirit, 
soul, life; plur. often, souls of the dead, 
departed spirits, shades. 

animadversio, -onis, [animadverts] f. 

observation, notice ; reproach, censure ; 
punishmen t, chastisement. 

I animadverts, -vertere, -verti, -ver- 
sum, [animum + adverto] 3 tr. direct 
ones mind or attention to, attend to; 
notice, observe, consider, perceive, see; 
censure, blame, punish, chastise. 

animo, -are, -avi, -atum, [animus] l 
tr. and intr. quicken, animate; endow 
with a particular temperament or dispo- 
sition. 

animosus, -a, -um, [animus] adj. spir- 
ited, bold, courageous, undaunted. 
animus, -I, m. soul, life; mind, reason, 



intellect; feeling, sensibility, heart; in- 
clination, desire, affection ; passion, 
wrath; courage, spirit, haughtiness, 
arrogance, pride; purpose, design, in- 
tention, resolve; imagination, fancy; 
attention, thoughts. animum ad- 
vertere, see adverto. bono anim5 
esse, see bonus. 
Annius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gentile 
name. See Mild and Chllo. 

anniversarius, -a, -um, [annus + ver- 
so] adj. returning every year, yearly, 
annual. 

annona, -ae, [annus] f • the years pro- 
duce, crop, grain, provisions; grain 
market, price of grain. 

annus, -1, m. year. 

ante, adv. and prep, before. 

1. As adv., of space, before, in front; 
of time, before, previously, ago. 
ante quam or antequam, before, 
sooner than, until. paulo ante, 
a little while ago. 

2. As prep, with ace, of space, before; 
of time, before, before the time of, 
previous to. 

In dates, ante diem (a. d.), on such a 
day before; e.g. ante diem xii Kal. 
Nov., on the twelfth day before the 
Kalends of November, including both 
days, or according to our reckoning, on 
the eleventh day before = Oct. 21st. 

antea, [ante + ea] adv. before, formerly, 

once; preciously, hitherto. 

antecello, -ere, , , 3 intr. be 

prominent, distinguish ones self , excel, 
surpass. 

anteferS, -ferre, -tali, -latum, [ante + 
fero] irr. tr. bear before ; place before, 
prefer. 

antelucanus, -a -um, [ante + liix] adj. 
before light, before dawn. anteliica- 
nae cenae, dinners continued till day- 
light, all-nig JU feasts. 

antepono, -ponere, -posul, -positum, 
[ante + pono] 3 tr. set before ; prefer^ 
esteem more highly, value above. 

antequam, see ante, 
antestor, -an, -atus sum, [ambi- + 
testor] 1 dep. call to witness, appeal to. 



12 



VOCABULAKY 



anteverte, -vertere, -verti, , [ante 

+ verto] 3 tr. go before, precede ; place 
before, prefer; anticipate. 

Antiochia (-5a), -ae, ['Avrtdxeta] f. 
Antioch, capital of Syria, and birthplace 
of Archias. 

Antiochus, -I, ['Avn'oxos] m. king of 
Syria. Esp. : 

1. Antiochus III. or the Great, at war 
with Rome, 192-188 B.C. 

2. Antiochus V., his grandson, under 
whose reign Cn. Octavius, a Roman 
ambassador, was assassinated, 162 

B.C. 

antiquitas, -atis, [antiquus] f. age, 
antiquity, ancient times. 

antiquus, -a, -um, [ante] adj. ancient, 
aged, old; of olden time, old-fashioned; 
venerable, reverend, authoritative. As 
subst. antiqui, -orum, m. pi. the an- 
cients, men of old, ancient writers. 

Antius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gentile 
name. Esp. Sp. Antius, a Roman en- 
voy slain by Lars Tolumnius, king of 
the Veientes. 

Antonius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. : 

1. Marcus Antonius," a famous 
orator, one of Cicero's teachers, and 
a member of Sulla's party. 

2. Marcus Antonius, surnamed Cre- 
ticus, elder son of No. 1. 

3. Gaius Antonius, younger son of 
No. 1, and colleague of Cicero in the 
consulship, 63 b.c 

4. Marcus Antonius ("Mark An- 
tony"), son of No. 2, consul with 
Caesar in 44 b.c, and later a triumvir 
with Octavian and Lepidus. 

anulus (ann-), -I, m. ring, finger-ring. 
Ap., abbreviation for Appius. See Ap- 
pius. 

Apenninus, -I, [Celtic] m. the Apennines, 
mountains in Italy. 

aperio, -ire, aperui, apertum, 4 tr. un- 
cover, lay bare ; discover, make visible, 
show, display, reveal ; open , render ac- 
cessible; make known, unfold, explain. 

aperte, [apertus] adv. openly, manifestly, 



plainly, clearly ; without reserve, un- 
reservedly. 

apertus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of aperio] adj. 

uncovered; unclosed, open; unobstructed, 
unprotected ; plain, clear, manifest, 
avowed; frank, candid. 

Apinius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gentile 
name. Esp. Publius Apinius, a young 
man, a victim of Clodius 1 greed. 

apparatus (adp-), -a, -um, [pf.p. of ap- 
paro] &dj. prepared, made ready, ready; 
supplied, furnished; elaborate, magnifi- 
cent, splendid, sumptuous. 

apparatus (adp-), -us, [apparo] m. prep- 
aration ; supplies, implements, instru- 
ments ; magnificence, splendor, pomp, 
state. 

appareo (adp-), -parere, -parui, — , 
fut. part, appariturus, [ad + pareo] 2 

intr. appear, make an appearance, come 
in sight ; be evident, be plain, be mani- 
fest. 

apparo (adp-), -are, -avl, -atum, [ad + 
paro] 1 tr. prepare, make ready, ar- 
range, provide, make prepai^ations for. 

appello (adp-), -are, -avl, -atum, [ad + 
pello] 1 tr. address, accost, speak to ; 
call by name, term, name, entitle; apply 
to, call upon, appeal to, beg. 

appendo (adp-), -pendere, -pendi, -pen- 
sum, [ad + pendo] 3 tr. weigh out. 

appetens (adp-), -entis, [pr.p. of ap- 
peto] adj. striving after, eager for, 
desirous of; covetous, greedy. 

appeto (adp-), -ere, -Ivi or -if, -ltum, 
[ad + peto] 3 tr. and intr. strive for, 
reach after; attack, assail ; long for, 
desire, seek to gain, seek, aim at; ap- 
proach, be at hand. 

Appius, -a, -um, adj. Appian, of Appius. 
Via Appia, the Appian Way, the most 
famous of the roads that led to Rome, 
extending as far as Brundisium (in the 
" heel " of Italy). 

Appius, -1, m. a Roman praenomen or 
forename. See Claudius. 

applico (adp-), -are, -avl or -ui, -atum, 

1 tr. and intr. join, attach, add ; bring 



anteverto— argentarius 



13 



to, apply to; direct to, approach, arrive 
at. 

appono (adp-), -ponere, -posul, -posi- 
tum, [ad + pono] 3 tv.put at, place near, 
set before ; put upon, apply ; appoint, 
assign, set over. 

apporto fadp-), -are, -avi, -atum, [ad + 
porto] 1 tr. bring to, carry. 

appositus (adp-), -a, -urn, [pf .p. of ap- 
pono] adj. situated near; bordering 
upon ; suited, suitable, appropriate, Jit, 
proper. 

approbo (adp-), -are, -avi, -atum, [ad f 
probo] 1 tr. assent to, approve of, think 
well of, sanction, favor. 

appropero (adp-), -are, -avi, -atum, 
[ad + propero] 1 tr. and intr. hasten to- 
wards, hasten, accelerate; make haste. 

appropinquo (adp-), -are, -avi, -atum, 
[ad + propinquo, from propinquus] 1 
intr. come near to, draw nigh to, ap- 
proach; be at hand. 

aptus, -a, -um, [cf. apiscor, attain to] 
adj. fitted to, joined; depending on; 
fit, suited, suitable, proper, apt, adapted, 
appwpriate. 

apud, prep, with *cc. with, at, by, near ; 
of persons, before, in the presence of, at 
the house of, to, in relation to, with, 
among, in the opinion of, in the power 
or possession of, in (with name of an 
author), in the writings of, in the time 
of; of place, at, near, in, in the vicinity 

_of 

Apulia, -ae, f . the eastern coast of Magna 
Graecia (in Southern Italy, just above 
"the heel "). 

aqua, -ae, f. water. 

aquila, -ae, f . eagle ; the eagle, a metal 
eagle upon a staff as the standard of a 
Roman legion. 

Aquilius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. M\ Aquilius, the Ro- 
man legatus in the Third Mithridatic 
War, defeated and killed by Mithridates. 

ara, -ae, f. altar. 

arator, -oris, m. ploughman; landholder, 
usually one of the Roman Knights or 
Equites, who cultivated public lands, 



paying tithes (decumae) into the pub- 
lic treasury for the privilege. 

arbiter, -tri, m. witness; umpire, ref- 
eree, judge, arbitrator. 

arbitratus, -us, [arbitror] m. used 
only in abl. mediation, arbitration; 
will, pleasure, decision. 

arbitrium, -1, [arbiter] n. judgment of 
an arbitrator, decision, opinion ; au- 
thority, power ; free will, will, pleas- 
ure, choice. 

arbitror, -ari, -atus sum, [arbiter] 1 

dep. give one's judgment, declare a de- 
cision; judge, be of the opinion, believe, 
think, consider. 

arbor, -oris, f. tree. 

area, -ae, [cf. arceo] f. place for safe 
keeping, chest, bop ; money-box, safe ; 
small prison, cell. 

arceo, -ere, -ul, , 2 tr. shut up, con- 
fine ; prohibit access, keep away, ward 
off, avert; hinder, prevent. 

arcesso, -ere, arcessivi, arcessitum, 

[ad + caus. of cieo] 3 tr. cause to come, 
fetch, send for, invite ; summon, ar- 
raign, accuse. 

Archias, -ae, ['Apxias] m. a Greek poet, 
citizen of Rome, defended by Cicero in 
62 b.c. 

architectus, -1, [apx^riKTUiv] m. master- 
builder, architect ; inventor, contriver, 
author. 

arcus, -us, m. bow. 

ardens, -entis, [pr.p. of ardeo] adj. 
glowing, flashing, hot; fiery, ardent, 
eager. 

ardeo, -ere, arsi, arsum, 2 intr. be on 
fire, burn, blaze ; flash, sparkle, shine ; 
be inflamed, be afire, be aglow, be ex- 
cited. 

ardor, -oris, [ardeo] m. flame, fire, 
heat ; brightness, animation ; eager- 
ness, ardor, zeal; excitement, fury. 

argentarius, -a, -um, [argentum] adj. 
of money. As subst. argentarius, -i, 
m. banker, money-changer. rSs ar- 
gent aria, money business, banking 
business. 



H 



VOCABULARY 



argenteus, -a, -um, targentum] adj. 

of silver, made of silver, silver. 
argentum, -I, n. silver ; things made of 

silver, silver plate, silver money, money. 

argumentor, -ari, -atus sum, [argu- 
mentum] 1 dep. adduce proof of, ad- 
duce in proof ; draw a conclusion, rea- 
son, argue. 

argumentum, -I, [arguo] n. argument, 
inference, evidence, proof ; sign, indi- 
cation, mark, token ; subject, theme in 
art. 

arguo, -ere, -ui, -utum, fut. part, ar- 
guiturus, 3 tr. make knoivn, disclose, 
show, make clear, prove ; inform 
against, accuse, charge, blame, de- 
nounce. 

Aricia, -ae, f . a small town between La- 
nuvium and Rome on the Appian Way. 

aridus, -a, -um, [areo, be dry] adj. dry, 
parched, arid; meagre, poor. 

Ariobarzanes, -is, [Persian] m, king of 
Cappadocia and friend of Rome, fre- 
quently dethroned by Mithridates. 

arma, -orum, n. pi. implements, instru- 
ments, tools; implements of war, arms, 
weapons ; conflict, war ; side in a con- 
flict. 

armatus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of armo] adj. 
armed, underarms, in arms; equipped, 
furnished, provided. 

Armenia, -ae, f. an Asiatic kingdom 
ruled by Tigranes, son-in-law of Mithri- 
dates. 

Armenius, -a, -um, adj. of Armenia, 
Armenian. Assubst. Armenii, -orum, 
m. piur. people of Armenia, Armenians. 

arm5, -are, -avi, -atum, [arma] 1 tr. 

furnish with arms, arm, equip ; move 

to arms; excite, stir up. Pass, often, 

arm one's self, take arms. 
arripio, see adripio. 
Arrius, -I, m. a Roman nomen or gentile 

name. Esp. Q. Arrius, an ex-praetor, 

friend of Cicero. 

arrogans, see adrogans. 
arroganter, see adroganter. 
arrog5, see adrogo. 



ars, artis, f. skill, art; profession; trait, 
quality, virtue; learning, knowledge, 
accomplishment; artifice, stratagem. 

artifex, -icis, [ars, cf. faeio] c. master 
of an art or profession, artist, artificer; 
maker, author; deceiver, trickster, cheat. 
scaenici artifices, actors. 

artificium, -I, [artifex] n. profession, 
trade, art ; workmanship, ingenuity, 
skill; cunning, a?iifice, trick. 

arx, arcis, f. castle, citadel, stronghold ; 
bulwark, refuge, protection. 

ascendo (ads-), -ere, ascendl, ascen- 
sum, [ad + scando, climb] 3 tr. and intr. 
climb up, go up, rise, ascend, mount. 

ascensus (ads-), -us, [ascendo] m. a 

climbing up, ascent; rising; way up, 
means of ascent, approach. 

ascisco (ads-), -ere, ascivi, ascitum, 
[ad + SCiSCO, accept] 3 tr. take to one's 
self, accept, receive, assume, adopt; take 
into association, associate with on^s 
self, win over. 

ascribo (ads-), -scribere, -scrips!, 
ascriptum, [ad + scribo] 3tr. write in 
addition, add ; enter in a list, enroll, 
enlist; appoint, assigri; imjnite, ascribe, 
attribute. 

Asia, -ae, ['A<ri'a] f. a Roman province, 
the extreme western part of Asia Minor. 

Asiaticus, -a, -um, [Asia] adj. of or in 
Asia, Asiatic. 

aspectus (ads-), -us, [aspicio] m. a 
looking at, look, glance, sight, view ; 
appearance, aspect, countenance, mien. 

asper §, [asper, rough] adv. harshly, 
roughly, severely, sternly. 

asperitas, -atis, [asper, rougli] f. rough- 
ness, harshness, severity, cruelty ; rude- 
ness, coarseness. 

aspernor, -ari, -atus sum, [a+sperno, 

despise] 1 dep. despise, disdain, reject, 
spurn. 

aspicio (ads-), -spicere, -spexi, aspec- 
tum, [ad + specio] 3 tr. and intr. look 
upon, look at, behold, look ; observe, see, 
regard, consider. 

ass-, see ads-. 



argenteus— auctcritas 



15 



asto iadst-), -stare, -stiti, , [ad + 

sto] 1 intr. stand near, stand by or at ; 
stand up, stand. 

astutus, -a, -um, [asttis, craft] adj. 
crafty, cunning, icily, artful; wary, 
shrewd, astute. 

at, [form of ad = in addition to] conj. 
but, but on the other hand; but yet. yet, 
yet at least. at enim, but you say, of 
an objection, at vero, but assuredly. 

Athenae, -arum, ['Afloat] f. pi. Athens, 
the chief city of Greece. 

Atheniensis, -e, [Athenae] adj. of 
Athens. Athenian. As subst. Atheni- 
ensis, -is, m. an Athenian. 
Atilius, -I, m. a Roman nomen or gentile 
name. Esp.: 
1. M. Atilius, convicted of treason, 

also of taking bribes as juror. 
& Atilius Gavianus, an enemy of 
Cicero's. 

atque, before consonants usually ac 
(fainter than atque and not standing 
before vowel or A), [ad + que] conj. and. 
as well as (generally adding a more im- 
portant idea to what precedes), and also, 
and besides, and even, and especially, 
and more than that, and moreover, and 
now; and so, and hence; with words 
implying comparison, as, than. atque 
adeo, and even, and in fact, still further, 
still more, or rather, contra atque 
<ac\ different f 1 om what, opposite to 
what, pro eo ac (atque), according 
as, in proportion as. perinde ac (at- 
que V'^ as. simul atque, as soon a*. 
aliter ac, otherwise than. 

atqui, [at + qui = quin] conj. but for all 
that (stronger than at, cf. sed), but in 
any case, but at any rate ; but yet, but 
somehow, and yet, still. 

atrium, -I, n. hall, the atrium, the 
main room of the Roman house ; also, 
of a temple. 

atrocitas, -atis, [atrox] f. fierceness, 
harshness; severity, cruelty, barbarity; 
atrocity, enormity. 

atr5citer, [atrox] adv. fiercely, harshly; 
cruelly, bitterly, indignantly. 



atrox, -ocis, [ater, black] adj. fierce, 
harsh; severe, cruel; savage, violent, 
horrible, atrocious, inhuman, mon- 
strous. 

attendo (adt-), -tendere, -tendi, atten- 
tum, [ad + tendo], 3 tr. and intr. direct 

the mind to, direct attention to. attend 
to; listen, pay attention to, observe care- 
fully, give heed to ; with or' without 
animum. 

attentus (adt-), -a, -um, [pf.p. of at- 
tendo] adj. attentive, intent, engaged; 
intent on, careful, assiduous. 

attenuo (adt-), -are, -avi, -atum, [ad + 
tenuo, make thin] 1 tr. male thin, thin 
out; lessen, diminish, reduce; impair, 
weaken; make less formidable. 

attineo (adt-\ -tinere, -tinui, atten- 
tum, [ad + teneo] 2 tr. and intr. hold 
fast, detain, delay; belong to, pertain to, 
have to do ivilh, concern, make a dif- 
ference, be of importance. 

attingo (adt-), -tingere, -tigi, attac- 
tum, [ad + tango] 3 tr. and intr. touch; 
lay hands on, seize, attack; approach, 
reach, attain to. aspire to; touch upon, 
mention, refer to: undertake, engage in; 
concern, relate to. have to do with. 

Attius (Accius), -l, m. a Roman nomen 
or gentile name. Esp. P. Attius Varus. 
See Varus. 

attribuo <adt-\ -buere, -bul, attribu- 
tum, [ad + tribuo] 3 tr. assign, allot, 
make over; give in charge, confide, in- 
trust; confer, bestow; attnbute. ascribe. 

attuli, see adfero. 

auctio, -onis, [augeo] f. increase; sale 
by increasing bids, auction, public sale. 

auctionarius, -a, -um, [auctio] adj. of 
or for auction, by auction, by forced sale. 

auctor, -oris, [augeo] m. producer: fa- 
ther, progenitor; oHginator. promoter, 
leader; founder; trustworthy writer, 
authority: counsellor, adviser. auc- 
tor esse, approve, advise. 

auctoritas, -atis, [auctor] f. authority, 

power, supremacy; decision, conviction, 
opinion, resolve, will; expression of 
opinion; decree, warrant, assurance ; 



i6 



VOCABULARY 



influence, dignity, reputation; weight, 
force, prestige, significance, impor- 
tance, consequence. 

aucupor, -ari, -atus sum, [auceps, 

fowler] 1 dep. hunt birds; chase, hunt; 
lie in wait for, strive after, catch. 

audacia, -ae, [audax] f. daring, reck- 
less daring, boldness, bravery, courage; 
audacity, insolence, effrontery, impu- 
dence, presumption. 

audacter, [audax] adv. boldly, courage- 
ously; rashly, audaciously, with des- 
peration. 

audax, -acis, [audeo] adj. daring, bold, 
courageous; audacious, presumptuous; 
reckless, rash, foolhardy , desperate. 

audeo, -ere, ausus sum, 2 semi-dep. 
dare, dare to try or do, be bold, venture, 
?^isk. 

audio, -ire, -Ivi or -ii, -Itum, 4 tr. hear, 
hear of; listen to, give attention to; as- 
sent to, agree to, approve, grant; heed, 
obey. 

aufero, -ferre, abstuli, ablatum, [ab 
+ fer6] irr. tr. take away, remove, with- 
draw; carry off, snatch away, rob, 
steal. 

augeo, augere, auxi, auctum, 2 tr. and 

intr. increase, enhance, enlarge, extend, 
add to, augment; magnify, exalt, ex- 
tol; enrich, load; honor, advance. 

augur, -uris, m. augur, diviner, sooth- 
sayer. See Appendix C, §§14, 15. 

augustus, -a, -um, [augeo] adj. conse- 
crated, sacred, reverend; venerable, 
august, majestic, noble, magnificent. 

Aulus, -I, m. a Roman praenomen or 
forename. 

Aurelius, -I, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. L. Aurelius Gotta ; 
see Cotta. 

Aurelius, -a, -um, [Aurelius] adj. of 
Aurelius, Aurelian. Forum Aure- 
lium, a town of Etruria on the Aurelian 
Way. Aurelia Via, the Aurelian Way, 
the great military road leading from 
Rome to Pisa, along the coast of Etru- 
ria. 



aureus, -a, -um, [aurum] adj. of gold, 
golden, gold; ornamented with gold, 
gilded. 

auris, -is, [cf. audio] f. ear. 

aurum, -I, n. gold. 

auspicium, -I, [auspex, diviner] n. 
divination by the flight of birds, au- 
gury, auspices; sign, omen. 

ausus, -a, -um, see audeo. 

aut, conj. or ; or at least, or rather, or 
else. aut . . . aut, either. . .or. 

autem, conj. [always postpositive], but; 
however, on the other hand, moreover, 
furthermore, now. 

auxilium, -l, [cf. augeo] n. help, aid, 
assistance, relief, support; plur. often 
auxiliary troops, auxiliaries. ferre 
auxilium, render assistance, aid. ad- 
venticia auxilia, reinforcements from 
without. 

avaritia, -ae, [avarus] f. greed, love of 
money, avarice, covetousness. 

avarus, -a, -um, adj. greedy, grasping y 
avaricious, covetous, miserly. 

aveo, -ere, , , 2 tr. desire, be eager 

for, long for, crave. 

a versus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of averto] adj. 
turned away, turned back; behind, in 
the rear; unfavorable, indisposed, dis- 
inclined, averse, opposed, hostile. 

averto, -vertere, -verti, aversum, [a 
+ verto] 3 tr. turn aiuay, turn aside; 
remove, carry off, steal, embezzle; di- 
vert, withdraw; ward off, avert; alien- 
ate, estrange. 

avide, [avidus] adv. greedily, eagerly, 
with avidity. 

avidus, -a, -um, [aveo] adj. desirous, 
eager, longing eagerly; greedy, ava- 
ricious, covetous. 

avitus, -a, -um, [avus] of one's grand- 
father, of one's ancestors, ancestral. 

avoco, -are, -avi, -atum, [a + voco] 1 tr. 

call away, call off; withdraw, remove; 

divert, turn aside, turn. 
avunculus, -I, [dim. of avus] m. moth- 

er's brother, maternal uncle, uncle. 
avus, -l, m. grandfather. 



aucupor— brevis 



17 



B 

bacchor, -ari, -atus sum, [Bacchus, god 

of wine] 1 dep. celebrate the festival of 
Bacchus; join in a Bacchanalian orgy, 
hold revel?*y, revel, rave, exult. 

barbaria, -ae, [barbarus] f. strange 
land, foreign country ; an uncivilized 
people \ barbarians ; savageness, bar- 
barism. 

barbarus, -a, -urn, [/3ap/3apos] adj. of 
strange speech, unintelligible ; strange, 
foreign, of foreigners, outlandish, bar- 
barian; barbarous, savage, cruel, rude, 
uncivilized, uncultivated. As subst. 
barbarus, -1, m. foreigner, barbarian. 

barbatus, -a, -um, [barba, beard] adj. 
bearded, with a beard. 

basis, -is, [/Sao-i?] f . base, pedestal. 

beatus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of beo, make 
happy] adj. happy, blessed, fortunate, 
prosperous ; wealthy, rich, ivell-to-do. 

bellicosus, -a, -um, [bellicus] adj. 
warlike, martial. 

bellicus, -a, -um, [bellum] adj. of war, 
in icar, military ; warlike. 

bello, -are, -avi, -atum, [bellum] l intr. 
wage war, war. 

bellum, -1, [for duellum (from duo\ a 
strife between two] 11. war. 

belua, -ae, f. wild beast, great beast; 
brute, beast, monster. 

bene, comp. melius, Buperl. optime, 
[bonus] adv. well, prosperously, success- 
fully; very, thoroughly, quite. bene 
spgrare, have good hope, merer! benp 
de, see mereor. 

beneficium, -1, [beneficus] n. well- 
doing, kindness, favor, service, benefit ; 
favors shown, services rendered, ser- 
vices; honor, distinction, promotion. 
in beneficus, among those recom- 
mended to favor, meo beneficio, 
thank* to me. 

beneficus, -a, -um, [bene, cf. facio] 
adj. beneficent, generous; serviceable. 

benevolentia, -ae, [bene, cf. volo] f. 

good-will, kindness, favor, friendship. 



benevolus, -a, -um, [bene, cf. volo] adj. 
u -ell-wishing ', kindly, kind, friendly, 
devoted. 

benignitas, -atis, [benlgnus, kind] t. 
kindness, friendliness, courtesy, benev- 
olence ; favor, liberality, bounty. 

bestia, -ae, f. brute, beast, animal. 

bibo, bibere, bibi, bibitum, 3 tr. and 
intr. drink, drink in. 

biduum, -1, [bis, cf. dies] n. period of 

two days, two days' time, two days. 
binl, -ae, -a, [cf. bis] dist. num. adj. 

plural two by two, two at a time, two 

each; two sets of, double. 
bipartlto, [bipartitus, from bi for bis 

+ partior] adv. in two divisions or 

jKirts, in two parties. 
bis, num. adv. twice, on two occasions. 
Bithynia, -ae, [piQvvCa] f. a kingdom in 

Asia on the shores of the Black Sea. 

blandus, -a, -um, adj. of smooth tongue, 
flattering ; coaxing, persuasive, entic- 
ing, seductive, charming. 

bonitas, -atis, [bonus] f. goodness, 
kindness, kind-heartedness, friendli- 
ness, benevolence ; honesty, integrity, 
uprightness. 

bonus, -a, -um, comp. melior, superl. 
optimus, adj. good, sound; kind, 
worthy, excellent, just. As subst. bo- 
num, -1, n. good, good thing, bless- 
ing, advantage ; plur. goods, posses- 
sions, property, estate, blessings, bo- 
nus, -1, m. good man ; plural bonl, 
-orum, good men, the good, honest 
men, good citizens, often also in sense 
of conservatives, the conservative party, 
true republicans, truejmtriots. Bona 
Dea, the Roman goddess from whose 
worship men were excluded. bono 
animo esse, be well disposed, tantum 
boni, such an advantage, so great an 
advantage. 

Bosporanus, -a, -um, [/3oo-7ropos] adj. of 
the Bosporus, Bosporan. As subst. 
Bosporani,-orum,u. plural, dwellers on 
the Bosijorus, people along the Bosporus. 

brevis, -e, adj. short) brief, little. 



i8 



VOCABULARY 



brevitas, -atis, [brevis] f. shortness, 

brevity; conciseness. 
breviter, [brevis] adv. shortly, briefly ; 

in brief, concisely, in a few words ; 

summarily. 
Brocchus, -I, m. a Roman name. Esp. 

Titus Brocchus, a neutral during the 

Civil War, uncle of Ligarius. 

Brundisinus (Brundus-), -a, -um, adj. 
of Brundisium. As subst. Brundislni, 
-Drum, m. plur. people of Brundisium. 

Brundisium (Brundus-) -I, n. a town in 
Calabria, the "heer 1 of Italy, usual 
port of embarkation for Greece. 

Brutus, -I, m. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. : 

1. Decimus Brutus, called Gal- 
laecus for victories over Spanish 
tribes of that name (138 B.C.). 

2. Marcus Brutus, nephew of Cato 
Uticensis, and one of Caesar's mur- 
derers (44 b.c). 

3. Decimus Brutus, grandson of No. 
1, one of Caesar's murderers, gov- 
ernor of Cisalpine Gaul (44-43 b.c). 



C, abbreviation for Gaius, less correctly 
Caius, a Roman praenomen or fore- 
name. 

cadaver, -eris, [cado] n. dead body, 
corpse. 

cado, cadere, cecidi, casum, 3 intr. 
fall, fall down ; fall dead, die, be slain, 
perish ; fall out, turn out, happen, fall 
to the lot of, befall; fall away, fail, come 
to naught, decline, cease. 

Caecilius, -I, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. L. Caecilius Rufus, j 
praetor 57 b.c, active in behalf of 
Cicero's recall that year. 

caecus, -a, -um, adj. blind ; vague, un- 
certain, indiscriminate, aimless; dark, 
gloomy, dense, obscure. Esp. Caecus, 
-1, m. the Blind, agnomen of Appius 
Claudius. See Claudius. 

caedes, -is, [cf. caedo] f . killing, slaugh- 
ter, massacre, butchery; murder, assas- 
sination. 



caedo, caedere, cecidi, caesum, 3 tr. 

cut, cut down; strike, beat, strike down; 
kill, murder, slay. 
Caelius, -l, in. a Roman nomen or gentile 
name. Esp. M. Caelius Rufus, tribune 
in 52 b.c, and staunch friend of Milo. 

caelum, -I, n. the sky, the heavens, vault 
of heaven, heaven ; air, atmosphere, 
weather, climate. de caelo tangi, 
be struck by lightning, in caelum 
toll ere, extol to the skies. 

caementum, -I, [cf. caedo] n. rough 
stone, quarry stone. 

caerimonia, -ae, f. religious ceremony, 
sacred rite; veneration, reverence. 

Caesar, -aris, m. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp.: 

1. L. Iulius Caesar, father of the dic- 
tator, and author of a Lex ICdia, ex- 
tending the franchise to the Italians 
(90 b.c). 

2. L. Iulius Caesar, consul 64 b.c, 
brother-in-law of the conspirator 
Lentulus. 

3. C. Iulius Caesar, praetor 62 b.c, 
consul 59 b.c, dictator 47-44 b.c 

Caesonius, -l, rn. a Roman nomen or 
gentile name. Esp. M. Caesonius, a 
juror at the trial of Verres (70 b.c). 

Caieta, -ae, f. a coast town of Latium. 

calamitas, -atis, f . loss, injury, damage; 
misfortune, adversity, calamity, ruin; 
disaster, overthrow, defeat. 

calamitosus, -a, -um, [calamitas] adj. 
destructive, disastrous, ruinous ; vn- 
fortunate, unhappy, miserable. 

calceus, -I, m. shoe. 

Calidius, -I, m. a Roman nomen or gen 
tile name. Esp. Q. Calidius, con- 
demned (77 b.c) for extortion as pro- 
praetor of Spain the year before. 

callidus, -a, -um, [calleo, be skilled] 
adj. experienced, adroit, skilful, shrewd; 
crafty, cunning, wily, artful; design- 
ing, calculating. 

calor, rOris, m. heat, warmth, glow. 

calumnia, -ae, f. trickery, chicanery ; 
pretence, evasion, subterfuge ; misrep- 
resentation, false statement ; false ac* 



brevitas— carus 



19 



emotion or prosecution, malicious action 
at law. 

calx, -cis, f . limestone, lime. 

campus, -1, m. plain, level field, open 
country. Esp. Campus Martius, "the 
field consecrated to Mare,' 1 a plain just 
outside of Rome where the Comitia 
Centuriata met. 

candidatus, -a, -um, [candidus, white] 
adj . clothed in white ; candidate for 
office, who, according to the Roman 
custom, always appeared clad in white. 

canis, -is, c. dog, hound. 

cano, canere, cecini, cantum, 3 tr. and 
intr. sing, sound, play, make music ; 
sing of, celebrate in song, praise ; fore- 
tell, ivarn beforehand, predict, proph- 
esy. 

canto, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of cano] 
1 tr. and intr. sing, play on an instru- 
ment. 

cantus, -us, [cano] m. singing, playing, 
music, song. 

capesso, -ere, -Ivi, -itum, [med. of 
capio] 3 tr. catch at, seize eagerly; take 
hold of with zeal, undertake, enter upon, 
engage in. rem ptiblicam capessere, 
engage in public affairs, engage in poli- 
tics, serve one\ country 

capillus, -I, [cf caput m hair of the 
head, the hair. 

capio, capere, cepi, captum, 3 tr. take, 
take up, lay hold of, seize, grasp ; take 
captive, make prisoner ; get possession 
of, control; captivate, win, allure; mis- 
lead, deceive, betray, catch ; depHve of, 
harm ; take by force, storm, reduce, 
capture ; receive, accept, get, gain, ac- 
quire ; enjoy, reap ; adopt, cultivate, 
possess ; enter upon, undertake ; con- 
ceive, entertain ; be subjected to, suffer, 
experience; affect, move, influence, over- 
come; hold, contain, be large enough 
for, suffice for ; bear, tolerate, endure, 
suffer ; take in, comprehend, grasp. 
mente captus, beside one's self, crazy. 

capitalis, -e, [caput] adj. of the head, 
chief, foremost, principal; involving 
life, capital; deadly, dangerous, per- 
nicious, baneful; irreconcilable, bitter. 



Capitolinus, -a, -um, [Capitolium] 

adj. of the Capitol. cllvus Capito- 
linus, see cllvus. 

Capitolium, -I, [caput] n. theCapitoline 
Hill; the Capitol, the temple of Jupiter 
at Rome on the Capitoline Hill. 

CappadOCia, -ae, [KaTrnaSoKCa] f. a king- 
dom in Asia Minor, south of Pontus. 

Capua, -ae, f . an important city in Cam- 
pania, governed by a senate and a duum- 
virate. (Pompey was a duumvir in 57 

B.C.) 

caput, -itis, n. head; life (physical), 
being; life as a member of society, civil 
Hghts, liberty and citizenship ; source, 
fountain-head j highest point, summit, 
climax; chief thing, main point; chap- 
ter, passage. iudicium de" capite, 
capital trial. 

Carbo, -onis, m. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp.: 

1. C. Fapirius Carbo, at first an ad- 
herent of the Gracchi, but after the 
death of C. Gracchus, 121 B.C., a 
deserter to the aristocracy. 

2. Cn. Papirius Carbo, a partisan of 
Marias, and thrice consul, 85, 84, 
82 B.C. 

3. C. Papirius Carbo, the tribune 
who, with one of his colleagues, M. 
Plautius Silvanus, in 89 b.c. passed 
the Lex Plautia-Papiria. See Pref- 
atory Xote to the " Pro Archia." 

career, -eris, m. prison, jail, place of 
confinement. 

careo, carere, carui, — , fut. part, 
cariturus, 2 intr. be without, not have, 
be free from ; go without, deny one's 
self, abstain from; hold aloof from, stay 
away from, be absent ; be deprived, of, 
have lost, lack, want, be destitute of. 

caritas, -atis, [carus] f. deamess, high 
price; fondness, affection, love. 

carmen, -inis, [cf. cano] n. song, strain 

of music, lay ; verse, poem, hymn, 

poetry. 
carus, -a, -um, adj. dear, precious, 

valued; esteemed, beloved; costly, of 

high price. 



20 



VOCABULARY 



Cassianus, -a, -urn, [Cassius] adj. of 



Cassius, -I, m. a Roman nomen or gentile 
name. Esp. : 

1. Lucius Cassius, noted for his 
severity as a judge, author of the 
saying "Cui bono ?" 

2. Lucius Cassius, juror at Verres 1 
trial, probably son of No. 1. 

3. Gaius Cassius Longinus, consul 
73 b.c, defeated by Spartacus in the 
war of the gladiators, supporter of 
the Manilian law. 

caste, [castus, morally pure] adv. purely ; 
'without spot, with purity, virtuously; 
piously, religiously. 

Castor, -oris, [Kao-rop] m. the brother of 
Pollux, son of Leda and Tyndareos (or 
Jupiter, according to post-Homeric tra- 
dition), worshipped as a god in Greece 
and Thessaly. 

castrensis, -e, [castra] ad], of the camp, 
in camp; open, armed. 

castrum, -l, n. fortified place, fortress, 
castle ; plural castra, -drum, camp, en- 
campment. 

casus, -us, [cado] m. a falling, fall ; 
happening, event, occurrence; chance, 
accident ; vicissitude ; emergency, exi- 
gency; mischance, mishap, misfortune, 
calamity. casu, by chance, acci- 
dentally, as it happened. 

Catilina, -ae, m. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. L. Sergius Cati- 
lina, Catiline, the great conspirator, 
65-63 B.C. 

Cato, -onis, [catus, shrewd] m. a Ro- 
man cognomen or family name. Esp.: 

1. M. Porcius Cato (234-149 b.c), the 
Censor, a "lover of strife, 11 rugged 
but honest, a plebeian who opposed 
democracy, the founder of Latin 
prose. 

2. Porcius Cato, grandson of No. 1, 
father of No. 3, and friend of 
Archias. 

3. M. Porcius Cato, born 94 b.c, 
great-grandson of the Censor, and 
called TJticensis from the occur- 
rence of his death by suicide at 



Utica, after the defeat of his Pom- 
peian friends by Caesar at Thapsus, 
46 b.c; an incorruptible but ob- 
stinate character, a juror at the trial 
of Milo. 
Catulus, -1, m. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. : 

1. Q. Lutatius Catulus, consul 102 
b.c, when he and his colleague 
Marius crushed the Cimbri. 

2. Q. Lutatius Catulus, son to No. 
1, consul 78 b.c, with Lepidus; one 
of the most upright members of the 
aristocracy, opposed to the Manilian 
law, 66 b.c 

causa, -ae, f. cause, reason j occasion, 
opportunity; motive, purpose; pretext, 
excuse, claim ; case, lawsuit ; side, 
party, faction ; condition, situation ; 
commission, business; abl. causa, with 
preceding gen. or poss. adj. for the sake 
of, for the purpose of,fo?\ on account of 

Causinius, -l, m. a Roman name. Esp. 
C. Causinius Schola, of Interamna, a 
friend of Clodius at the trial of Milo. 

caute, [cautus] adv. cautiously, care- 
fully, prudently ; securely. 

cautio, -onis, [caveo] f. wariness, 
watchfulness, precaution,' safety, secu- 
rity. 

cautus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of caveo] adj. 
wary, cautious, on one's guard, careful. 

caveo, cavere, cavl, cautum, 2 intr. and 
tr. be on one's guard against, take 
care, beware of, look out for ; provide 
against, take precautions against, guard 
against, take heed. cave" with subj., 
with or without ne, do not, take care 
not to. 

cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum, 3 intr. and 
tr. go from, depart, withdraw ; retire, 
retreat ; give way, yield, submit to ; 
comply with, conform to, obey ; be in- 
ferior to; grant, concede, allow, permit; 
fall to the lot of, happen, turn out. 

celeber, -bris, -bre, adj. much fre- 
quented, crowded, thronged with, pop- 
ulous; celebrated, renowned, famous. 

celebritas, -atis, [celeber] f. numbers, 
crowd, throng, concourse, multitude : 



Oassianus— [cgterus] 



21 



publicity, celebrity, renown, fame ; festal 
celebration, sole??inity. 

celebro, -are, -avi, -atum, [celeber] 1 

tr. frequent, throng, crowd, fill; do fre- 
quently, repeat, practise, engage in ; 
solemnize, celebrate, keep; make known, 
spread abroad, proclaim ; praise, extol, 
honor. 
celer, -eris, -ere, adj. swift, speedy, fast; 
quick, lively; hasty, rash. 

celeritas, -atis, [celer] f. swiftness, 
speed, quickness, promptness, activity. 

celeriter, [celer] adv. quickly, speedily, 
rapidly, promptly ; in haste, very soon. 

celo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. hide, keep 
secret, conceal. 

c€na, -ae, f. dinner, the principal meal 
of the Romans, in ancient times taken 
at noon, but afterwards at a later hour ; 
banquet, feast. 

cBnatus, -a, -urn, [pf.p. of ceno] adj. 
having dined, after dinner, 

ceno, -are, -avi, -atum, [cena] 1 tr. 
and intr. dine. 

censeo, censere, censui, censum, 2 tr. 

assess, rate, estimate; enroll as a citizen; 
be of the opinion, propose, urge, vote; 
resolve, decree; determine, decide, think 
it best, advise; imagine, suppose, think, 
believe. 
censor, -oris, [censeo] m. censor, a 
Roman magistrate. For the duties, etc., 
of the censor, see the Introduction, §§13- 
16, and Appendix C. 

c6nsus, -us, [censeo] m. registration of 
citizens and property, enrollment, ap- 
praisement, census ; register of the cen- 
sus, registration list, censor's lists. 

centSsimus, -a, -um, [centum] num. 

adj. the hundredth. 

centum, num. adj. indecl. a hundred. 

centuria, -ae, [centum] f. a century, 
one of the political sections into which 
the Roman people were divided. See 
Introduction, §§10 and 12. 

centuriatus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of centurio] 
adj. divided into centuries, according to 
centuries. See centuria and comi- 
tium. 



centuriatus, -us, [centurio] m. office of 
centurion, centu?*ionship. 

centurio, -are, -avi, -atum, [centuria] 

1 tr. divide into centumes ; assign to 
companies, organize. 

centurio, -onis, [centuria] m. com- 
mander of a century, centu?*io7i, an 
officer ranking next below the tribunes 
of the legion. 

Ceparius (Cae-), -i, m. a Roman nomen 
or gentile name. Esp. M. Ceparius, a 
confederate of Catiline. 

cerno, cernere, crevi, cretum, 3 tr. sift; 

separate mentally, distinguish, discern, 
make out ; see, perceive, behold ; com- 
prehend, understand ; decide, deter- 
mine, decree. 

certamen, -inis, [certo] n. decisive con- 
test, measuring of forces ; dispute, con- 
tention, dissension, strife ; conflict, 
struggle, combat, battle ; match, trial 
of strength or skill ; rivalry, competi- 
tion, emulation. 

certatim, [certo] adv. in rivalry, with 
competition, emulously ; eagerly, ear- 
nestly. 

certe, [certus] adv. certainly, surely, no 
doubt; really, actually, as a fact; at all 
events, at least, yet surely, but certainly. 

certo, [certus] adv. with certainty, be- 
yond a doubt, surely, positively, really, 
in fact. 

certo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 intr. and tr. 
vie with, in either a hostile or a friendly 
manner ; fight, contend, struggle, com- 
bat; stnve; compete, vie, emulate, rival. 

certus, -a, -um, [old pf.p. of cerno] adj. 
decided, settled, fixed, certain, sure; 
conclusive, established, true ; specified, 
definite, special, particular; certain 
(indefinite), some; tried, trustworthy, 
trusty. mini certum est, / am de- 
termined. 

cervix, -icis, f. neck, nape of the neck; 
in plur. only, shoulders, throat. 

[c6terus], -a, -um, nom. sing. m. not 
found, adj. other, the other, the rest of; 
plural, the rest, the remaining, all other, 
the other. As subst. cSteri, -5rum, m. 

plural, the others, all the others, all the 



22 



VOCABULARY 



rest, everybody else; c§tera, -orum, 
n. plur. the rest, everything else. 

Cethegus, -I, m. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. Cornelius Cethe- 
gus, a confederate of Catiline. See 
Cornelius. 

Chllo, -Onis, [Xi'Au>i/J m - a Roman cogno- 
men or family name. Esp. Q. Annius 
Chllo, a confederate of Catiline. 

Chius, -a, -um, [xloj] adj. Ohian, of 
Chios, an island in the Aegean. As 
subst. Chii, -orum, m. pi. the Chians, 
the people of Chios. 

cibus, -l, m. food, nutriment; nourish- 
ment^ sustenance. 

Cicero, -onis, [cicer, chickpea] m. a 
Roman cognomen or family name. 
Esp.: 

1. M. Tullius Cicero, the orator. 

2. Q. Tullius Cicero, his brother, 
praetor at the trial of Archias. 

Cilices -um, [KtAuces], m. pi. the people 
of Cilicia, the Cilicians. 

Cilicia, -ae, [KiAi/aa] f. the southern dis- 
trict of Asia Minor on the Mediter- 
ranean, the home of pirates till con- 
quered by Pompey and made a Roman 
province, 60 B.C. 

Cimber, -bri, m. a Roman name. Esp. 
Gabinius Cimber, a confederate of 
Catiline. 

Cimbri, -orum, m. plur. the Cimbrians, 
the German tribe conquered by the con- 
suls Marius and Catulus, 102 b.c 

Cimbricus, -a, -um, [Cimbri] adj. of 
the Cimbri, Cimbrian. 

cingo, cingere, cinxl, cinctum, 3 tr. 

surround, encompass, enclose; gird, 
gird on, wreathe, crown ; invest, beset, 



cinis, -eris, m. ashes, embers; ashes of 
the dead, the remains of the body after 
cremation. 

Cinna, -ae, m. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. L. Cornelius 
Cinna, consul with Marius in 86 b.c, 
and his active partisan against Sulla. 

circiter, [circus, circle] adv., and prep, 
with ace, of duration or distance, about, 



nearly, not far from; of time, about, 
near. 

circum, [ace. of circus, circle] adv., and 
prep, with ace. around, about, among. 

circumcludo, -cludere, -clusi, -clusum, 
[circum + claudo] 3 tr. shut in, enclose, 
surround, hem in. 

circumdo, -dare, -dedi, -datum, [cir- 
cum + do] 1 tr. put around, place about, 
set around, surround. 

circumfundo, -fundere, -fudi, -fusum, 
[circum + f undo] 3 tr. pour around. 
Pass, pour in, rush in on all sides; 
crowd around, press, throng; surround, 
envelop. 

circumscribo, -scribere, -scrlpsl, 
-scriptum, [circum + scribo] 3 tr. en- 
circle, enclose, bound, limit; circum- 
scribe, hinder, hem in, confine, hold in 
check; cheat, defraud; cancel, annul, 
set aside. 

circumscriptor, -oris, [circumscribo] 

m. defrauder, cheat. 

circumsedeo, -sedere, -s6di, -sessum, 
[circum + sedeo] 2 tr. sit around, sur- 
round; beset, invest, besiege. 

circumspicio, -spicere, -spexl, -spec- 
turn, [circum + speci5] 3 tr. and intr. 

look about, cast a look around; observe, 
see; exercise foresight, be cautious; view 
mentally, survey; think over, ponder, 
consider. 

circumsto, -stare, -steti, — , [circum 

+ Sto] 1 tr. and intr. stand around; sur- 
round, encircle, encompass; beset, be- 
siege; be at hand, threaten. 

circus, -I, m. circus. Esp. Circus Maxi- 
mus, or simply Circus, an oval en- 
closure between the Palatine and Aven- 
tine hills for athletic games. 

cito, [citus, pf. p. of cieo, put in motion] 
adv. quickly, speedily, soon. citiui, 
com p. sooner, rather. 

cito, -are, -avi, -atum, [intens. of cieo, 
put in motion] 1 tr. set in motion, rouse, 
excite; call, summon; call to witness, 
appeal to, cite. 

Civilis, -e, [civisj adj. of a citizen, of 



Cethegus- coeo 



n 



citizens, chic, civil; internal, intestine; 
political, public, state. 

civis, -is, c. citizen, fellow-citizen. 

civitas, -atis, [civis] f. state of being a 
citizen, membership in the community, 
citizenship; the franchise: community 
of citizens, the citizens, body -politic, city 
(abstractly : cf. urbs, city, locally, the 
abode of the civitas), state; one's fel- 
low citizens. 

clades, -is, f . damage, disaster, calamity, 
destruction, ruin; loss, defeat, over- 
throw. 

clam, [cf. celo] adv. and prep, secretly, 
covertly, in secret; without the knowl- 
edge of. 

clamo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. and intr. 
cry out, exclaim, shout; call upon, in- 
voke; proclaim, declare. 

clamor, -oris, [clamo] m. loud cry, 
shout; shouting, outcry, shouts; ac- 
clamation, applause; clamor, uproar, 
din. 

clarus, -a, -um, adj. clear, bright, shin- 
ing; distinct, manifest, plain, evident; 
brilliant, illustrious, distinguished, 
honored^ renowned, famous; notorious, 
conspicuous. 

classis, -is, f. class, division of the people ; 
army; feet, naval forces. 

Claudius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. : 

1. Appius Claudius Caecus (ances- 
tor of P. Clodius Pulcher), to whom 
was due the building of the Appian 
Way, 312 B.c. 

2. Appius Claudius Pulcher, elder 
brother to Clodius and consul in 54 
b.c, predecessor of Cicero in the 
government of Cilicia. 

3. Appius Claudius Pulcher, pro- 
secutor of Milo in 52 b.c. 

claudo, claudere, clausi, clausum, 3 

tr. ohut, close; bring to a close, end; shut 
in, surround, enclose; shut up, confine, 
imprison; hem in, invest, besiege. 
clemSns, -entis, adj. mild, calm, quiet; 
gentle, kindly, gracious, kind, forbear- 
ing, compassionate, merciful. 



clementer, [clemens] adv. quietly. 
calmly; mildly, gently, kindly, gra? 
ciously, iv it h forbearance, mercifully. 

dementia, -ae, [clemens] f. modera- 
tion, mildness; kindness, gentleness; 
forbearance, humanity, mercy, clem- 
ency. 

cliens, -entis, [for clugns, from clueo, 
hear] m. dependant, follower, retainer, 
client, one under the protection of a 
patronus; vassal. 

clientela, -ae, [cliens] f. relation of 
client to patron, clientship; plur. often 
dependants, retainers, clients. 

cllvus, -1, m. slope, ascent, declivity. 
Esp. cllvus Capitolinus, Capitol Slope, 
leading from the Forum to the Capitol, 
a part of the Sacra Via. 

Clodianus, -a, -um, [Clodius] adj. of 
Clodius. 

Clodius, -I, [corrupted form of Claudius] 
m. a Roman nomen or gentile name. 
Esp. : 

1. P. Clodius Pulcher, enemy to Ci- 
cero, for whose exile he was respon- 
sible ; murdered in a brawl with his 
enemy Milo. 

2. Sex. Clodius, a client of P. Clodius 
Pulcher and ringleader in the riots 
of 53 and 52 B.c. 

Cluvius, -1, do. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. Tullus Cluvius, a 
Roman envoy slain by Lars Tolumnius, 
king of the Yeientes. 

Cn., abbreviation for Gnaeus. 

Cnidius (Gn-), -a, -um, [K^'So?], adj. of 
Cnidus. As subst. Cnidii, -orum, m. 
pi. people of Cnidus. 

Cnidus or Cnidos (Gn-), -I, [Kw«os] f. 

Cnidus, a city in Caria. 

coactus -a -um, see cog5. 

coarguo, -arguere, -argul, , [com- 

+ arguo] 3 tr. overwhelm with proof, 
refute, silence, expose, prove guilty; 
prove, demonstrate, establish. 

coeo, -Ire, -Ivi or -if, -itum, [com- + e6J 
irr. intr. go together, come together, as- 
semble; be united, unite, form by unit- 
ing; combine, agree. 



24 



VOCABULARY 



coepi, coepisse. def. tr. and intr. have 
begun, began, commenced, have started, 
have undertaken. Passive forms coep- 
tus sum, etc., in combination with a 
passive infinitive, have same meanings 
as active. 

coeptus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of coepi] adj. 
commenced, begun, undertaken. 

coerceo, -ercere, -ercui, coercitum, 
[com- + arcco, enclose], 2 tr. enclose on 
all sides, confine; restrain, repress, hold 
in check, curb, control. 

coetus, -us, [COCO] m. meeting, assem- 
blage, company, concourse, crowd. 

cogitate, [cogitatus, from cogito] adv. 
after mature reflection, with reflection, 
thoughtfully; purposely, designedly. 

cogitatio, -onis, [cogito] f . meditation, 
reflection, consideration; faculty cf 
thought, reasoning power; thought, 
reasoning, idea, imagination; resolu- 
tion, plan, project. 

cogito, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + agi- 

to] 1 tr. consider thoroughly, ponder, 
weigh, reflect upon, think over, think of; 
have in mind, meditate, intend, design, 
plan, plot. 

cognatio, -onis, [cognitus, sprung from 
the same stock] i. blood-relationship, 
connection by birth, kinship; relation- 
ship, connection, resemblance, affinity. 

cognitio, -onis, [cognosco] f. a becom- 
ing acquainted with, learning, knowl- 
edge, acquaintance; in law, investiga- 
tion, examination, hearing, trials 

cognitor, -oris, [cognosco] m. attorney, 
advocate; defender, protector, sup- 
porter; witness, voucher, sponsor. 

cognomen, -inis, [com- + (g)nomen] n. 

surname, family name ; name. 

cognosco, -ere, cognovi, cogmtum, 
[com- + (g)nosco] 3 tr. become ac- 
quainted with, learn; learn about; be- 
come aware, find out, discover, ascer- 
tain, jxrceive, understand; inquire 
into, investigate, examine; recognize, 
identify, acknowledge; in perfect tenses 
often (cf. nosco) be aware, know. 

cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum, [com- + 



ago] 3 tr. drive together; bring together, 
get together, gather, assemble, convene; 
urge, constrain, oblige, compel, f wee. 

cohaereo, -ere, cohaesi, cohaesum, 
[com- + haereo] 2 intr. cling together^ 
be united, cohere; hold together, exist; 
be closely connected with, be in harmony 
with. 

cohibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [com-+ha- 
beo] 2 tr. hold together, contain, confine; 
keep from, hold in check, restrain, re- 
press, subdue, control. 

Conors, -hortis, f. cohort, the tenth part 
of a legion; company, train, throng, 
band. Conors praetoria, the body- 
guard of a general. 

cohor tatio, -onis, [cohortor] f. exhmi,- 
ing, inciting, exhortation, encourage- 
ment; an encouraging address. 

cohortor, -ari, -atus sum, [com-+hor- 
tor] 1 dep. encourage, cheer, animate, 
rally; incite, urge on, admonish, ex- 
hort; address. 

collectio, see conlectio. 

collega, see conlega. 

collegium, see collegium. 

colligo, see conligo. 

collinus, -a, -um, [collis] adj. of the 
hill. Collina (sc. tribus), f • the Col- 
line (t?*ibe), the least reputable of the 
four city tribes. 

collis, -is, m. hill, height, elevation. 

colloco, see conloco. 

colloquium, see conloquium. 

colloquor, see conloquor. 

colluvio, see conluvio. 

colo, colere, colui, cultum, 3 tr. and 
intr. till, tend, cultivate; stay at, fre- 
quent, abide in, dwell in, inhabit (cf. 
in colo) ; cherish, esteem, love, honoi\ 
pay homage to; of religious service, ob- 
serve, reverence, revere, worship, wor- 
ship at; of abstract objects in general, 
cultivate, court, follow, seek, devote one's 
self to, practise, adhere to, cherish. 

colonia, -ae, [colonus] f. colony, settle- 
ment; colonists. 
colCnus, -I, [colo] m. tiller of the soil, 



ecepi-commodus 



25 



husbandman, farmer; settler, colonist, 
citizen of a colony. 

Colophon, -onis, [KoAo^cov] m. a city in 
Lydia. 

Colophonius, -a, -urn, [Colophon] adj. 
of Colophon. As subst. Colophonii, 
-orum, m. pi. the people of Colophon, 
the Colophonians . 

color, -oris, m. color, hue, tint: natural 
color, complexion; outward show, ap- 
pearance; coloring, character. 

columen, -inis, n. pillar, column; sum- 
mit, height, chief; prop, stay, support. 

columna, -ae, f . column, pillar, post. 

com-, prep., old form of cum, used only 
in composition. See cum. 

coma, -ae, [«om>?] f. hair of the head, hair, 
locks. 

comburo, -burere, -bussi, -bustum, 3 
tr. burn up, consume; ruin. 

comes, -itis, [com-, cf . eo] c. companion, 
comrade, mate, intimate; partner, as- 
sociate, adherent; attendant, follower, 
retainer, dependant. 

comissatio, -onis, [comissor, revel] f. 

Bacchanalian revel, carousal, revel; 

revelry. 
comitatus, -us, [comitor] m. escort, 

train, following, retinue ; company, 

band, crowd, swarm. 

comitium, -I, [com-, eo] n. the Comi- 
tium, a part of the Forum. Plural, 
comitia, -orum, the Assembly of the 
people for political business (election of 
magistrates, etc.); election. Esp. comi- 
tia centuriata and comitia tributa ; 
see Introduction, §§11, 12. 

comitor, -ari, -atus sum, [comes] 1 dep. 
accompany, attend, escort, follow. 

commeatus, -us, [commeo] m. a going 
to and fro, a passing back and forth, 
trip; leave of absence, furlough; sup- 
plies, provisions, market. 

commemorabilis,-e, [commemoro] adj. 
memorable, worth mentioning, notewor- 
thy, notable, praiseworthy, remarkable. 

commemorandus, -a, -um, [fut. part, 
pass, of commemoro] adj. to be remem- 
bered, memorable, noteworthy. 



commemoratio, -onis, [commemoro] 

f. a calling to mind, reminding, sug- 
gesting; remembrance, reminder, men- 
tion; commemoration. 

commemoro, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- 
+ memoro, call to mind] 1 tr. call to 
mind, keep in mind, be mindful of, re- 
member, recall; relate, recount, speak 
of, mention. 

commendatio, -onis, [commendo] f. a 

commending, recommendation ; that 
which recommends, excellence, worth. 

commendo, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + 
mando] 1 tr. commit for protection, in- 
trust, confide; commend for favor or 
protection, ask favor for, recommend. 

commeo, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + 
meo, go] 1 intr. go and come, go back 
and forth, go about; make frequent 
visits, resort to. 

commercium, -1, [com- + merx] intr. 
commercial intercourse or dealings, 
trade, traffic, commerce; right to trade; 
connection, communion, fellowship. 

commisceo, -miscere, -miscul, -mlx- 
tum or -mistum, [com-+misce5] 2 

tr. mingle together, intermingle, min- 
gle, mix; unite, join. 

committo, -mittere, -mlsl, commis- 
sum, [com- + mitto] 3 tr. bring to- 
gether ; join, unite, attach, put together, 
combine; of a fighi or struggle, set to- 
gether, join, begin, engage in, fight, 
carry on, wage; intrust, trust, yield, 
resign, expose, abandon; commit an 
offence, perpetrate, do, be guilty ef, be 
at fault, act so as that, allow (with ut); 
incur. 

commodo, -are, -avi, -atum, [commo- 
dus] 1 tr. and intr. accommodate, adapt; 
grant, supply, furnish; loan, lend; 

please, favor, serve. 

commodum, -I, [commodus] intr. con- 
venience, convenient opportunity, op- 
portune moment; advantage, interest, 
profit; reward, emolument, pay; loan. 

commodus, -a, -um, [com- + modus] 

with due measure; suitable, fitting, ap- 
propriate, opportune, convenient, favor- 



26 



VOCABULARY 



able, advantageous; serviceable, agree- 
able, pleasant, obliging. 

commoneo, -monere, -monul, -moni- 
tum, [com- + moneo] 2 tr. remind, put 
in mind. 

commoror, -arl, -atus sum, [com- + 
moror, delay] 1 dep. tarry, sojourn, re- 
main, stay; linger, dwell, insist. 

commoveo, -movere, -movl, -motum, 
COm- + moveo] 2 tr. put in violent mo- 
tion, shake, move, stir; agitate, disturb. 
disquiet, trouble; affect, influence; ex- 
cite, rovse, stir up. 

commllnico, -are, -avl, -atum, [com- 
munis] 1 tr. divide with, share; com- 
municate, impart; join, add. 

communio, -onis, [communis] f. a 

sharing, mutual participation ; fellow- 
ship, communion. 

communis, -e, [com- + munus] adj. com- 
mon, in common; general, universal, 
public; affable, courteous. As subst. 
commune, -is, n. community, state. 

communiter, [communis] adv. in com- 
mon, together, jointly, generally. 

commutabilis, -e, [commuto] adj. sub- 
ject to change, changeable; inconstant, 
fickle. 

commutatio, -onis, [commutS] f. a 

changing, change, alteration. 

commuto, -are, -avl, -atum, [com- + 
mtito] 1 tr. change entirely, alter wholly ; 
exchange, interchange, substitute, 
change; barter, traffic. 

1. comparatio, -onis, [comparo, from 
com- + paro] f. a preparing, prepara- 
tion. 

2. comparatio, -onis, [comparo, from 
compar, equal to] f. a companng, com- 
parison. 

1. comparo, -are, -avl, -atum, [com- + 
paro] 1 tr. make ready, gel ready, pre- 
pare, provide; o?*ganize, arrange, ap- 
point, ordain, establish; get, obtain, 
procure, get together, collect. 

2. comparo, -are, -avl, -atum, [corn- 
par, equal to] 1 tr. bring together as 
equals, match, join; regard as equal, 
rank with ; compare. 



compello, -pellere, -pull, compulsum, 
[com- + pello], 3 tr. drive together, col- 
lect, assemble; drive, impel, compel, 
force; incite, move, urge, constrain. 

comperendino, -are, -avl, -atum, [com- 
+ perendinus, after to-morrow] 1 tr. 
and intr. adjourn (of a court) over an 
entire day; reach the end of the plead- 
ing, close the case. 

comperio, -perire, -peri, -pertum, 4 tr. 

obtain knowledge of, find end, discover, 
ascertain, learn. 

competitor, -oris, [competo, strive to- 
gether] m. rival, competitor, opposing 
candidate, opponent. 

complector, -plecti, complexus sum, 
[com- + plecto, braid] 3 dep. clasp, em- 
brace; encircle, surround, enclose, in- 
clude; seize, comprehend, understand; 
explain, describe, sum up, express con- 
cisely; care for, value, love, honor. 

compleo, -ere, -evi, -etum, [com- + 
ple5,^/] 2 tr. fill full, fill up, fill; fill 
with men, man ; complete, fulfil, ac-' 
complish, finish. 

complexus, -us, [complector] m. em- 
bracing, embrace, clasp ; bosom, affec- 
tion, love. 

complurgs, -a or -ia, gen. complurium, 
[com- + plures] adj. pi. several, quite 
a number of, a number of, many, very 
many, a great many. 

compono, -ponere, -posui, composi- 
tum, [com- + pono] 3 tr. put together ; 
join, unite, collect ; compare, contrast ; 
compose, write ; put away, lay aside, 
lay at rest, bury ; pacify, reconcile, 
quiet, settle, make a settlement; disjwse, 
arrange, set in order, prepare. 

comporto, -are, -avl, -atum, [com- + 
porto] 1 tr. bring together, bring in, 
gather, collect, accumtdate. 

compos, -otis, [com-, ef. potis] adj. in 
possession of, possessing, master of; 
participating in. 

compositus, -a, -um, [pf .p. of compono] 
jidj. well-ordered, arranged, orderly, 
regular; fitly disposed, prepared, ready, 
fit, qualified. 



commoneo— condicio 



v 



comprehends, -hendere, -hendl, com- 
prehensum, [com- + prehendo, seize] 
3 tr. take hold of, seize, catch ; lay hold 
of, lay hands on, apprehend, capture, 
a?Test, take into custody; take in, grasp, 
comprehend, understand ; recount, de- 
scribe, set forth. 

comprimo, -primere, -press!, compres- 
sum, [com- + premo] 3 tr. press to- 
gether, press closely, compress ; keep in, 
restrain, repress, check, curb; suppress, 
put down, subdue, keep under. 

comprobo, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + 
probo] 1 tr. approve, sanction, assent to, 
acknowledge ; attest, confirm, establish, 
prove. 

conatus, -us, [conor] m. attempt, en- 
deavor, effort; undertaking, enterprise. 

conc6do, -cSdere, -cessi, concessum, 
[com- + cedo] 3 tr. and intr. go away, 
depart, withdraw, retire; give place to, 
give precedence, yield the palm, yield, 
defer, submit; grant, concede, allow, 
permit; give up, forgive, pardon. 

concelebro, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + 
celebro] 1 tr. attend in throngs, fre- 
quent ; solemnize, celebrate ; publish, 
proclaim. 

concertatio, -onis, [concerto] f. dispute, 
controversy, contention, wrangling ; ri- 
valry. 

concerto, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + 
certo] 1 intr. contend wa?7nly, dispute 
hotly, wrangle. 

concido, -cidere, -cidi, — , [com- + 
cado] 3 intr./fl// together, collapse, fall 
down, tumble to the earth ; fall dead, 
fall; decline, fail, be defeated, be de- 
stroyed, go to 'ruin, 

concido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisum, [com- 
+ caedo] 3 tr. cut to pieces, cut up ; cut 
down, kill, destroy; beat severely. 

concilio, -are, -avi, -atum, [concilium] 

1 tr. bring together ; obtain, procure, 
acquire, win, gain; cause, bring about, 
make, win over, win the favor of, con- 
ciliate. 

concilium, -I, n. meeting, assembly; 
conference, council. 



concipio, -cipere, -cSpi, conceptum, 
[com- + capio] 3 tr. take up, take in, 
receive, incur; imagine, conceive, think; 
understand, compi^ehend ; harbor, en- 
tertain, plan, devise. 

concitatio, -onis, [concito] f . a quick- 
ening ; excitement, violent passion ; 
agitation, tumult. 

concito, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of 
COJicio,move violently] 1 tr.s^ in motion, 
agitate ; stir up, arouse, excite ; mme, 
influence, stimulate, spur, urge, incite, 
instigate. 

concliido, -cludere, -clusi, conclusum, 
[com- + claudo] 3 tr. shut up, enclose, 
confine; include, restrict ; condense, 
comprise; close, conclude, finish; infer, 
argue. 

concordia, -ae, [concors] f. harmony, 
unanimity, union, concord. Esp. per- 
sonified, Concordia, -ae, f. Concoi^d, 
the goddess of Concord. 

concors, -ordis, [com- + cor, heart] adj. 
of the same mind, united, concordant ; 
hamnoniqus, amicable. 

concupisco, -cuplscere, -cupivi, -cupl- 
tum, [com- + inch, of cupio] 3 tr. be 

ve?~y desirous of, earnestly desire, eagerly 
desire, long for, covet ; aspire to, strive 
after. 
concurro, -currere, -cucurri or -currl, 
concursum, [com- + curro] 3 intr. run 
together, flock together, assemble ; rush 
up, rush in, msh together, engage in 
combat, fight; coincide, happen. 

concur so, -are, — , , [freq. of con- 
curro] 1 intr. run to and fro, run about, 
rush hit/ier and thither ; ramble about, 
traverse. 

concursus, -us, [concurro] m. a running 
together ; concourse, assembly, throng, 
crowd, mob ; tumultuous assembling, 
tumult ; charge, onset, attack, assault ; 
a meeting, dashing together, collision, 
shock. 

condemns, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + 
damno] 1 tr. prove guilty, convict, find 
guilty, sentence, condemn. 

condicio, -onis, [condicQ, agree] f. 
agreement, terms of agreement, terms, 



28 



VOCABULARY 



condition, stipulation ; bargain, com- 
pact; position, rank; situation, lot, cir- 
cumstances. 
conditio, see condicio. 

condS, -dere, -didi, conditum, [com- + 

do] 3 tr. put together, form ; build, 
found, establish; be the author of, com- 
pose, write ; lay by, store up, treasure 
up ; lay in the tomb, inter, bury ; con- 
ceal, secrete, hide. 

condonatio, -Snis, [condono] f. a giving 
away, giving up, donation. 

condono, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + 

dSnS] 1 tr. give, present ; give up, sac- 
rifice, devote; overloolc,forbear to punish, 
pardon. 

conducS, -ducere, -duxl, conductum, 
[com- + duco] 3 tr. draw together, 
Wing up, gather together, assemble ; 
hire, employ, bribe ; be of use, profit, 



cSnfectiS, -onis, [cSnficiS] f. a finish- 
ing, completing; composing , preparing . 

confero, -ferre, -tuli, conlatum or col- 
latum, [com-+fer5] irr. tr. bring to- 
gether, collect, gather, bring in; join, 
unite; set together, match against, op- 
pose; compare, contrast; consult, con- 
fer, consider, deliberate over; carry, 
convey, bring; bring upon; put, set 
upon, direct; apply, employ, devote; 
bestow upon, contribute, grant, lend; 
refer, attribute, ascribe, lay the blame 
on; assign, set, appoint; put off, defer, 
postpone; remove, transfer; establish; 
reflex, se cSnferre, betake one's self, 
take refuge, turn, go, devote one's self. 

cSnfertus, -a, -urn, [pf .p. of confercio, 
from com- + farcio, stuff] adj. closely 
crowded, croiuded, dense; close, com- 
pact, in close array; stuffed, filled full, 
crammed, gorged. 



cSnfessiS, -onis, [cSnfiteor] f 

sion , acknowledgmen t . 

confestim, [com-, cf. festlnS, hasten] 
adv. immediately, at once, speedily, in 
haste, forthwith, suddenly. 

tjonficio, -ficere, -feci, cSnfectum, 
[com- + facio] 3 tr. make ready, bring 



about; carry out, accomplish, execute. 
perform, do; make, draw up; com- 
plete, finish; finish up, exhaust, wear 
out, consume, overcome, kill, destroy; 
bring together, prepare, ])rovide, pro- 
cure. 

confictio, -onis, [coniingo] f. a making 

up, invention, fabrication . 

cSnfidS, -fidere, cSnfisus sum, [com- + 
fldS] 3 semi-dep. intr. have confidence 
in, confide, trust, rely on; be confident, 
believe, be assured. 

cSnfingS, -fingere, -finxi, cSnfictum, 
[com- + fingo] 3 tr. make up, manufac- 
ture, invent; feign, pretend. 

confirms, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + 
firmS] 1 tr. make firm, make strong, 
strengthen, reinforce ; confirm, estab- 
lish; encourage, cheer, animate, make 
bold ; corroborate, support, prove ; as- 
sert, declare, protest, assure solemnly. 

cSnfisus, -a, -um, see cSnfidS. 

cSnfiteor, -fiteri, cSnfessus sum, [com- 
+ fateor] 2 dep. confess, make confes- 
sion; admit, own, acknowledge; grant, 
allow, concede. 

conflagrS, -are, -avi, atum, [com- + 
flagrS] 1 tr. and intr. burn, be on fire; 
burn up, be consumed, be destroyed; be 
consumed by the fires of, be condemned. 

cSnfligS, -fligere, -flixi, cSnfllctum, 
[com- + fllgS] tr. and intr. dash to- 
gether, dash against, collide; be in con- 
flict, contend, fight ; be engaged, be at 
war, be at variance. 

cSnflS, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + fluS], 

1 tr. blow up; kindle, excite, inflame; 
get together, gather, raise, compose; 
bring about, effect, accomplish ; cause, 
occasion ; unite, fuse. 

cSnfluS, -fluere, confluxi, , [com- + 

fluo] 3 intr. flow together, run together; 
flock together, crowd, throng, assemble. 

confSrmatiS, -Snis, [cSnfSrmS] f. form- 
ing, shaping, form, shape, conforma- 
tion ; training, culture; idea, notion. 

cSnfSrmS, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + 
fSrmS, shape] 1 tv.form, mould, shape, 
fashion; train, cultivate, educate. 



conditio— conor 



29 



confringo, -fringere, -fregi, -fractum, 
[com- + fr ango] 3 tr. break in pieces, 
shatter; crush, destroy. 

confugio, -fugere, -fugl, — , [com- + 
fugio] 3 intr. flee, run for succor, take 
refuge; have recourse, resort. 

congero, -gerere, -gessl, congestum, 
[com- + gero] 3 tr. bring together, col- 
lect, heap together, heap up, pile up, 
accumulate ; build, construct ; heap 
upon, load. 

congredior, -gredl, congressus sum, 
[com- + gradior, advance] 3 dep. come 
together, meet; meet in strife, contend, 
fight, engage, join battle. 

congrego, -are, -avi, -atum, [com-, cf . 
grex] 1 tr. collect in a flock; gather 
together, collect, assemble; associate, 
join, unite; reflex, or in pass, assemble, 
gather. 

congressus, -us, [congredior] m. a 

meeting, assembly; conference, inter- 
view; encounter, onset, fight. 

congruo, -ere, congrui, , 3 intr. 

coincide, agree; be suited, be adapted, 
suit, fit; harmonize, be in harmony, 

accord, correspond. 

conicio, -icere, -iecl, coniectum, [com- 
+ iacio] 3 tr. throw together, unite ; 
throw, cast, hurl, thrust; put, place, 
station; urqe,foixe, drive, turn, direct, 
aim ; guess, conjecture, infer; foretell, 
prophecy, interpret; reflex, seconicere, 
rush, rush out. 

coniectura, -ae, [conicio] f. guess, con- 
jecture, inference. 

conitinctio, -onis, [coniungo] f. a unit- 
ing, connection, union, agreement; in- 
timacy, ffiendsh ip. 

coniunctus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of con- 
iungo] adj. closely connected, united; 
adjoining, bordering on; in conjunction 
with, allied ; intimate, friendly ; per- 
taining, accordant, conformable. 

coniungo, -iungere, -iunxi, coniiinc- 
tum, [com- + iungo] 3 tr. fasten to- 
gether, join, connect, unite; associate, 
ally; unite to wage, wage in concert. 

coniunx<c6niux), -ugis, [cf. coniungo; 



c. married person, consort, spouse; hus- 
band or wife. 

coniuratio, -onis, [coniu.ro] f. union 

under oath, conspiracy; confederacy, 
band of conspirators. 
conitiratus, -i, [pf.p. as subst. of con- 
iuro] m. conspirator. 

coniuro, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + 
iuro] 1 intr. and tr. swear together, 
plot together, conspire, form a con- 
spiracy. 

coniveo, -ere, conlvi or conixi, , 

[com- + nive5] 2 intr. shut the eyes, 
blink; wink at, overlook, connive. 

conlatus (coll-), -a, -um, see confero. 

conlectio (coll-), -onis, [conlectus, from 
COnligO] f • a collecting, gathering ; 
summing up. 

conlega (coll-), -ae, m. associate in office, 
colleague; associate, companion. 

conlegium (coll-), -I, [cf. conlega], n. 

association in office, colleagueship ; body 
of colleagues, official body, board, college, 
corporation, association, guild, society, 
union. 
conligo (coll-), -ligere, -legi, -lectum, 
[com- + lego] 3 tr. bring together, 
gather together, collect, assemble; ac- 
quire, incur; gather, deduce, infer; re- 
flex, se conligere, collect one's self, re- 
cover, compose. 

conloco (coll-), -are, -avi, -atum, [com- 
+ loco] 1 tr. set right, set to rights, ar- 
range, order; set up, erect; set, place, 
put, lay, station, quarter; settle, locate; 
establish in marriage, give in mar- 
riage, marry; lay out, invest; occupy, 
employ. v 

conloquium (coll-), -i, [conloquor] n. 
conversation, conference, discourse. 

conloquor icoll-), -loqul, -locutus sum, 
[com- + loquor] 3 dep. hold a conversa- 
tion, converse, hold an interview, par- 
ley, confer. 

conluvio (coll-), -onis, [conlu5, wet] f. 

washing*, sweepings, offscourings, 

iregs. 
conniveo, see coniveo. 
conor, -ari, -atus sum, 1 dep. undertake* 



30 



VOCABULARY 



conqueror, -queri, -questus sum, 
[com- + queror] 3 dep. complain. 

conquiesco, -quiescere, -quievi, -quie- 
tum, [com- + quiesco] 3 intr. rest, re- 
pose, find rest; be quiet, be idle, be in- 
active ; pause, stop, cease ; be at rest, be 
at peace, enjoy tranquillity. 

conquisitor, -oris, [conquiro, search 
out] m. recruiting officer. 

conroboro, -are, -avl, -atum, [com- + 
roboro, strengthen] 1 tr. strengthen, 
give strength to, encourage. 

consceleratus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of con- 
scelero, stain tvith guilf] adj. defiled 
vAih crime, wicked, depraved, villan- 
ovs, criminal. 

conscientia, -ae, [consciens, from con- 
scio, be conscious] f. knowledge in com- 
mon, common knowledge, cognizance, 
privity ; consciousness, knowledge, sense, 
feeling; sense of right, conscience, good 
conscience ; sense of guilt, consciousness 
of guilt. 

conscius -a, -um, [com- + scio] adj. 
knowing in common, conscious with, 
privy; participant, accessory; know- 
ing, conscious. As subst. conscius, -1, 

m. partaker, accomplice, witness, confi- 
dant. 

conscribo, -scrlbere, -scrips!, conscrip- 
tum, [com- + scribo] 3 tr. write to- 
gether; enroll, enlist, conscribe, levy ; 
draw up, compose, write. 

conscriptus, -I, [pf.p. as subst. of con- 
scrlbo] m. one enrolled. patres con- 
script!, conscript fathers, the regular 
term for addressing the Senate. 

consecratus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of conse- 
cro] adj. consecrated, hallowed, sacred, 
holy. 

consecro, -are, -avl, -atum, [com- + sa- 
cro] 1 tr. dedicate, devote, consecrate, 
hallow ; consecrate to the gods below, 
execrate, curse, doom; deify, place 
among the gods, immortalize, make im- 
mortal. 

consensio, -onis, [consentio] f. an 

agreeing together, agreement, unanim- 
ity; combination, plot, conspiracy. 



consensus, -us, [consentio] m. agree- 
ment, unanimity, concord, harmony; 
harmonious action, unanimous action; 
plot, conspiracy. 

consentaneus, -a, -um, [consentio] adj, 
agreeing with, suited to, becoming, meet, 
fit, proper. 

consentio, -sentire, -sens!, consensum, 
[com- + sentio] 4 intr. agree together, 
be in accord; unite upon, determine in 
common, resolve unanimously, decree; 
act with, make common cause; plot to- 
gether, conspire. 

consequor, -sequi, consecutus sum, 
[com- + sequor] 3 fey. follow up, follow 
close upon, press upon, pursue; follow, 
succeed, come after; copy after, imitate, 
adopt ; ensue, result, be in consequence 
of; reach, come up with, overtake; arrive 
at, attain, obtain, secure, reap, get; 
perceive, learn, understand. 

conservatio, -onis, [conservo] f . a keep- 
ing, preserving, preservation. 

conservator, -oris, [conservo] m. pre- 
server, defender, saviour. 

conservo, -are, -avl, -atum, [com- 4- 
servo] 1 tr. keep safe, preserve, main- 
tain, keep; save, spare; keep intact, 
preserve inviolate, guard; regard, ob- 
serve. 

consessus, -us, [consido] m. session, 
convention, assembly. 

considers, -are, -avl, -atum, 1 tr. look 
at closely, inspect, examine; consider 
maturely, reflect upon, contemplate. 

Gonsidius, -I, m. a Roman name. Esp. 
C. Gonsidius Longus, the propraetor 
of Africa, who left his legatus Ligarius 
in charge in 49 b.c. 

consido, -sidere, -sedi, consessum, 
[com- + s!do, sit down] 3 intr. sit down, 
be seated; take one's seat, take one's 
place; sit, be in session ; settle, make 
one's home; encamp, halt; sink down, 
subside. 

consilium, -I, [cf. consulo] n. body of 
counselldrs, deliberative assembly, coun- 
cil; considering together, deliberation, 
consultation; conclusion, determination, 
resolution; intention, plan, purpose, d^ 



conquiesco— consulates 



31 



sign; plan of action, course, policy, 
measure; device, stratagem; counsel, 
advice; wise counsel, wisdom, judgment, 
tense, discretion, prudence. 

cSnsisto, -sistere, constiti, — , [com- 

+ sisto] 3 intr. stand still, stand ; halt, 
stop ; take a stand, take a position, 
stand forth; stand unshaken, be firm, be 
steadfast ; continue, endure ; remain, 
stay ; consist of, consist in, depend 
upon, rest on. 

consobrinus, -i, [com- + soror] m. son 

of a mothers sister; first-cousin, cousin- 
german, cousin. 

c5ns51atio, -onis, [consolor] f. a consol- 
ing, consolation, comfort, solace. 

c5nsolor, -ari, -atus sum, [com- + solor, 

comfort] 1 dep. encourage, cheer, com- 
fort, console; alleviate, relieve, soothe. 

censors, -sortis, [com- + sors] adj. hav- 
ing a common lot, sharing. As subst. 
consors, -sortis, m. sharer, partner, 
colleague, associate, comrade. 

cSnspectus, -us, [conspicio] m. sight, 
range of sight, look, view; presence. 

conspicio, -spicere, -spexi, conspec- 
tum, [com- + specio] 3 tr. and intr. 
look at, see, observe ; catch sight of, 
descry; face towards; look at attentively, 
gaze upon. Pass, be conspicuous, be a 
mark for, attract attention, be dis- 
tinguished. 

cSnspiratio, -onis, [conspiro] f. agree- 
ment, unanimity, harmony ; union, 
combination, plot, conspiracy. 

conspiro, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + 
spiro] 1 intr. sound together; harmonize, 
be in accord; unite, combine; plot, con- 
spire, league together. 

c5nstans, -antis, [pr.p. of consto] adj. 
firm, steady, unchangeable, invariable, 
constant; consistent, harmonious; stead- 
fast, faithful, trustworthy. 

constanter, [cSnstans] adv. firmly, with 
firmness, resolutely, with constancy ; 
consistently, with consistency, uniform- 
ly, steadily, evenly ; calmly, tranquilly. 

cSnstantia, -ae, [constans] f. firmness, 
steadiness, perseverance ; fixedness of 



purpose, strength of character; con- 
sistency, harmony ; steadfastness, con- 
stancy, self-possession. 

constituo, -stituere, -stitui, constitti- 
tum, [com- + statuo] 3 tr. put, place, 
set; station, post, form, set up, erect, 
construct, build, found ; make, prepare, 
establish, constitute ; designate, mark 
out, select, appoint ; set in order, ar- 
range, regulate, manage, organize ; fix, 
agree upon, determine upon, settle ; 
decide upon, determine, resolve, decree. 

consto, -stare, -stiti, , fut. part. 

constaturus, [com- + sto] 1 intr. be 
consistent, agree, correspond, tally ; 
stand firm, be unmoved, be unchanged, 
last ; be agreed upon, be settled, be es- 
tablished; beknown, be clear, be evident; 
be extant, exist ; be dependent upon, 
depend upon, consist of; stand at, cost. 
Impers. be clear, be evident, be well 
known, be notorious ; be agreed, be re- 



constringo, -stringere, -strinxi, con- 
strictum, [com- + stringo, bind tight] 
3 tr. bind fast, bind hand and foot, 
fetter; hold fast, hold in check, curb, 
restrain. 

consuesco, -suescere, -suevi, consufi- 
tum, [com- + suesco, accustom ones 
self] tr. and intr. accustom, inure ; ac- 
custom one's self, form a habit; in per- 
fect tenses, be accustomed, be wont. 

consuetiido, -inis, [consuetus] f. cus- 
tom, habit, way, usage; practice, prece- 
dent ; habits, customs, manners ; social 
intercourse, close friendship, intimacy, 
familiarity. 

consul, -ulis, [cf. consulo] m. consul, 
one of the two chief executives under 
the Roman republic. See Introduction, 
§§13 and 15, and Appendix C, §§3, 4, 
and 5. 

consularis, -e, [consul] adj. of a consul, 
of the consuls, consular ; of consular 
rank, who has been consul. As subst. 
consularis, -is, m. ex-consul, man of 
consular rank. 

cSnsulatus, -us, [consul] m. consulship, 
office of consul, consulate. 



32 



VOCABULARY 



consuls, -sulere, -sulul, cSnsultum, 3 

intr. and tr. reflect, deliberate, take 
counsel, consult ; hare regard, look out, 
be mindful, take care; decide upon, 
determine, resolve ; with ace. consult, 
counsel with, ask the advice of, apply 
to, refer to ; with dat. take counsel for, 
consult for the welfare of, consult the 
interests of, look out for. 

consulto, [consultum] adv. with delib- 
eration, deliberately ; with a purpose, 
purposely, designedly, on purpose. 

consultum, -I, [cSnsultus, from con- 
suls] n. deliberation ; decree, order, 
resolution, decision. 

cSnstimS, -sumere, -sumpsi, cSnsump- 
tum, [com- + sumS] 3 tr. use up, de- 
vour; consume, destroy; ivaste, exhaust, 
waste away ; use, employ, spend ; of 
time, spend, pass, consume. 

contaminS, -are, -avi, -atum, [conta- 
men, collat. form of contagiS, touch- 
ing] 1 tr. bring into contact, mingle ; 
contaminate, stain, defile, pollute ; dis- 
honor, disgrace. 

contego, -tegere, -texi, -tectum, [com- 
+ tegS] 3 tr. cover over, cover ; bury ; 
conceal by covering, hide. 

contemns, -temnere, -tempsi, con- 
temptum, [com- + temnS] 3 tr. esteem 
lightly, disdain, despise, hold in con- 
tempt, contemn; speak contemptuously 
of, disparage; make light of, disregard, 
defy. 

contemptus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of con- 
temns] adj. despised, despicable, con- 
temptible, vile. 

contends, -tendere, -tendl, conten- 
tum, [com- + tendS] 3 tr. and intr. 
stretch, strain ; strive for, endeavor, 
try earnestly, exert one's self, be zealous; 
march, press on, press towards, hasten; 
compare, contrast ; contend, vie, strive, 
struggle; fight, dispute ; ask, demand, 
entreat ; persuade, induce ; maintain, 
insist, protest. 

contentiS, -Snis, [contends] f. strain- 
ing, strain, struggle, exertion, effort, 
efforts • contest, contention, fight ; dis- 



pute, controversy; comparison, con- 
trast. 

1. contentus, -a, -um, [contends] adj. 
stretched, strained, tense, tight; eager, 
intent. 

2. contentus, -a, -um, [contineS] adj. 
contented, content, satisfied, pleased, 
happy. 

conticescS, -ere, conticui, , [com- 

+ inch, of taceS] 3 intr. become silent, 
cease to speak, be still ; be silenced, be 
hushed; cease, stop. 

continens, -entis, [pr.p. of contineS] 
adj. bordering, contiguous, adjacent; 
connected, continuous, uninterrupted, 
continual ; consecutive ; of character, 
self -restrained, of self-restraint, of self- 
control, temperate, moderate. As subst. 
continens, -entis, f. the continuous 
land, continent, mainland. 

continenter, [continens] adv. continu- 
ously, without interruption, continu- 
ally; temperately, moderately. 

continentia, -ae, [continens] f. re- 
straint, continence; self-restraint, self- 
control, moderation, temperance. 

contineS, -tinere, -tinui, contentum, 
[com- + teneS] 2 tr. and intr. hold to- 
gether, contain; bound, limit, enclose, 
surround; hold fast, retain; hold, keep, 
detain, shut in; hold back, hold in check, 
curb, stay, subdue, rule ; comprehend, 
embrace, include, (in pass.) consist in. 

contingS, -tingere, -tigl, contactum, 
[com- + tangS] 3 tr. and intr. touch, 
take hold of; reach to, extend to, adjoin ; 
reach, attain ; happen, be the case, be- 
fall, fall to the lot of, take place, turn 
out, occur. ' 

continuS, [continuus] adv. immediate- 
ly, straightway, forthwith. 

continuus, -a, -um, [cf. contineS] adj. 
continuous, unbroken, uninterrupted; in 
succession, successive. 

cSntiS, -Snis, [for conventiS, from con- 
veniS] f . a contio, an informal meeting 
of the people, mass-meeting ; oration, 
harangue, delivered to a mass-meeting. 
contjonem habere^ hold <* meeting 



consulo— copia 



33 



or deliver an oration. See Appendix B, 
Note 2. 
contionator, -oris, [contionor] m. 

haranguer, agitator, demagogue. 

contionor, -ari, -atus sum, [contio] l 
dep. meet, convene ; deliver an oration, 
address, harangue. 

contra, adv. and prep.: 

1. As adv. opposite, over against, in 
front of; face to face, in opposition, 
on the other side ; in answer, in re- 
ply; in return, in turn; on the con- 
trary, on the other hand, conversely. 
contra at que (ac), contrary to 
what, different from what, other- 
wise than. 

2. As prep, against, before, facing, 
over against, opposite to, contrary 
to; in answer to, in reply to; in 
opposition to, in hostility to, as the 
enemy of to the disadvantage of, 
unfavourable to. 

contractio, -onis, [cf. contraho] f. a 

drawing together, contraction. 

contraho, -trahere, -traxi, contrac- 
tum, [com- + traho] 3 tr. draw together, 
bring together, collect, assemble ; draw 
in, contract, shorten, narrow, tyring into 
smaller compass, diminish; bring about, 
execute, cause, produce; check, restrain; 
of business, transact, contract. 

contrarius, -a, -um, [contra] adj. lying 
over against, opposite ; contrary, op- 
posed, conflicting, contradictory. 

contremisco, -ere, contremul, — , 
[com- + tremisco, inch, of tremo] 3 
intr. begin to shake, tremble, shudder ; 
leaver. 

controversia, -ae, [controversus, dis- 
puted] f. dispute, controvert!/, conten- 
tion, quarrel. 

contrticldo, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + 
trticldoj 1 tr. cut to pieces, put to the 
sword, massacre. 

contubernalis, -is, [contubernium, 
companionship) in a tent] c. tent-com- 
panion, messmate ; companion, com- 
rade, associate, colleague. 

contumelia, -ae, [cf, contemnol f, in- 



sult, affront, outrage, reproach, abuse, 
invective, contumely; injury. 

convalesco, -ere, convalui, , [com- 

+ inch, of valeo] 3 intr. grow strong, 
gain strength ; get better, regain health, 
recover. 

conveho, -vehere, -vexi, convectum, 
[com- + veho] 3 tr. carry together, 
bring together, collect, store. 

convenio, -venire, -venl, conventum, 
[com- + venio] 4 tr. and intr. come 
together ; meet together, assemble, come 
in a body ; come in, arrive ; address, 
meet, visit, go to see, call on ; come to a 
decision, be agreed upon, be settled, 
agree ; be fitting, be suitable, be appro- 
priate ; apply, correspond, belong. 
Impers. be agreed, be agreed upon, be 
settled ; be suitable, be appropriate, be 
fitting, ought. 

conventus, -us, [convenio] m. meeting, 
assembly, throng ; corporation, associa- 
tion of merchants. 

converts, -vertere, -verti, conversum^ 
[com- + verto] 3 tr. and intr. turn 
about, turn around; turn back, reverse, 
invert, throw back; turn, direct; of the 
s\g\\t,fix, rivet, attract; convert, change, 
alter, transform; divert, pervert, 7nis- 
use; undergo a change, be changed. 

convlcium, -I, [com-, cf. vox] n. loud 
noise, outcry, clamor; wrangling, alter- 
cation, wrangle; abuse, insult, reviling. 

convinco, -vincere, -vici, convictum, 
[com- + vinco] 3 tr. convict, prove 
guilty, refute ; show clearly, expose, 
demonstrate beyond question, prove in- 
con test ably ; make good a charge or 
claim. 

convivium, -I, [com-, cf. vivo] d. a 

meal in company, social meal, banquet, 
feasting together, feast, carousal. 

convoco, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + vo- 
co] 1 tr. call together, convoke, summon 
together, summon, call. 

copia, -ae, [com- + ops] f. abundance, 
ample supply, plenty; multitude, 
throng, quantity, number; fulness, co- 
piousness; ability, power, opportunity* 



34 



VOCABULARY 



facilities, means; facility, fluency; usu- 
ally in plural resources, wealth, riches, 
prosperity, luxury, forces, troops, sup- 
plies. 

COpiose, [copiosus] adv. fully, abun- 
dantly; in great abundance, plentifully, 
copiously. 

copiosus, -a, -um, [copia] adj. well-sup- 
lied, furnished abundantly, abounding 
in, rich, plentiful; full of resources, 
wealthy, well-to-do ; copious, eloquent. 

coram, [com- cf. os] adv., and prep, with 
abl. before: 

1. As adv. before the eyes, in the pres- 
ence, face to face, openly; present, 
in person, personally. 

2. As prep, with abl. before, in the 
presence of, in the face of. 

Corduba, -ae, f • Cordova, a city in Spain. 

Corfidius, -I, in. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. L. Corfidius, a friend 
of Ligarius. 

Corinthius, -a, -um, [KopiVflios] adj. 
of Corinth, Corinthian. As subst. Co- 
rinthii, -orum, m. pi. the people of 
Corinth, Corinthians. 

Corinthus, -l, [Kdpivflos] f. Corinth, the 
famous Greek city on the isthmus of 
Corinth, the " light of all Greece, 1 ' which 
was utterly destroyed by the Roman con- 
sul, L. Mummius, 146 B.C. 

Cornelius, -1, m. a very distinguished 
Roman nomen or gentile name. Esp. : 

1. C. Cornelius Cethegus, who as a 
confederate of Catiline disgraced 
his name. 

2. L. Cornelius Cinna, prominent 
adherent of Marius in his struggle 
with Sulla. See Cinna. 

3. L. Cornelius Sulla, the brilliant 
aristocrat and cold-blooded enemy 
of Marius. See Sulla. 

4. Cn, Cornelius Lentulus Clodia- 
. nus, consul B.C. 72, censor b.c 70, 

supporter of the Manilian law. 

5. P. Cornelius Lentulus Sura, con- 
sul 71 b.c, Catiline's most notable 
confederate 63 b.c He had pre- 
viously been expelled from the sen- 
ate on account of his dissolute life. 



6. P. Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, 

consul 57 b.c, who zealously strove 
for Cicero's recall from exile. 

7. L. Cornelius Lentulus, a praetor 
referred to in the " Pro Archia. 1 ' 

Cornificius, -l, m. a Roman nomen or 
gentile name. Esp. Q. Cornificius, a 

juror at the trial of Yerres. 

corona, -ae, f. garland, wreath; ring, 
circle of spectators, audience, crowd. 

corpus, -oris, n. body; dead body, trunk, 
corpse; person, individual; mass,frame, 
structure, system. 

corrigo (conr-), -rigere, -rexi, correc- 
tum, [com- + rego] 3 tr. make straight, 
set aright; improve, change for the bet- 
ter, amend, reform, correct. 

corripio, -ripere, -ripui, correptum, 
[com- + rapio] 3 tr. seize, snatch up, 
seize upon, lay hold of, carry off. 

corroboro, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + 
roboro, from robur] 1 tr. strengthen, 
encourage, fortify ; confirm, corroborate. 

corrumpo, -rumpere, -rtipi, corrup- 
tum, [com- + rumpo] 3 tr. destroy, ruin, 
waste, spoil; seduce, mislead, corrupt, 
buy over, bribe; falsify, pervert, tam- 
per with. 

corruo, -ere, corrui, , [com-+ruo] 

3 tr. and intr. fall together, fall down, 
fall in ruins; fall, sink down, fail. 

corrupt ela, -ae, [corruptus] f . means of 
corruption, enticement, allurement; cor- 
ruption, seduction, bribery. 

corruptor, -oris, [corruptus] m. cor- 
rupter, seducer, briber. 

corruptus, -a, -um, [pf . p. of corrumpo] 
adj. spoiled, corrupted; corrupt, bad, 
profligate. 

cotldianus, -a, -um, [cotidiel adj. of 

every day, daily, every day. 
cotidie, [quot + dies] adv. every day, 



Cotta, -ae, m. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. L. Aurelius Cotta, 
consul b.c 65, with L. Manlius Tor- 
quatns. 

eras, adv. to-morrow, 



cSpiosS— cum 



35 



Crassus, -1, m. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. : 

1. M. Licinius Crassus, " the rich- 
est man in Rome," a member of the 
First Triumvirate with Caesar and 
Pompey 60 B.C., consul 55 B.C. with 
Pompey. 

2. P. Licinius Crassus, censor 89 
B.C. with L. Julius Caesar. 

crgber, -bra, -brum, adj. thick, close, nu- 
merous, frequent, repeated; crowded, 
abundant, abounding. 

crebr5, [creber] adv. in rapid succession, 
at short intervals, repeatedly, fre- 
quently, often, oftentimes. 

credibilis, -e, [credo] adj. to be believed, 
worthy of belief, likely, credible. 

credo, credere, credidl, crgditum, 3 

tr. and intr. give as a loan, lend ; con- 
sign, commit, intrust ; trust, have con- 
fidence in, confide in, believe in, give 
credence ; be of opinion, believe, think, 
suppose, imagine; often parenthetically, 
I dare say, perhaps, to be sure, of course, 
foi^sooth (ironical). 

cremo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. burn, 
consume by fire (esp. of the dead). 

creo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. bring forth, 

produce, cause, beget, create ; make, 

choose, elect. 
CreperSius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or 

gentile name. Esp. M. CreperSius, a 

juror in Verres 1 trial. 

crepitus, -us, [crepo, rattle] m. a rat- 
tling, clashing, rustling; a noise. 

cresco, cr6scere, crevi, cretum, [inch. 
of cre5] 3 intr. spring up ; grow, in- 
crease, wax, swell, be swelled, be en- 
larged ; be strengthened, grow strong; 
increase in influence, rise, prosper, at- 
tain honor. 

Cretensis, -e, [Cr6ta] adj. of Crete, 
Cretan. As subst. Cretenses, -ium, 
m. pi. the Cretans, the inhabitants of 
Crete. 

crimen, -inis, [cf. cerno] n. judgment, 

accusation, charge ; offefice,fmdt, crime. 

criminor, -arl, -atus sum, [crimen] l 

dep. accuse of crime ; complain of, find 



fault with, charge with, denounce, 
charge. 

criminose, [criminosus] adv. reproach- 
fully, slanderously. 

criminosus, -a, -um, [crimen] adj. ac- 
cusatojy, repivachfid, calumniating, 
slanderous. 

cruciatus, -us, [crucio] m. a torturing, 
execution ; torture, torment, anguish, 
agony. 

crucio, -are, -avi, -atum, [crux] 1 tr. 
put to the rack, torture; torment, afflict. 
Pass, be afflicted, be in anguish. 

crudelis, [crudus, unfeeling'] adj. rude, 
unfeeling, hard-hearted, merciless, 
cruel; pitiless, harsh, bitter. 

criidelitas, -atis, [crudelis] f. harsh- 
ness, severity, cruelty, barbarity. 

criideliter, [crudelis] adv. harshly, 
fiercely, cruelly, with cruelty, in a cruel 
manner. 

cruento, -are, -avi, -atum, [cruentus] 

1 tr. make bloody, stain with blood, 
spot with blood; cause to bleed, wound. 

cruentus, -a, -um, [cf. cruor] adj. blood- 
stained, spotted with blood, smeared 
with blood, bloody, gory. 

cruor, -oris, m. blood, stream of blood, 

gore; bloodshed, murder. 
crux, crucis, f. gallows, tree, cross; 

death on the cross, torture, misery. 

cublle", -is, [cf. cubo] n. resting place, 
couch, bed, bedroom; nest, lair, den. 

cubo, -are, -ui, -itum, 1 intr. lie down, 
recline; lie asleep, sleep. 

culpa, -ae, f. fault, defect, error, offence, 
crime; blame, guilt. 

cultura, -ae, [colo] f. a cultivating, 
care, cultivation; agriculture, tillage, 
husbandry ; culture, training, educa- 
tion, refinement. 

cum, prep, with abl. with; of association, 
with, together with, in company with, 
along with; of comparison, with, as 
compared with ; of time, together with, 
at the same time, with, at the time of; 
of manner and attendant circumstance, 
with, to, at, having, possessing, holding, 



36 



VOCABULARY 



wearing, armed with. In composition 
the form com- is used. 

cum, con j. when; of time, when, at the 
time when, at the moment when, on the 
occasion that, after, wliile, as long as, 
whenever, as often as, at times when 
(often best translated by Eng. verbal in 
-ing : as, cum videret, seeing; cum 
Vldisset, having seen); of coincident 
actions, in that, by the fact that ; of 
cause and concession, since, seeing that, 
as, inasmuch as, whereas, although, 
though, notwithstanding. cum . . . 
turn, not only. ..but also, not only. . .but 
.. .as well, while. ..besides, both.. .and 
especially, cum prlmum, as soon as, 
tunc . . . cum, see tunc. 

cumulate, [cumulatus, from cumulo] 
adv. in rich abundance, copiously, in 
full measure, fully. 

cumulo, -are, -avi, -atum, [cumulus] 

1 tr. heap up, pile up ; fill full, load ; 
add to. augment, increase, amass, ac- 
cumulate; complete, crown. 

cumulus, -l, m. heap, pile, mass, ac- 
cumulation; increase, accession, addi- 
tion; surplus, extra weight, finishing 
touch. 

cunctus, -a, -um, [coniunctus] adj. all 
together, the whole, all, entire. 

cupide, [cupidus] adv. eagerly, zealously, 
earnestly, passionately, ardently. 

cupiditas, -atis, [cupidus] f. longing, 
desire, eagerness, passion; greed of 
gain, avarice, greed, cupidity, covetous- 
ness, lust. 

cupido, -inis, f. desire, longing, eager- 
ness ; excessive desire, greed, jiassion, 
lust. Personified, Cupido, -inis, m. 
Cupid, the god of love. 

cupidus, -a, -um, [cupio] adj. longing, 
longing for, eagerly desirous, desirous, 
eager ; fond, loving ; excessively desir- 
ous, greedy, avaricious, covetous ; pas- 
sionate, lustful ; prejudiced, partisan ; 
partial. 

cupio, -ere, -Ivi or -if, -itum, 3 tr. long 
for, be eager for, be anxious, desire, 
wish; be well disposed, wish welly 



favor ; be zealous for, be devoted to, be 
at the service of. 
cur, [for older quor, from old dat. quol 
+ rei] adv., interrog. and rel. why, for 
what reason, for what purpose, ivhere- 
fore. 

cura, -ae, f. care, attention, pains, dili- 
gence ; charge, office, administration ; 
business, pursuit ; anxiety, solicitude, 
concern; disquiet, trouble, sorrow, grief. 

curia, -ae, f . curia, association, court ; 
senate-house, place of meeting of the 
senate. Esp. the curia Hostllia, north 
of the Forum, built by Tullus Hostilius, 
the Senate-house. 

Curio, -onis, m. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. C. Scribonius 
Curio, consul 76 B.C., a friend of Cicero, 
and a supporter of the Manilian law. 

curiosus, -a, -um, [cura] adj. careful, 
painstaking, thoughtful, attentive; cu- 
rious, prying, inquisitive, meddlesome, 
officious. 

euro, -are, -avi, -atum, [cura] 1 tr. 

care for, look to, look after, attend to, 
regard; preside over, govern, command; 
heal, cure ; with gerundive, cause, have 
done, order. 

curriculum, -I, [dim. of currus] n. 

small car, chariot ; race ; race-course ; 
course, career. 

curro, currere, cucurrl, cursum, 3 intr. 
run, hasten, move rapidly. 

currus, -us, [cf. curro] m. chariot, car; 
triumphal chariot. 

curso, -are, , , [freq. of curro] 

1 intr. rush hither and thither, run con- 
stantly. 

cursus, -us, [curro] m. a running; 

course, passage, march, voyage, journey ; 

direction, way ; a race ; speed ; course, 

career, progress. 
curulis, -e, [currus] adj. of a chariot; 

curule. sella curulis, curule chair, 

official chair. 

custodia, -ae, [custos] f. a watching, 
guarding; care, protection; guard, 
watch, sentinel; custody, cor)finemeni ; 
guard-house, prison, 



cum— declinatio 



37 



custodio, -Ire, -Ivi, -Itum, [custos] i 

tr. guard, watch, defend, protect; keep, 
preserve, hold back, restrain; ketp in 
custody, hold captive. 

custos, -odis, c. guard, watchman , keeper; 
guardian, protector, defender. 

Cyrus, -1, [KOpos] m. a common Grecian 
name. Esp. the Greek architect at 
Rome who died in 52 B.C. 

Cyzicenus, -a, -urn, [Kv^i/ds] adj. of 
Cyzicus (Cyzicum), a famous city in 
Mysia on the Propontis (Sea of Mar- 
mora). As subst. Cyziceni, -orum, m. 
the inhabitants of Cyzicus. 



d., see a. d. 

D, numeral sign, short for IQ = 500. 
D., abbrev. for Decimus. 
damnatio, -onis, [damno] f. conviction, 
condemnation. 

damno, -are, -avi, -atum, [damnum, 

loss] 1 tr. inflict loss upon; adjudge 
guilty, find guilty, convict, condemn. 

de, prep, with abl. from; of place and 
motion, from, down from, off from, 
away from, out of; of time, after, dur- 
ing, in the course of, at, by, in; of origin 
or source, from, out of, of, proceeding 
from, sprung from; of the whole/rom 
which a part is taken, from among, of, 
out of; of cause, on account of, because 
of, by reason of, through, for, by; of 
measure or standard, according to, in 
accordance with; of reference, of, con- 
cerning, about, in respect to, with refer- 
ence to, in the matter of. de impro- 
viso, unexpectedly, de industria, de- 
liberately, on purpose, intentionally. 

dea, -ae, [deus] goddess. Bona Dea, 
see bonus. 

debeo, debere, debui, debitum, [for 
dghibeo, from d6+habeo] 2 tr. with- 
hold, keep back; owe, be in debt to; 
ought, should, be bound to, must; be in- 
debted, be under obligations, have to 
thank for. 

cUbilis, -e, [d$ + b,abilis, easily handled] 



adj. iceak, feeble, infirm, frail; disabled, 
crippled, helpless. 

debilito, -are, -avi, -atum, [debilis] l 

tr. disable, cripple, debilitate, unnerve, 
dishearten; weaken, break, crush. 

debitus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of debeo] adj. 
due, owing, deserved, appropriate, be- 
coming. 

decedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum, [de + 
cedo] 3 intr. go away, depart, with- 
draw, retire; retreat, leave, abandon; 
give vjay, give up, resign, yield; abate, 
cease, die. 

decern, num. adj. indecl. ten. 

December, -bris, -bre, [decern] adj. of 
December. 

decempeda, -ae, [decern + pes] f. ten-foot 
pole, measuring rod. 

decerno, -cernere, -crevi, decretum, 
[de + cerno] 3 tr. and intr. decide, 
think it best, determine, resolve, vote, 
decree. 

decerpo, -cerpere, -cerpsi, decerptum, 
[de + carpo, pluck] 3 tr. pluck off, break 
off, pluck, gather; tear away, take 
away; enjoy. 

decerto, -are, -avi, -atum, [de + certo] 

1 tr. and intr. go through a contest, fight 
it out, decide the issue; contend, dispute, 
strive, vie. 

decessus, -us, [decgdo] m. a going away, 
departure; withdrawal, retirement. 

decet, decere, decuit, 2 impers. intr. 
and tr. be seemly, be becoming, become, 
behoove, be proper, be fitting, be appro- 
priate. 

decimus (decu-), -a, -um, [decern] adj. 
tenth, decuma (sc. pars), tenth part, 
tithe, land rent. 

Decimus, -I, [decimus] m. a Roman 
praenomen or forename. 

declaro, -are, -avi, -atum, [d$, cf. 
clarus] 1 tr. make evident, make plain, 
disclose, reveal; declare, announce, pro- 
claim; show, prove; express, signify, 
mean. 

dSclinatio, -onis, [declino] f. a bending 
aside, turning away, movement to one 
side, avoiding. 



38 



VOCABULARY 



declino, -are, -avi, -atum, l tr. and intr. 
bend aside, turn away; avoid, evade, 
shun; turn aside, deviate, digress. 

dScoctor, -oris, [decoquo, boil away] m. 
spendthrift, ruined man, bankrupt. 

decoro, -are, -avi, -atum, [decus] l tr. 

adorn, decollate, embellish, beautify ; 
honor, distinguish. 
decrgtum, -i, [decerno] n. decision, de- 
cree, ordinance, resolution, vote; resolve, 
determination, plan. 

decuma, see decimus. 

decuria, -ae, [decern, cf. centuria] f. 
division often, decuria ; division, com- 
pany, class. 

decurio, -are, -avi, -atum, [decuria] 

1 tr. divide into decuriae ; divide into 
companies, enroll in clubs. 

decus, -oris, n. grace, beauty, splendor ; 
dignity, honor, glory; ornament, adorn- 
ment, embellishment, decoration; moral 
dignity, worth, virtue ; deed of honor, 
honorable achievement, exploit. 

dedecus, -oris, [de + decus] n. dis- 
grace, shame, infamy, dishonor ; cause 
of shame, stain, blemish, reproach; 
deed of shame, outrage. 

dedico, -are, -avi, -atum, [de + dico] 

1 tr. dedicate, devote, consecrate, set 
apart. 

deditio,-onis, [d6d5] f. a giving up, 
surrender, capitulation. 

deditus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of dedo] adj. 
giving up, addicted to, devoted to, 
diligent. 

d6do, dedere, dedidi, deditum, [de + 

do] 3 tr. give up, surrender, yield, give 
over, deliver up; devote, dedicate, apply; 
submit, consign, abandon. 

deduco, -ducere, -duxi, deductum, [de 
+ duco] 3 tr. lead down, draw dcnvn ; 
lead away, lead off, draw off, withdraw; 
bring out, remove; lead, conduct, bring; 
take away, deduct; bring down, reduce, 
deduce, derive; mislead, seduce, induce; 
of a colony, lead forth, conduct, plant ; 
of ships, draw out, drag down, launch. 

defatigatio (defet-), -onis, [defatigo] 



f. a wearying, tiring out ; weariness^ 
fatigue, exhaustion. 

defatigo (d6fet-), -are, -avi, -atum, 
[de + fatigO, tire out] 1 tr. weary, 
fatigue, tire out, exhaust ; wear out, 
make weary. 

defends, -fendere, -fendi, defensum, 
[dS + fendo] 3 tr. ward off, avert, keep 
off, repel; defend, guard, protect; allege 
in defence, maintain, insist. 

defensio, -onis, [defendo] f . a defending, 
defence. 

defensor, -oris, [dgfendo] m. averter, 
protector against ; defender, protector, 
advocate. 

defero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, [de+fero] 
irr. tr. bear or carry away, carry down, 
carry off, remove ; bear, bring, carry, 
lead; confer, grant, offer, transfer, 
allot; bring before, lay before, report, 
give account of, announce, state, depose ; 
register, enter for registry, return. 
nomen deferre, accuse, indict, im- 
peach. 

defessus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of defetiscor] 
adj. worn out, tired out, wearied, weary, 
exhausted. 

defetigatio, see defatigatio. 

defetigo, see defatigo. 

defetiscor, -fetisci, defessus sum, [cf. 
defatigo] 3 dep. become tilled, grow 
weary, become exhausted, faint. 

deficio, -ficere, -feci, defectum, [de + 
facio] 3 intr. and tr. withdraw, fall off, 
fall away, desert, revolt ; be wanting, 
fall short, run out, fail, be lost, cease ; 
give out, faint, sink; leave, forsake, 
abandon. 

defigo, -figere, -fixi, -fixum, [de + 
figo] 3 tr. fasten, fix, set; drive, drive 
down, thrust ; set up, plant ; turn in- 
tently, centre, direct. 

definio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, [de + finio, 

limit] 4 tr. set limits to, limit, bound ; 
bring to a close ; define, explain ; fix, 
determine, establish, appoint. 

deflagro, -are, -avi, -atum, [de + 
flagro] 1 intr. burn down, burn up, be 
consumed by fire ; be destroyed by. fire, 
perish. 



d§clino— deminuo 



39 



defluo, -fluere, -fluxi, -fluxum, [de + 
fluo] 3 intr. flow down, flow ; glide 
down, fail, descend; pass atony, disap- 
pear, cease, be lost. 

defore, see desum. 

deformo, -are, -avi, -atum, [de + forma] 

1 tr. defoivn, disfigure; mar, spoil, dis- 
grace, dishonor. 

defungor, -fungi, defunctus sum, [de" 
+ fungor] 3 dep. have done with, ac- 
quit one's self of, discharge, perform, 
finish. 

deicio, -icere, -ieci, deiectum, [de + 
iacio] 3 tr. throw down, hurl down, 
cast down ; tear down, destivy ; drive 
out, dislodge, expel, eject, oust ; strike 
down, lay low, kill, slay ; turn aside, 
ward off, avert, divert j deprive of, rob 
of, defeat by trickery. 

deinde (dein), [de + inde] adv. thence, 
' then, next; from that time on, after 

that, thereafter, afterwards ; then 

again, besides. 

deiabor, -labi, delapsus sum, [de + 
labor] 3 dep. slip down, glide down ; 
come dotvn, slide, sink, fall, descend; 
stoop, condescend. 

deiatus, see deferp. 

delectatio, -onis, [delecto] f. delight, 
pleasure, enjoyment ; gratification, sat- 
isfaction. 

delecto, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of 
delicio, entice] 1 tr. delight, chamn, 
entertain, give pleasure to, please ; take 
delight, delight in. 

delectus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of deligo] adj. 
picked, chosen, select, choice. 

delectus, -us, m. see dilectus. 

delenio (delink, -Ire -ivi, -Itum, [de + 

lenio] 4 tr. sootlie-, soften, mollify ; 
charm, fascinate, captivate. 

deleo, -6re, -evi, -etum, 2 tr. erase, 

efface, obliterate, blot out ; put an end 
to, abolish, extinguish, destroy, annihi- 
late. 

deliberatio, -onis, [deiibero] f . delibera- 
tion, consideration, consultation. 

deiibero, -are, -avi, -atum, [de, cf. 



libra, balance'] 1 tr. and intr. weigh well, 
consider maturely, ponder, deliberate, 
take counsel; consult an oracle; resolve, 
determine. 

delicatus, -a, -um, [cf. deiiciae] adj. 
alluring, chaining, delightful; given 
to pleasure, luxurious, effeminate, vo- 
luptuous. 

deiiciae, -arum, [delicio] f . plural de- 
light, pleasure, charm, allurement ; vo- 
luptuousness, luxury, luxurious pleas- 
ures ; favorite, darling, sweetheart. 

delictum, -i, [deiinquo] n. fault, wrong- 
doing, transgression, o fence ; wrong , 
crime. 

deligo, -ligere, -legi, deiectum, [de + 
lego] 3 tr. pick out, choose, select, elect, 
single out, designate. 

deligo, -are, -avi, -atum, [de + ligo, 

bind] 1 tr. bind down, bind togetlier, tie 
up, make fast, fetter. 

deiinquo, -linquere, -liqui, delictum, 
[de + linquo, leave] 3 intr. fail, be 
wanting, fall short ; err, do wrong, 
transgress, offend. 

Delos, -1, [AtjAos] f. an island in the 
Aegean Sea. 

deiubrum, -i, [d6, cf. luo] n. place of 
cleansing; temple, shrine, sanctuary. 

deludo, -ludere, -lusi, delusum, [de + 
ludo, play] 3 tr. and intr. play false, 
deceive, delude ; make sport of, mock. 

demens, -entis, [de + m6ns] adj. out of 
one's senses, distracted, mad, raving, 
crazy, insane ; foolish, reckless, wild. 

dementer, [dem€ns] adv. senselessly, 
foolishly, recklessly, blindly, madly. 

dementia, -ae, [demens] f. insanity, 
madness, utter folly. 

demergo, -mergere, -mersi, -mersum, 
[de + mergo, dip] 3 tr. dip, sink, im- 
merse, submerge; plunge, ovei'whelm. 

demigrS, -are, -avi, -atum, [d6 + 
migro, depart] 1 intr. move away, re- 
move, migrate, emigrate ; go away, de- 
part. 

deminuS, -uere, -ui, -iitum, [de + 
minuo] 3 tr. make snialler, lessen. 



40 



VOCABULARY 



diminish ; take away, detract from, re- 
duce, abate, impair, curtail. 

deminutio, -onis, [deminuo] f. diminu- 
tion, abatement, decrease; loss, sacri- 
fice. 

demissus, -a, -urn, [pf.p. of demitto] 
adj. hanging down, low-hanging, droop- 
ing, bowed; downcast, dispirited; lowly, 
humble, unassuming, modest, reserved. 

demitto, -mittere, -misl, demissum, 
[de + mitto] 3 tr. send down, let down, 
lower, sink; cast, thrust ^ drive, plunge; 
cast down, depress, let fall ; reflex, se 
demittere, let one's self doivn, descend, 
march down. se animo demittere, 
despond, be discouraged. 

demonstratio, -onis, [demonstro] f. a 

pointing out, indication, showing, de- 
scription. 

demonstro, -are, -avi, -atum, [de + 
monstro, point out] 1 tr. point out, in- 
dicate, show ; prove, demonstrate, es- 
tablish; mention, speak of, describe. 

demoveo, -movere, -movl, -motum, [de - 
+ moveo] 3 tr. move away, remove, dis- 
lodge, drive out ; turn away, divert, 
sliake one in an opinion, etc. 

demum, [de] adv. at last, at length, not 
till then, only, just, then. 

denego, -are, -avi, -atum, [de + nego] 

1 tr. and intr. deny, infuse, reject. 

deni, -ae, -a, [for deeni, cf. decern] 

num. adj. pi. ten each, ten at a time, 
by tens. 

dgnique, adv. and thereafter ; at last, 
at length, finally ; not until, only; be- 
sides ; in a word, in short, to sum up, 
briefly. turn denique, then at last, 
not till then, then only, nunc denique, 
now at length, not until noiv, only now. 

denoto, -are, -avi, -atum, [de + noto] 

1 tr. mark out, point out, designate, 
specify. 

denuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, [de + 
ntintio] 1 tr. announce, declare, pro- 
nounce, proclaim ; direct, order, com- 
mand ; warn, threaten one with, men- 
ace, denounce ; intimate, make known, 
give to understand, give notice. 



depeculator, -oris, [depectilor] m. 

plunderer, embezzler. 

depectilor, -an, -atus sum, [de + 
peculor, cf. peculium, property] 1 
dep. plunder, rifle, despoil, strip ; ac- 
quire by fraud, embezzle. 

depello, -pellere, -pull, depulsum, [de 
+ pello] 3 tr. drive out, drive away, 
dislodge, expel; drive off, ward off, 
turn aside, avert, remote ; deter, dis- 
suade, drive, force. 

depends, -pendere, -pendi, -pensum, 
[de + pendo] 3 tr. and intr. pay, render. 

depingo, -pingere, -pinxl, depictum, 
[de + pingo] 3 tr. paint, depict ; por- 
tray, represent, describe, imagine. 

deploro, -are, -avi, -atum, [d6 + ploro, 

wail] 1 intr. and tr. weep bitterly, wail ; 
bewail, lament, mourn for, deplore ; 
give up for lost, abandon. 

depono, -ponere, -posui, depositum, 
[d§ + pono] 3 tr. lay down, set, place ; 
lay away, put aside, lay up, deposit ; 
give in charge, commit, confide, intrust; 
give up, resign, abandon, get rid of. 

depopulatio, -onis, [depopulor] f. a 

laying waste, ravaging, marauding, 
pillaging, plundering. 

depopulor, -ari, -atus sum, [d§ + 
populor] 1 dep. lay waste, ravage, pil- 
lage, plunder. 

deporto, -are, -avi, -atum, [dg+porto] 

1 tr. carry doivn, carry off, take away ; 
bring home, bring back. 

deposco, -poscere, -poposci, , [de + 

posco] 3 tr. demand, require, request 
earnestly, call for ; request, claim. 

depravo, -are, -avi, -atum, [d6 + 
pravus] 1 tr. distort ; pervert, corrupt, 
tamper with, seduce, deprave, spoil. 

deprecator,-oris, [dgprecor] m. averter; 
intercessor, mediator, advocate. 

deprecor, -ari, -atus sum, [de + precor] 

1 dep. avert by prayer, pray to avert, 
pray to be spared, beg to escape, beg off, 
seek to avoid, plead against; plead 
with, solicit, offer a plea ; pray for, 
intercede in behalf of . 



deminutio— deterreo 



41 



deprehendo, -hendere, -hendl, -hen- 
sum, [de + prehendo, lay hold of] 3 tr. 
take away ; seize upon, catch, capture ; 
overtake, surprise; detect, discover, find 
out; grasp, comprehend, understand. 

deprimo, -primere, -press!, depressum, 
[de + premo] 3 tr. press down, sink 
down; sink; depress, overwhelm. 

dgpromo, -promere, -prompsi, -promp- 
tum, [de + promo, take out] 3 tr. draiv 
out, draw forth, bring out, fetch; draw, 
' derive, obtain. . 

depiigno, -are, -avi, -atum, [de + pu- 
gno] 1 intr. fight decisively, fight out; 
combat, contend, quarrel. 

derelinquo, -linquere, -liqui, dere- 
lictum, [de+relinquo] 3 tr. forsake 
entirely, desert, abandon, leave behind. 

derivo, -are, -avi, -atum, [de+rivus] 

1 tr. draw off; draw, derive; turn 
aside, divert, transfer, shift. 

derogo, -are, -avi, -atum, [de+rogo] l 

tr. of legislation, repeal in part, restrict, 
modify; take away, diminish, detract 
from, impair; withdraw, withhold. 

dgscendo, -scendere, -scendi, descen- 
sum, [de + scando, climb] 3 intr. climb 
down, come down, go down, descend'; 
lower one's self, stoop, resort to, agree to. 

describo, -scribere, -scrips!, descrip- 
tum, [de + scribo] 3 tr. copy off, tran- 
scribe, write out ; depict, describe, rep- 
resent, delineate; define, map out, fix, 
assign. 

desero, -serere, -serul, desertum, [de 
+ sero, join] 3 tr. leave, give up, aban- 
don, forsake, desert, leave in the lurch ; 
forfeit. vadimonium deserere, see 
vadimonium. 

desertus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of d§sero] adj. 
deserted, solitary; desert, lonely, waste. 

desiderium, -1, [desidero] n. a longing 
for, ardent desire, wish, want; regret 
or grief for the loss of something. 

desidero, -are, -avi, -atum, [cf. con- 
siders] 1 tr. long for, desire ardently, 
wish for, want; desire, call for, de- 
mand, require, expect; regret the loss 
of, miss, lack, feel the want of lose. 



desidia, -ae, [deses, idle] f. a sitting 
idle, inactivity, idleness, sloth. 

designatus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of designo] 
adj. elected, tfiosen, elect, used of of- 
ficials elected and not yet in office. 

designo, -are, -avi, -atum, [de + slgn5, 

mark out] 1 tr. mark out, point out, 
designate; indicate, denote, mean; ap- 
point, choose, elect. 

desilio, -silire, -silui, desultum, [de + 
salio, leap] 4 intr. leap down, leap 
down ; dismount, jump out of a vehicle. 

desino, -sinere, desivi or desii, d6si- 
tum, [de + sino] 3 tr. and intr. leave 
off, desist, cease, foi^bear; have done, 
make an end, stop, close. 

desisto, -sistere, -stiti, destitum, [d6 

+ sisto] 3 intr. leave off, give up, desist 
from, cease. 
desperandus, -a, -um, [fut. part. pass, 
of despero], adj. to be despaired of, 
desperate. 

desperatio, -onis, [despero] f. hopeless- 
ness, desperation, despair. 

desperatus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of despero] 
adj. despaired of, given up, beyond hope; 
desperate, reckless, abandoned. 

I despero, -are, -avi, -atum, [de + spero] 

1 tr. and intr. give up hope of, cease to 
hope, despair of, lose all hope of ; have 
no hope, be hopeless, give up. 

despicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spectum, 
[de + specio] 3 tr. and intr. look down 
upon; despise, disdain; express con- 
tempt for. 

destringo, -stringere, -strinxi, -stric- 
tum, [de + stringo, strip off] 3 tr. 
strip off; uncover, unsheathe, draw. 

desum, deesse, deful, , fut. inf. de- 

futurum esse or defore, [de + sum] irr. 
intr. be away, be absent; be wanting, be 
lacking, be missing, fail; fail to do one's 
duty by, be neglectful, be at fault, desert, 
abandon; often (translating dat. as 
subject) be without, not have. 

deterreo, -terrere, -terrui, deterri- 
tum, [dS + terreo] 2 tr. frighten off, de- 
ter, discourage, prevent; keep off, avert, 



42 



VOCABULARY 



detestor, -ari, -atussum, [de + testor] 

1 dep. curse, execrate; call down upon, 
denounce; avert by entreaty, ward off. 

detracts, see detrecto. 

detraho, -trahere, -traxi, detractum, 
[dS + traho] 3 tr. draw off, draw away, 
drag atvay, pull down, pull off; take 
away, remove, withdraiv; take frwn, 
deprive, strip, rob; lower in one's esti- 
mation, disparage, detract. 

detrgcto, -are, -avi, -atum, [de + 
tracto] 1 tr. decline, refuse, reject, 
shirk; lower in one's estimation, dis- 
parage, depreciate. 

detrimentum, -i, [detero, rub away] n. 
loss, damage, injury, harm, detriment; 
defeat, disaster, overthrow. 

deus, -1, m. god, deity; divine being. 

deveho, -vehere, -vexi, -vectum, [de+ 
veho] 3 tr. carry down, carry off, take 
away, convey. 

deverto, -vertere, -verti, -versum, 
[de + verto] 3 tr. and intr. turn away, 
turn aside, turn off, turn in; betake one's 
self, go to lodge, put up. 

devincio, -ire, devinxi, devinctum, 
[dS + vincio] 4tr. bind fast, tie up, fet- 
ter; unite closely, attach firmly, lay 
under obligation, oblige. 

devinco, -vincere, -vici, devictum, [de 
+ vinco] 3 tr. conquer completely, sub- 
due; overthrow, overpower, supersede. 

devito, -are, -avi, -atum, [de + vito] 
1 tr. avoid, shun. 

devoeo, -are, -avi, -atum, [de + voco] l 

tr. call away, recall; ccdl off, allure, 
call down. 
devoro, -are, -avi, -atum, [de+voro, 

swallow whole] 1 tr. swallow up, devour, 
gulp down, swallow; seize greedily, de- 
vour eagerly. 

devoveo, -vovere, -vovi, devotum, 
[de" + voveo] 2 tr. tow, devote, conse- 
crate; sacrifice, offer. 

dexter, -tera or -tra, -terum or -trum, 

adj. to the right, on the right, right ; 
dexterous, skilful. As subst. dexter a 
or dextra, -ae, f. (sc. manus), the 
right hand. 



dl-, see dis-. 

dico, dicere, dixi, dictum, 3 tr. and 

intr. say, tell, speak, utter; relate, speak 
of, mention ; state, declare, assert, af- 
firm, maintain ; pronounce, deliver, re- 
hearse ; appoint, fix upon, set apart, 
settle, fix; bid, warn. ius dicere, 
administer justice, hold court, causam 
dicere, plead one's cause, defend one's 
self, be tried, diem dicere, bring a 
charge, dixi, at conclusion of a speech, 
I have done. 

dictator, -oris, m. dictator, a Roman 
magistrate possessing absolute author- 
ity, at first appointed only in great 
emergencies for a limited time. For the 
duties, etc., of the dictator, see the In- 
troduction, §§13-16, and Appendix C. 

dictattira, -ae, [dictator] f. office of 
dictator, dictatorship. 

dictio, -onis, [dico] f. a saying, speaking, 
pleading; delivery, style, diction. 
iuris dictio, administration of justice. 

dictito, -are, -avi, -atum, [intens. of 
dicto, from dico] 1 tr. say repeatedly, 
repeat often, keep saying ; declare, as- 
sert, maintain, insist; allege, pretend. 

dictum, -i, [dico] n. saying, word, re- 
mark, expression ; maxim, proverb ; 
order, command. 

dies, -ei, c. in sing., m. in pi. day ; set 
day, appointed lime ; time, space of 
time, period, internal; daylight, day- 
break, in digs, from day to day, 
day by day. diem dicere, see dico. 

differo, differre, distuli, dilatum, 
[dis- +fero] irr. tr. and intr. bear apart, 
separate, scatter, disperse ; spread 
abroad, circulate ; put off, defer, delay, 
postpone ; differ, be different from, 
vary. 

difficilis, -e, [dis- + facilis] adj. not 
easy, difficult, hard ; laborious, trouble- 
some, perilous; hard to manage, ob- 
stinate, surly. 

difficultas, -atis, [difficilis] f . difficulty, 
trouble, embarrassment ; poverty, dis- 
tress, want ; difficult or distressed cir~ 
cumstances. 



detestor— disceptator 



43 



diffido, -fidere, -fisus sum, [dis- + fido] 

3 semi-dep. distrust, be distrustful of, 
have no confidence in, despair of. 

diffluo, -fluere, -fluxi, — , [dis- + fluo] 

3 intr. flow in different directions, flow 
away ; be dissolved, become loose, be- 
come lax, run wild, be out of joint. 

dignitas, -atis, [dignus] f. worth* 
merit, character ; reputation, distinc- 
tion, eminence, prestige; rank, position ; 
greatness, majesty, dignity ; personal 
dignity, self-respect, hono?\ 

dignus, -a, -um, adj. worthy, deserving. 
meritorious; suitable, fitting, becoming, 
proper. 

diiudico, -are, -avi, -atum, [di- + 
itidicd] 1 tr. and intr. distinguish. 
know apart, perceive the difference, dis- 
cern; decide, settle, determine. 

diiunctio, see disiunctio. 
diiunctus, -a, -um, see disiunctus. 
diiungo, see disiungo. 

dilabor, -labi, -lapsus sum, [di- + 
labor] 3 dep.fall asunder, go to pieces, 
melt away; disperse, scatter, flee; go to 
ruin, perish, be lost. 

dilacero, -are, -avi, -atum, [di- + 
lacer5] 1 tr. tear asunder; tear to 
pieces, waste. 

dllani5, -are, -avi, -atum, [di- + lanio, 
tear to pieces] 1 tr. tear to pieces, muti- 
late. 

dilatio, -onis, [di- + latio, bearing] f. a 
putting off, postponement, adjourn- 
ment. 

dilectus (d6l-), -us, [deligo] m. a choos- 
ing, selection, choice; levy, recruiting, 
conscription, draft. 

diligens, -entis, [pr.p. of diligo] adj. 
diligent, industrious; painstaking, care- 
ful, attentive; scrupulous, faithful. 

dlligenter, [diligens] adv. diligently, 
industriously ; with painstaking, care- 
fully, with care, with exactness, atten- 
tively; scrupulously, faithfully. 

diligentia, -ae, [diligens] f. careful- 
ness, attentiveness. pains, care ; dili- 
gence, industry; faithfulness. 



diligo, -ligere, -lexi, dilectum, [di- + 
lego] d tr. single out ; value, prize, es- 
teem, be fond of, love ; be content with, 
appreciate. 

dilucesco, -ere, diluxi, — , [inch, of 
diluceo, be clear] 3 intr. grow light, 
dawn. 

diluculum, -i, [diluceo, be clear] n. 
daybreak, dawn. 

diluo, -luere, -lui, dilutum, [di- + luo] 
3 tr. and intr. wash away, dissolve, 
dilute; weaken, impair, lessen, extenu- 
ate, remove. 

dimicatio, -onis, [dimico] f. a fighting, 
fight, combat, struggle; contest, rivalry. 

dimico, -are, -avi, -atum, [di- + mico, 

brandish] 1 intr. fight, struggle, contend; 
be in conflict, be in peril, be in danger, 
run a risk, risk. 

diminuo, see deminuo. 

dimitto, -mittere, -misi, dimissum, 
[di- + mitto] 3 tr. send in different 
directions ; send out, send forth, de- 
spatch, detail ; send about, scatter, dis- 
tribute; dismiss, adjourn, break up, dis- 
band ; let go, release, discharge ; let go 
away, let slip, lose; give up, relinquish, 
renounce, forego; leave, forsake, desert, 
abandon. 

direptio, -onis, [diripio] f . aplundering, 
pillaging, plunder. 

direptor, -oris, [diripio] m. plunderer, 
robber, marauder. 

diripio, -ripere, -ripui, direptum, [di- 
+ rapio] 3 tr. tear asunder, tear in 
pieces; lay waste, ravage, pillage, 
plunder, ?vb. 

dis- or di-, inseparable prep, asunder, 
apart, away, in different directions ; 
between, among ; not, un- ; exceedingly, 
entirely, utterly. 

discedo, -cedere, -cessi, discessum, 
[dis- + c6do] 3 intr. go apart, separate, 
disperse; go away, withdraw, retire^ 
depart, leave. 

disceptatiS, -onis, [discept5] f . dispute, 
contention, discussion, debate. 

disceptator, -6ris, [discept5] m. um- 
pire, arbiter, judge. 



44 



VOCABULARY 



discepto, -are, -avi, -atum, [dis- + cap- 
to, strive to seize] 1 tr. decide, judge, 
arbitrate, sit as umpire; dispute, con- 
tend, debate, discuss. 

discerno, -cernere, -crevi, -cretum, 
[dis- + cerno] 3 tr. separate, divide, set 
apart; know apart, distinguish, dis- 
cern. 

discessio, -onis, [discedo] f. separation, 
division ; division , formal vote. 

discessus, -us, [discgdo] m. a going 
asunder, par 'ting; going away, depar- 
ture, removal, withdrawal. 

discidium, -I, [discindo, tear asunder] 
n. a parting, separation; disagreement, 
dissension, discord. 

disciplina, -ae, [for discipullna, from 
discipulus, learner] f. instruction, 
teaching, training, education; course of 
instruction; learning, culture, knowl- 
edge, science; discipline, skill. 

discipulus, -l, [disco] m. learner, scho- 
lar, student; pupil, disciple, follower. 

discludo, -cludere, -clusi, -clusum, 
[dis- + claudo] 3 tr. shut apart, keep 
apart, shut off, separate, divide. 

disco, discere, didici, — , [inch, of 

died] 3 tr. and intr. learn, acquire 
knciv ledge; learn to know, become ac- 
quainted with; learn to, learn hoiv to, 
with inf. 

discolor, -oris, [dis- + color] adj. of 
another color ; particolored, of different 
colors. 

discordia, -ae, [discors, discordant] f. 
disunion, discord, disagreement, dis- 
sension. 

discribo. -scribere, -scripsi, discrip- 
tum, [di- + scribo] 3 tr. distribute, 
divide off. apportion, assign. 

discrimen, -inis, [discerno] n. interven- 
ing space, interval, distance; division, 
separation; distinction, difference, dis- 
crimination; decision, decisive moment, 
turning point, critical moment, crisis; 
critical condition, danger, ?*isk, peril. 

disiunctio (dii-), -onis, [disiungo] f 

separation; alienation, estrangement. 



disiunctus (dii-), -a -urn, [pf.p. of dis- 
iungo] adj. separated, parted; distant, 
remote; separate, apart, different, dis- 
connected. 

disiungo (dii-), -iungere, -iunxi, 
-iunctum, [dis- + iungo] 3 tr. unyoke; 
disunite, separate, divide; part, 
estrange, alienate. 

dispergo, -spergere, -spersi, disper- 
sum, [di- + spargo] 3 tr. scatter, spread 
abroad, disperse. 

disperse, [dispersus, from dispergo] 
adv. here and there, in different places, 
occasionally. 

dispertio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, [dis-+par- 
tio] 4 tr. distribute, divide, apportion. 

displiceo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [dis- + pla- 
ces] 2 intr. displease, be unsatisfactory. 

disputo, -are, -avi, -atum [dis-+puto] 

1 tr. and intr. weigh, examine, invests 
gate; discuss, treat; argue, maintain, 
insist; dispute, controvert. 

dissemino, -are, -avi, -atum, [dis- + s6- 
mino, soiu] 1 tr. scatter broadcast, sow 
widely, spread abroad, scatter, dissemi- 
nate. 

dissensio, -onis, [dissentio] f. differ- 
ference of opinion, disagreement ; dis- 
sension, discord, strife. 

dissentio, -sentire, -sensi, dissensum, 
[dis- + sentio] 4 intr. differ in opinion, 
differ, disagree, dissent; be at variance, 
quarrel. 

dissideo, -sidere, -sedi, -sessum, [dis- 
+ sedeo] 2 intr. sit apart; be at vari- 
ance, disagree, differ; be unlike, be dis- 
similar. 

dissimilis, -e, [dis- + similis] adj. un- 
like, dissimilar, different. 

dissimilitudo, -inis, [dissimilis] f. 

unlikeness, dissimilarity, difference. 

dissimulo, -are, -avi, -atum, [dis- + 
simulo] 1 tr. and intr. dissemble, dis- 
guise the fact that, pretend not to; hide, 
conceal, keep secret. 

dissipo, -are, -avi, -atum, [dis- + supo, 

throw] 1 tr. scatter, disperse, rtrew; de- 
molish, destroy, squander; spread 
abroad, circulate, disseminate. 



discepto-do 



45 



dissolutio, -onis, [dissolvo] f. a dis- 
solving, dissolution; abolition, destruc- 
tion; looseness, effeminacy, dissolute- 
ness. 

dissolutus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of dissolvo] 
adj. loose; lax, negligent, remiss, care- 
less; profligate, dissolute, abandoned. 

dissolvo, -solvere, -solvl, dissolutum, 
[dis- + solvo], 3 tr. unloose, relax, lake 
apart, separate; discharge, pay; free 
from, debt; dissolve, abolish, annul, de- 
stroy; refute, answer. 

distineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentum, 
Ldis- + teneo] 2 tr. keep apart, separate; 
hold back, detain, put off, hinder, pre- 
vent, cut off; occupy, engage; divide, 
distract, perplex. 

distraho, -trahere, -traxl, distractum, 
[dis- + traho] 3 tr. pull asunder, tear 
in pieces; divide, distract, perplex; 
tear av:ay. part, separate; alienate, 
estrange. 

distribuo, -tribuere, -tribul, distribu- 
tion, [dis- + tribuo] 3 tr. divide off, 
apportion, assign, distribute. 

districtus, -a, -um, [pf.p of distringo] 
adj. hesitating, vacillating; distracted, 
harassed, busy. 

distringo, -stringere, -strinxi, -stric- 
tum, [dl- + stringo, stretch tight] 3 tr. 
stretch apart; distract the attention of. 
occupy. 

disturbs, -are, -avi, -atum, [dis- + 
turbo, make an uproar] 1 tr. drive 
asunder, throw into disorder, break up, 
disturb; ruin, frustrate, thwart. 

ditissimus, -a, -um, superl. of dives. 

diu, [cf. di6s] adv. for a long time, a 
long time, a long while, long ; too 
long. tarn diu, so long, quam diu, 
how long; as long as. diiitius, any 
longer, satis diu, long enough. 

diurnus, -a, -um, [for dius-nus, cf. 
di6s] adj. of the day, by day, daily. 

dius, -a, -um, [for divus, of a deity] adj. 
godlike, divine; frequently used as epi- 
thet of Jupiter in the oath, me" dius 
<medius^ fidius, = ita me dius (me- 
dius) fidius itivet, so help me the All- 



faithful One, by the god of truth, so 
help me God, by Heaven, as sure as I 
live. 

dititurnitas, -atis [dititurnus] t 

length of time, long duration, long con- 
tinuance. 

dititurnus, -a, -um, [diu] adj. of long 
duration, long-continued, long, pro- 
longed, lasting. 

divello, -vellere, -velli, divulsum, 
[dl- + vello, tear away] 3 tr. tear apart, 
rend asunder, tear in pieces; tear aivay, 
sever, part, separate, remove. 

diversus, -a, -um, [pf.p of diverto] adj. 
turned different wa?js; opposite, con- 
trary, conflicting; apart, separate, 
widely separated, distant, remote; dif- 
ferent, diverse, unlike, distinct. 

diverto, see deverto. 

dives, -itis, adj. rich, ivealthy, opulent; 
sumptuous, splendid, costly. 

divido, -videre, -visi, divisum, 3 tr. 

divide, part, separate; distribute, ar- 
range; apportion, share; break up, 
scatter; distinguish. 

divlnitus, [divlnus] adv. from heaven, 
by the gods, by divine influence, divine- 
ly, providentially, by inspiration. 

divlno, -are, -avi, -atum, [divlnus] l 

tr. foresee, divine; foretell, predict, pro- 
phesy; conjecture, expect, dread. 

divinus, -a, -um, [divus, of a deity] adj. 
of a god, divine; godlike, superhuman, 
more than human; religious, sacred; 
divinely inspired, prophetic. 

divisor, -oris, [cf. divido] m. one who 

distributes, distributer; one hired to 
bribe electors, agent for bribery. 

divisus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of divido] adj. 
divided, separated, distributed. 

divitiae, -arum, [dives] f. plur. riches, 
wealth, treasures. 

do, dare, dedi, datum, 1 tr. give, hand 
over, deliver ; present, make a present 
of, confer, bestow, award; grant, vouch- 
safe, concede; furnish, afford; give up, 
yield, resign, surrender, abandon ; for- 
give, spare ; put, place, cause, produce, 



4 6 



VOCABULARY 



excite ; impose, inflict, assign, appoint ; 
give expression to, announce; ascribe, 
attribute. poenas dare, suffer or 
undergo punishment, pay the penalty. 
operam dare, devote one's self, make 
an effort, take pains, take care. 

doceo, docere, docui, doctum, 2 tr. cause 
to know, inform, teach, instruct, train ; 
explain, show, convince, represent, state, 
tell. 

docilitas, -atis, [docilis, from doceo] f. 

teachableness \ docility. 

doctrina, -ae, [doceo] f. teaching, in- 
struction, training ; learning, erudi- 
tion, science. 

doctus, -a, -urn, [pf.p. of doceo] adj- 

learned, educated, cultivated ; trained, 
experienced, versed, skilled, skilful. 

documentum, -1, [doceo] n. lesson, ex- 
ample, ivarning; evidence, proof. 

Dolabella, -ae, m. a Roman cognomen 
or family name. Esp. Cn. Dolabella, 
proconsul of Cilicia 80 B.C., afterwards 
betrayed by his legatus Verres and con- 
demned for extortion. 

doleo, dolere, dolui, fut.part. doliturus, 
2 tr. and intr. feel pain, be in pain, suf- 
fer ; grieve, deplore, lament; be pained, 
feel hurt, be sorry; give pain, afflict. 

dolor, -oris, [doleo] m. pain, smart, 
pang; suffering, distress, grief, sorrow, 
anguish ; trouble, affliction, tvoe; vexa- 
tion, mortification, chagrin ; indigna- 
tion, anger, resentment, animosity. 

domesticus, -a, -um, [domus] adj. of 
the house; of one's home, of the family, 
household, at home ; domestic, private, 
personal, one's own; internal, intestine, 
civil. 

domicilium, -1, [domus] n. habitation, 
dwelling, abode ; dwelling-place, home, 
legal residence. 

domina, -ae, [dominus] f . she who rules, 
•mistress; dame, lady. 

dominatio, -onis, [dominor] f. rule, 
dominion, lordship ; tyranny, despo- 
tism; mastery, supremacy, control. 

dominor, -ari, -atus sum, [dominus] 

1 dep. be master, have dominion, be in 



power ; lord it ovei\ domineer ; be su- 
preme, reign, govern. 

dominus, -I, m. master, lord, possessor, 
owner; ruler, commander, chief; despot, 
tyrant. 

Domitius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or 
gentile name. Esp. L. Domitius Ah§- 
nobarbus, consul 54 b.c, presided 
(quaesitor) of the court that tried Milo. 

domitor, -oris, [domo] m. tamer, 
breaker ; subduer, vanquisher, con- 
queror. 

domo, -are, -ui, -itum, 1 tr. domesticate, 
tame, break, master ; subdue, overcome, 
conquer, reduce. 

domus, -us, f. household, family ; house, 
dwelling, residence, home. Loc' domi, 
at home. Ace. domum, homewards, 
home. Abl. domo, from home, domo 
exire, emigrate. 

donatio, -onis, [dono] f. a presenting, 
giving; gift, donation. 

dono, -are, -avl, -atum, [donum] 1 tr. 

give as a present, present, grant, bestow, 
confer; endow, invest; forgive, pardon. 
donum, -l, [do] n. gift, present ; gift to 
the gods, votive offering, sacrifice. 

dormio, -Ire, -Ivi, -Itum, 4 intr. sleep. 

Drusus, -I, m. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. M. Llvius Drusus, 
tribune 91 b.c, the reformer whose 
assassination helped to precipitate the 
Social War (90-88 b.c). 

dubitatio, -onis, [dubito] f . a wavering 
in opinion, hesitation; doubt, perplexity, 
uncertainty ; question ; hesitancy, irres- 
olution. 

dubito, -are, -avl, -atum, [dubius] 1 

tr. and intr. waver in opinion, be un- 
certain, be in doubt, be perplexed ; have 
doubts about, doubt, call in question, 
question; deliberate, consider; be ir- 
resolute, hesitate, delay. dubito an, 
lam inclined to think, perhaps. 
dubius, -a, -um, adj. wavering in opinion, 
undecided, uncertain, doubtful, dubious; 
precarious, critical, dangerous. du- 
bium est, it is doubtful, there is a 
doubt, non dubium est quin, there 



doceo— educo 



47 



is no doubt that, sine dubio, without 
a doubt, undoubtedly, beyond question, 
certainly. 

ducenti, -ae, -a, [duo + centum] num. 
adj. two hundred. 

diico, ducere, dtixi, ductum, 3 tr. lead, 
conduct, guide, direct; draw, bring, 
take cdong; lead away, drag off, aiTest; 
leadfoi^th, march; be leader of; inhale, 
drink in ; make, construct, erect ; de- 
duce, derive ; incite, induce, allure ; 
drag out. protract, prolong ; calculate, 
compute ; consider, regard. uxorem 
ducere, in matrimonium ducere, 
marry a woman. 

ductus, -us, [diico] m. a leading, con- 
ducting; lead, command, generalship. 

dudum, [diu. + dum] adv. a little ivhile 
ago, not long since, but now ; before, 
formerly, once. iam dudum, see 
iam. 

duint, for dent ; see do. 

dulcedo, -inis, [dulcis] f. sweetness; 
pleasantness, agreeableness, charm. 

dulcis, -e, adj. sweet; pleasant, agreeable, 
delightful, charming; dear, kind. 

dum, conj. while, so long as, all the time 
that ; ivhile yet, during; up to the time 
when, until, till; if only, provided only. 
dum modo, if only, provided only, if 
it be that, provided that. 

dummodo, see dum. 

dumtaxat, adv. to this extent, so far ; 

strictly speaking, simply, only, merely ; 

at least, at all events, at any rate. 
duo, -ae, -o, num. adj. two. 

duodecim, [duo + decern] % num. adj. 

indecl. twelve. 
duodecimus, -a, -um, [duodecim] num. 

adj. twelfth. 

duplico, -are, -avi, -atum, [duplex, 

twofold] 1 tr. double, increase twofold; 
repeat. 

dure, [durus] adv. hardly; stiffly, awk- 
wardly; harshly, roughly, sternly. 

durus, -a, -um, adj. hard; rough, rude, 
uncultivated; harsh, stern, unfeeling, 
pitiless, cruel, inexorable; oppressive, 
distressing, burdensome, adverse. 



duumviratus, -us, [duo + vir] m. du- 
umvirate, the office of duumvir, or chief 
executive in the municipia and colonies. 

dux, ducis, [cf. diico] c. leader, guide; 
master, adviser, counsellor; com- 
mander, chief; head, ringleader, pro- 
moter. 



6, see ex. 

ea, [abl. f. of is, sc. via] adv. on that 
side, that tvay, there. 

ebriosus, -a, -um, [ebrius] adj. given to 
drink, who is a toper or sot; drunk, 
intoxicated. 

ebrius, -a, -um, adj. drunk. 

ebur, -oris, n. ivory; works in ivory. 

ecce [ec- (cf. en, lo!) +-ce (cf. hie)] in- 
ter j . lo ! behold ! 

ecf-, see eff-. 

ecquis, ecquid, interrog. subst. pron. 
(adj. form ecqui, ecqua or ecquae, 
ecquod), is there anyone who, anything 
that. any. anybody, anyone, anything. 

eculeus (equu-), -I, [dim. of equus] in. 

little horse; torture-horse, rack. 

Sdico, -dicere, -dixi, edictum, [e + dico] 

3 tr. declare, make known, announce, 
proclaim, issue a proclamation; issue 
an edict, decree, order, ordain. 

gdictum, -I, [edico] n. proclamation, 
manifesto, edict, order. 

editus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of 6do] adj. ele- 
vated, raised, high, lofty. 

6do, edere, edidi, Sditum, [6 + do] 3tr. 
give out, }nd forth; raise, setup; bring 
forth, beget, produce; set forth, relate, 
tell, disclose, utter; declare, publish, 
jiroclaim, promulgate; show, display; 
perform, perpetrate, cause, inflict. 

edoceo, -docere, -docul, edoctum, [6 + 
doceo] 2 tr. teach thoroughly, instruct, 
infor))), show forth, show. 

educatio, -onis, [Sduco] f. a bringing 
up, rearing, training, education. 

ediico, -ducere, -diixl, eductum, [6 + 
diico] 3 tr. lead forth or away, lead out, 
draw out ox away, draw forth; march 



48 



VOCABULARY 



out, takeaway; bring, summon; bring 
up, rear. 

Sduco, -are, -avl, -atum, [e, cf. duco] 
1 tr. bring up, rear, train, educate. 

effeminatus, -a, -urn, [pf.p. of effe- 
mino] adj. womanish, effeminate, un- 
manly. 

effemino, -are, -avl, -atum, [ex + femi- 
na] 1 tr. make feminine; make effemi- 
nate, enervate, tveaken. 

effero (ecf-) elferre, extuli, elatum, [ex 
+ fero] irr. tr. carry out, bring out, take 
away, remove; carry out for burial, 
bear to the grave, bury; bring forth, 
bear, -produce; lift up, elevate, raise; 
exalt, laud, extol; set forth, spread 
abroad, publish, proclaim; carry away, 

9 transport; elate, puff up, inspire. 

efficio, -ficere, -feci, effectum, [ex + 
facio] 3 tr. work out, bring about, bring 
to pass, effect, cause, make, acco?nplisli ; 
produce, bear, yield; make out, show, 
prove. 

effigi§s, -61, [cf. effingo] f. copy, imita- 
tion, semblance, likeness, representation ; 
image, effigy; ideal, symbol. 

effingo, -fingere, -finxl, -fictum, [ex + 
fingo] 3 tr. form, mould; represent, 
portray. 

efflagito, -are, -avl, -atum, [ex + fla- 
gito] 1 tr. demand urgently, request 
earnestly, demand importunately, clam- 
or for, insist. 

efflo, -are, -avl, -atum, [ex + flo, blow] 
1 tr. and intr. blow out, breathe out. 

effrgnatg, [effrenatus] adv. unrestrain- 
edly, violently. 

effrenatus, -a, -um, [ex + frenatus, 
from fremo] adj. unbridled, unre- 
strained, ungoverned, uncontrolled. 

effugio (ecf-), -fugere, -fugi, , [ex + 

fugio] 3 tr. and intr. flee away, get 
away, escape; flee from, avoid, shun; 
escape the notice of. 

effugium, -l, [cf. effugio] n. a fleeing, 
flight, escape; way of escape, means of 
flight. 

effundo (ecf-), -fundere, -fudi, effu- 
sum [ex + fundo] 3 tr. pour out, pour 



Jorth, shed; lavish, squander; empty, 
exhaust; give uji, resign, abandon. 
effuse, [effusus] adv. far spread, far 
and wide; profusely, lavishly, extrava- 
gantly. 

effusus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of effundo] adj. 
poured out, spread out, extensive, vast; 
straggling, scattered, dispersed; unre- 
strained, profuse, lavish. 

egens, -entis, [pr.p. of egeo] adj. needy, 
in want, destitute, very poor. 

ege3, egere, egui, , 2 intr. be in 

ivant, be poor; be in want of, need, 
lack, want, be without, not to have, be 
destitute of. 

egestas, -atis, [egens] f. want, penury, 

need, poverty, destitution. 
ego, mel, pers. pron. I. PI. nos, gen. 

nostrum or nostri, we. 
egomet, [ego + met] pers. pron. emphatic 

form of ego, I myself. See -met. 
egredior, egredi, egressus sum, [e + 

gradior. go] 3 dep. go out, go forth, go 

aivay, depart; march out; disembark, 

land; go up, ascend; go beyond, pass 

out cf. 

egregig, [egregius] adv. excellently, 
sui^passingly , eminently, splendidly, 
singularly. 

egregius, -a, -um, [6 + grex] adj. ex- 
traordinary, out of the ordinary, un- 
common, remarkable; excellent, emi- 
nent, distinguished, very fine, noble. 

elcio, eicere, eieci, eiectum, [e" + ia- 
cio] 3 tr. cast out, thrust out, put out; 
drive forth, drive away, expel; drive 
into exile, banish. se eicere, rush 
out, rush forth. 

eiusmodi, or eius modi, [gen. sing of is 
modus] adj. phrase, of that kind, of 
such a kind, of such a character or 
nature, such. 

elabor, -labi, elapsus sum, [e + labor] 
3 dep. slip away, slip off, escape. 

elaboratus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of glaboro] 
adj. highly wrought, labored, elaborate. 

elaboro, -are, -avi, -atum, [e + laboro] 

1 tr. and intr. labor, strive diligently, 



educo— eques 



49 



struggle, make an effort, take pains ; 
take pains with, work out, elaborate. 

electus, -a, -urn, [pf.p. of eligo] adj. 
picked, select, choice, excellent. 

elegans, -antis, [for eligens, pr.p. of 
eligo] adj. accustomed to select, vice, 
fastidious ; select, choice, tasteful, fin- 
ished, elegant. 

elephantus, -I, m. elephant. 

elicio, elicere, elicul, elicitum, [e + 
lacio, entice] 3 tr. draw out, entice out, 
lure forth. 

eligo, eligere, elegi, electum, [e + lego] 

3 tr. pick out ; choose, select, single out. 

eloquentia, -ae, [eloquens, pr.p. of 
eloquor, speak out] f . eloquence. 

eludo, -ltidere, -lusi, eliisum, [e + ludo, 
play] 3 tr. andintr. stop playing ; parry, 
elude, escape, avoid, shun ; baffle, th wart, 
frustrate; delude, deceive; mock, make 
sport of. trifle with, insult. 

eluo, -luere, -lul, eliitum, [e + luo] 3 
tr. wash out; wash away, wash off, 
blot out, get rid of. 

gmano, -are, -avi, -atum, [e + mano] 

1 intr. flow out ; spring out. arise, ema- 
nate ; leak out, become known, spread 
abroad. 

ementior, -in, -itus sum, [e + mentior] 

4 dep. lie, make up a falsehood. falsify; 
feign, pretend. 

6mergo, -mergere, -mersi, emersum 
[e + mergo, immerse] 3 tr. and intr. 
bring forth, raise up ; come forth, come 
out of, emerge, rise ; extricate one's 
self , free one's self, get clear, escape. 

emigro, -are, -avi, , [6+migro, de- 
part] 1 intr. more, depart, emigrate. 

gmineo, -§re, -ul, , 2 intr. stand out, 

project ; be conspicuous, be prominent ; 
be eminent, distinguish one's self. 

emitto, -mittere, -misl, emissum, [e + 
mitto] 3 tr. send out, send forth ; drive 
out. expe 1 ; drive, cast, hurl; let out, lot 
loose, let go, let slip, allow to escape. 

emo, emere, emi, emptum, 3 tr. buy, 
purchase. 



emolument urn, -I, [cf. emolior, work 
out] n. gain, profit, advantage. 

emorior, -mori, -mortuus, [e + morior] 

3 dep. die off. die. 

emptio, -onis, [emo] f. a buying, pur- 
chase. 

emptor, -oris, [emo] m. a buyer, pur- 
chaser. 

enarro, -are, -avi, -atum, [e + narro] 
1 tr. recount in detail, explain fully, 
describe. 

enim, conj. postpositive, for ; as for in- 
stance, for instance, namely ; indeed, 
in fact, now really ; because, for natu- 
rally, for of course, but ; really, to be 
sure, of course. at enim, but you 
say, of an objection, neque enim, 
and yet... not, for of course... not. et 
enim, see etenim. 

enitor, eniti, enlxus or enisus sum, 
[e + nitor] 3 dep. struggle up or out, 
climb, ascend; exert one's self, make an 
effort, struggle, strive. 

Ennius, -1, m. a Roman nornen or gentile 
name, belonging to Quintus Ennius, 
the father of Roman poetry, born 240 

B.C. 

enumero, -are, -avi, -atum, [6 + 
numero] 1 tr. count up, count over, 
count out ; tell at length, set forth in 
detail, relate, describe. 

eo, ire, Ivl or ii, itum, irr. intr. go in 
any way (walk, ride, sail, etc.); go forth, 
depart; come; move on, march, advance, 
proceed, pass. 

eo, [is] adv. to that place, thither, there ; 
to that degree, so far, to such an extent, 
to such a point. 

eodem, [idem] adv. to the same place, 
there also ; in the same place. 

epigramma, -atis, [eniypanna] n. in- 
scription; epigram. 

epistula (epistola), -ae, [en-io-ToA*?] f. 
letter, epistle. 

eques, -itis, [equus] m. horseman, rider; 
cavalryman, trooper (plural, cavalry)', 
knight, member of the equestrian order 
ranking next below the senatorial order. 



50 



VOCABULARY 



magister equitum, see magister. 

See Appendix A, §§6, 7, and 8. 

equester, -tris, -tre, [eques] adj. of a 
horseman, equestrian. 

equidem, [inter j. e + quidem] adv. truly, 
certainly, indeed, at least, at all events, 
surely ; for my part, as far as I am 
concerned ; to be sure, of course, by all 
means. 

equitatus, -us, [equito] m. cavalry, 
horsemen. 

equito, -are, -avi, -atum, [eques] l 
intr. ride, be a horseman, serve in the 
cavalry. 

equus, -I, m. horse. 

grgctus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of grigo] adj. 
upright, elevated, high; roused, ani- 
mated, encouraged. 

erga, prep, with ace. towards, to, for, 
with respect to, in regard to. 

ergo, adv. therefore (more emphatic than 
igitur), consequently, accordingly, 
then; with preceding gen. in conse- 
quence of, because of, on account of, for 
the sake of. quid ergo, see quid. 

grigo, grigere, grexi, grgctum, [e + 
rego] 3 tr. set. up straight, raise up, 
elevate, erect ; stir up, rouse, excite ; 
animate, encourage, cheer. 

gripio, -ripere, -ripul, -reptum, [g+ra- 
pio] 3 tr. tear out, tear away, snatch 
away, wrest; rescue, save, set free, free; 
take away, deprive, rob. 

erratum, -l, [erro] n. error, mistake, 
fault. 

erro, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. and intr. 
wander, stray ; go astray, go wrong, 
mistake, make a mistake, err, be in 
error. 

orror, -5ris, [erro] m. a wandering, 
straying; doubt, uncertainty, ambi- 
guity; mistake, error, delusion. 

gructo, -are, , , [g + ructo, belch] 

1 tr. belch forth, throiv up, vomit. 

grudio, -ire, -Ivi, -Itum, [e+rudis] 4 tr. 

polish; educate, train, instruct, teach. 
gruditus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of grudio] adj. 



highly educated, learned, cultured; 
skilled, versed, accomplished. 

grumpo, -rumpere, -rupi, gruptum, [g 
+rumpo] 3 intr. and tr. break out, 
burst forth, sally forth, make a sally; 
be disclosed; hurl forth, pour forth, 
wreak. 

gscendo, -scendere, -scendi, gscgnsum, 
[g + SCandd, climb] 3 tr. and intr. climb 
up, mount, ascend; go up, come up. 

et, adv. and conj.: 

1. As adv. also, too, as well, besides. 

2. As conj. and. et. . . et, both. . . 
and. 

etenim, [et + enim] conj. for truly, for 
really, for naturally. 

etiam, [et + iam] adv. and conj. now too, 
even yet, even now, yet, still; and also, 
and furthermore, also, likewise, besides; 
and even, even. etiam atque etiam, 
again and again, over and over again, 
persistently, etiam si, even if, al- 
though, etiam nunc, even to this time, 
even now, still, etiam turn, even to 
that time, even then, still, quin etiam, 
see quin. 

etiam si, see etiam. 

Etruria, -ae, f • the country on the west- 
ern coast of Italy, north of Latinm and 
west of the Apennines. 

Etruscus, -a, -um, [cf. Etruria] adj. of 
Etruria, Etruscan, Etrurian. As 
subst. in plural, Etriisci, -orum, m. the 

Etruscans. 
etsl, [et + si] conj. even if, though, al- 
though, albeit. 

gvado, -vadere, -vasi, gvasum, [g+ 
vado, go] 3 tr. and intr. go out, come 
out, go forth; get away, get off, escape; 
turn out, come to, prove to be, end in. 

gvello, -vellere, -velli, gvolsus or gvul- 
sus, [g + vello, pull] 3 tr. tear out, 
pluck out, extract; root out, eradicate, 

erase. 

gvenio, -venire, -veni, gventum, [g + 
venio] 4 intr. come out; turnout, result, 
come toj>ass, happen, befall. 

gventus, -us, [gvenio] m. occurrence, 



equester— excogito 



51 



accident, event: fortune, fate, lot; out- 
come, issue, result. 
eversor, -oris, [everto] m. subverter, 
destroyer. 

everto, -vertere, -vertl, eversum, [6 + 
verto] 3 tr. overturn; overthrow, sub- 
vert, ruin, destroy; turn out, drive out. 
expel. 

evocator, -oris, [evoco] ni. summoner, 
recruiter, one who d? x u??is up. 

evocatus, -a, -urn, [pf.p. of evoco] adj. 
called out. As subst. in pi. evocatl, 
-orum, m. veterans, discharged from 
service, but again enlisted. 

evoco, -are, -avi, -atum, [e + voco] 1 tr. 

call out. all forth, summon, evoke; 
e ? icit. stir, raise. 

evolo, -are, -avi, -atum, [e + volo,fly] 
1 intr. fly out. fly away; rush forth, 
hasten out; escape, flee; ascend, rise. 

evomo, -vomere, -vomui, evomitum, 
[S +■ vomo, vomit] 3 tr. vomit forth, 
disgorge, cast out. expel; throw off, vent. 

ex, before consonants often e, prep, with 
abl. out of, from; of place, out -of , 
from ; of time, from, since, after ; 
of the whole from which a part is 
taken, from, of. out of. from among; of 
source or material, from, out of, of; of 
cause, from, in consequence of, on ac- 
count of. by reason of. by; of reference, 
according to. in accordance ivith, in 
pursuance of ; of other relations, from, 
by. with, in. on. ex aliqua parte, 
see pars. 

exaggero, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + ag- 
gero, bring'] 1 tr. heap up. pile up. ac- 
cumulate; amplify, magnify, exag- 
gerate. 

examino, -are, -avi, -atum, [examen, 
tongue of a balance] 1 tr. weigh; pon- 
der, consider; try. test, examine. 

exanimatus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of exani- 
m6] adj. out of breath, exhausted, un- 
nemed, prostrated, half dead. 

exanimo, -are, -avi, -atum,[exanimus, 
lifeless] 1 tr. put out of breath, fatigue, 

exhaust, wear out; deprive of life, Jail; 

tc??ify, unnerve, prostrate, stun. 



exardesco, -ere, exarsl, exarsum, [ex 
-f-ardesco, inch, of ardeo] 3 intr. blaze 
out, blaze up; break out, be inflamed, 
be kindled; be exasperated, become en- 
raged, rage. 

exaudio, -ire, -Ivi, -Itum, [ex + audio] 

4 tr. hear under difficulties, distinguish, 
hear. 
excedo, -cedere, -cessi, excessum, [ex 
-cedo] 3 tr. and intr. go out; leave, 
depart, withdraw, retire; go beyond, 
pass beyond, exceed, pass. 

excellens, -entis, [pr.p. of excello] adj. 
towering, eminent; prominent, sur- 
passing, superior, distinguished. 

excello, -cellere, , (excelsus), 3 tr. 

and intr. be eminent ; rise above, be su- 
perior, su7~pass, excel. 

excelsus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of excello] adj. 
elevated, high.lofty; commanding. noble. 
As subst. excelsum, -1, n. high posi- 
tion, elevation; height. 

excido, -cidere, excidi, — , [ex + cado] 

3 intr. /o/^ out. fall away ; slip out. es- 
cape ; pass away, disappear, be lost, 



excido, -cidere, -cidi, exclsum, [ex + 
caedo] 3 tr. cut out. cut off. hew down ; 
raze, demolish, destroy. 

excipio, -cipere, -cepi, exceptum, [ex 
+ capio] 3 tr. take out; release, exempt, 
except, make an exception of ; take up, 
receive, capture, take; catch up. inter- 
cept, obtain, be exposed to, incur, meet ; 
take up eagerly, listen to; follow, come 
next, succeed. 

excito, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of excio, 
call out] 1 tr. call forth, summon, rouse; 
raise up. revive; comfort, stimulate 
inspire; stir up, kindle, rouse, excite, 
incite. 

exclamo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + 
clamo] 1 tr. and intr. cry out. cry 
aloud, exclaim. 

excludo, -cliidere, -clusi, excltisum, 
[ex + claudo] 3 tr. shut out, exclude, 
cut off: except, hinder, prevent. 

excogito, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + 
cogito] 1 tr. think out. contrive, devise,, 
invent. 



52 



VOCABULAKY 



excolo, -colere, -colul, excultum, [ex 
+ coloj 3 tr. cultivate, improve, refine, 
ennoble. 

excrucio, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + 
crucio] 1 tr. torture, torment, rack ; 
distress, harass, trouble, afflict. 

excubiae, -arum, [cf. excubo, keep 
ivatch] f. pi. a lying out on guard, 
keeping ivatch ; ivatch, watchman, 
guards, sentinels. 

excursio, -onis, [excurro, run out] f. a 
running out; sally, onset, attack; raid, 
inroad, invasion, expedition. 

excusatio, -onis, [excuso] f. an excus- 
ing, excuse, plea. 

excuso, -are, -avi, -at am, [ex + causa] 

1 tr. excuse, make an excuse for ; allege 
in excuse, plead as an excuse, excuse 
one's self with. 

exemplum, -I, [cf. eximo] n. sample, 

specimen ; imitation, copy ; pattern, 
model; example, case, precedent; warn- 
ing, lesson; way, manner, kind. 

exeo, -Ire, -ii, -itum, [ex + eo] irr. intr. 
go out, go forth, go away, depart; with- 
draw, retire ; move out, march out ; 
come out, escape ; of lots, fall out, be 
drawn; of time, run out, end, expire. 

exerceo, -ercere, -ercul, exercitum, 
[ex + arceo] 2 tr. drive, keep busy, keep 
at work; engage busily, occupy, employ; 
train, discipline ; practise, follow, ex- 
ercise, administer; disturb, vex, harass, 
plague. 

exercitatio, -onis, [exercito] f. exercise, 
practice ; training, discipline, experi- 
ence. 

exercitatus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of exercito, 
freq. of exerceo] adj. practised, trained, 
disciplined; versed, experienced. 

exercitus, -us, [exerceo] m. a dis- 
ciplined body of men, army. 

exhaurio, -Ire, exhausi, exhaustum, 
[ex + haurio] 4 tr. draw out, drain of; 
take out, empty, exhaust ; take away, 
carry off. 

exhibeo, -ere, -ul, -itum, [ex + habeo] 

2 tr. hold out, tender, present, give up, 
produce; show, display, exhibit. 



exigo, -ere, exegl, exactum, [ex + ago] 

3 tr. drive out, thrust out, expel ; re- 
quire, demand, exact, collect ; spend, 
pass, finish, complete; examine, esti- 
mate, consider. 

exiguus, -a, -um, [cf. exigo] adj. exact; 

small, little, scanty, meagre; poor, petty \ 
mean, paltry. 

eximie, [eximius] adv. exceedingly, 
very much, uncommonly . 

eximius, -a, -um, [eximo] adj. taken 
out, excepted ; select, choice, distin- 
guished, excellent ; exceptional, extra- 
ordinary, uncommon, remarkable. 

eximo, -imere, -emi, exemptum, [ex + 

emo] 3 tr. take out, take off, take away, 
remove; free, release, deliver. 

exlstimatio, -onis, [existimo] f. judg- 
ment, opinion, estimate, decision, ver- 
dict; reputation, good name, honor. 

existimator, -oris, [existimo] m. ap- 
praiser, judge. 

existimo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + 
aestimo] 1 tr. estimate, reckon ; ap- . 
predate, esteem; think, suppose, believe; 
consider, regard, judge. 

exitiosus, -a, -um, [exitium] adj. de- 
structive, ruinous, pernicious, deadly. 

exitium, -I, [exeo] n. destruction, ruin ; 
hurt, mischief. 

exitus, -us, [exeo] m. a going out, exit, 
departure ; way out, outlet, passage ; 
end, close, conclusion ; end of life, death ; 
issue, insult, event. 

exoletus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of exolesco, 

grow up] adj. full grown, mature. As 
subst. exoletus, -I, m. an abandoned 
youth, young debauchee. 

exopto, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + opto] 

1 tr. wish earnestly, desire greatly, long 
for. 

exorior, -Irl, exortus sum, [ex + orior] 

4 (and 3), dep. spiking up, rise up, ap- 
pear; take origin, arise, be caused. 

exorno, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + orno] 

1 tr. fit out, equip, furnish, supply, pro- 
vide ; deck out, array, adorn, embel- 
lish. 



excolo— exspectatio 



53 



exoro, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + oro] l tr. 
and intr. persuade by entreaty, prevail 

upon, induce. 

exorsus, -us, [ex3rdior, begin] m. be- 
ginning, commencement. 

expedio, -ire, -Ivi, -Itum, [ex + pes] 4 

tr. extricate, disencumber, let loose, set 
free, free ; bring out, get ready, pre- 
pare ; arrange, set to rights, adjust, 
settle; be advantageous, be profitable, be 
expedient. 

expeditus, -a, -urn, [pf.p. of expedio] 
adj. unfettered, unimpeded, unencum- 
bered ; free, unembarrassed, easy, 
prompt; ready, convenient. 

expello, -pellere, -pull, expulsum, [ex 
+ pello] 3 tr. d? ive out, thmst out, cast 
forth, expel, banish. 

experior, -Irl, expertus sum, 4 dep. try, 
prove, test, find from experience, learn. 

expers, -tis, [ex + pars] adj. having no 
part In; destitute of, devoid of, free 
from, without. 

expeto, -ere, -Ivi, -itum, [ex + peto] 3 

Tr. seek after, aim at, strive for ; ask 
earnestly, demand ; wish, desire, long 
for. 

expilo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + pilo] l 

tr. pillage, plunder, rob. 

expio, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + pio, pro- 
pitiate] 1 tr. atone for, purify, expiate; 
make amends, make good, compensate. 

expleo, -ere, -evi, -etum, [ex, cf. ple- 
nus] 2 tr. fill up, fill full, fill; make up, 
complete, finish ; satiate, satisfy, ap- 
pease; fulfil, discharge, do. 

explico, -are, -avi or -ui, -atum or 
-itum, [ex + plico, fold] l tr. unfold, 
undo; disclose, display ; disentangle, set 
free, release; explain, set forth, express. 

exploratus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of exploro] 
adj. ascertained, settled, certain, as- 
sured, sure. 

exploro, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + ploro, 

cry out] 1 tr. search out, seek to discover, 
investigate, explore ; spy out, recon- 
noitre, examine. 

expono, -ponere, -posui, expositum, 
[ex + pono] 3 tr. pvt r»,f. set out ; land. 



disembark ; exhibit, expose ; set forth, 
relate, explain. 

exporto, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + porto] 

1 tr. carry out, bring out, carry away ; 
send away, export. 

exposco, -poscere, -poposci, , [ex + 

posco] 3 tr. ask earnestly, request, ben, 
implore, demand. 

exprimo, -ere, expressi, expressum, 
[ex + premo] 3 tr. press out, force out ; 
wring out, elicit, wrest from, extort ; 
represent, jiortray, describe, express. 

expromo, -ere, exprompsi, expromp- 
tum, [ex + promo] 3 tr. show forth, ex- 
hibit, display ; utter, declare, state. 

exptignatio, -onis, [expugno] f- a tak- 
ing by storm, storming. 

exptigno, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + 
pugno] 1 tr. take by storm, storm,, 
capture. 

exquiro, -quirere, -quisivi, exquisi- 
tum, [ex + quaero] 3 tr. search out. 
seek diligently; inquire into .inquire, ask. 

exsanguis, -e, [ex + sanguis] adj. with- 
out blood, bloodless, lifeless, nerveless. 

exscindo, -scindere, -scidi, exscissum, 
[ex + scindo, cut] 3 tr. extirpate, an- 
nihilate, destroy. 

exsecratio, -onis, [exsecror, curse] f. 
execration, curse; oath, imprecation. 

exsequiae, -arum, [exsequor, follow to 
the grave] f. pi. funeral procession ; 
funeral rites or obsequies. 

exsilio, -Ire, exsilui, , [ex + salio, 

leap] 4 intr. spring up, jump up, start 
up. 

exsilium, -i, [exsulj a. exile. 

exsisto, -sistere, -stiti, exstitum, [ex 
+ sisto] 3 intr. stand out, come forth; 
grow out, arise, spring, be produced, 
ensue ; become, come to be, turn into ; 
appear, be visible, be manifest; exist, be. 

exsolvo, -solvere, -solvi, exsolutum, 
[ex + solvo] 3 tr.unloose, release, deliver; 
free, set free; discharge, pay. 

exspectatio <exp-), -onis, [exspectoj 
f. an aivaiiing, expecting, expectation, 
anticipation; longing for, desire. 



54 



VOCABULARY 



exspecto (exp-), -are, -avi, -atum, [ex 

+ specto] 1 tr. look out for, wait for, 
await • wait, wait to see ; expect, an- 
ticipate ; long for, desire; apprehend, 
dread. 

exspolio, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + 
spolio] 1 tr. strip of, despoil, rob ; pil- 



exstinctor, -oris, [cf. exstinguo] m. 

extinguisher; destroyer, suppresser. 

exstinguo (ext-), -ere, exstinxi, ex- 
stinctum, [ex + stinguo, quench] 3 tr. 
put out, extinguish ; kill, destroy ; put 
an end to, abolish, blot out, destroy, 
annihilate. 

exsto, -stare, , — , [ex+sto] 1 intr. 

stand out, stand forth ; appear, be 
found, be extant, exist. 

exstructio, -onis, [exstruo] f. a build- 
ing up, erecting, structure. 

exstruo, -ere, exstruxi, exstructum, 
[ex + struo, heap up] 3 tr. heap up, pile 
up; build up, rear, erect, construct. 

exsul (exul), -ulis, c. exile. 

exsulo (exulo), -are, -avi, -atum, [ex- 
sul] 1 intr. be an exile, be in exile, live 
in exile. 

exsulto (exulto), -are, -avi, -atum, 
[freq. of exsilio] 1 intr. leap up; exult, 
rejoice, delight in, revel. 

extenuo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + tenuo, 

make thin] 1 tr. make small or thin ; 
diminish, lessen, extenuate ; belittle, de- 
tract from, disparage. 

exter or exterus, -tera, -terum, [ex] 
adj. used only in pi. on the outside, 
outer, outward ; foreign, strange. See 
extremus, -a, -um. 

extermino, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + 
terminus] 1 tr. drive out or away, ex- 
pel, drive into exile, banish ; put aside, 
remove. 

externus, -a, -um, [exter] adj. outward, 
outside, external; foreign, strange. 

extimesco, -ere, extimui, — , [ex + 
timesco, inch, of timeo] 3 tr. and intr. 
be greatly afraid, fear greatly, await 
with fear, dread ; show fear. 



extollo, -ere, — , — , [ex+tollo] 3 tr. 

lift up, raise up, elevate; extol, laud, 
exalt. 

extorqueo, -torquere, -torsi, extor- 
tum, [ex + torqueo, twist] 2 tr. wrench 
out, wrest out or away; force from, ex- 
tort, obtain by force. 

extra, [exter] adv. and prep. : 

1. As adv. on the outside, without. 

2. As prep, with ace. outside of, with- 
out, beyond ; apart from, aside 
from, except. extra causam, 
outside of the case, apart from the 

question involved. 



extraho, -trahere, -traxi, extractum, 
[ex + traho] 3tr. draiv out, drag out; 
protract, prolong. 

extremus, -a, -um, [superl. of exter] 
adj. outermost, uttermost, farthest; 
latest, last, last part of, end of; utmost, 
greatest, extreme. As subst. exte- 
rnum, -i, n. end; last degree, extreme. 

exuo, -uere, -ui, -utum, 3 tr. draw out, 
pull off, put off, divest; strip, despoil; 
lay aside, cast off. 

exuro, -urere, -ussi, exustum, [ex + 
uro, burn] 3 tr. bum up, burn doivn, 
consume. 

exuviae, -arum, [exuo] f. pi. clothing, 
equipments, arms ; spoils, trophies ; lit. 
things stripped off. 



Fabianus, -a, -um, adj. of Fabius, Fa- 
bian. 

Fabricius, -i, m-. a Roman nomen or 
gentile name. Esp. Q, Fabricius, trib- 
une e.g. 57, who favored Cicero's re- 
call from exile. 

fabula, -ae, f. tale, story, fable; drama, 
play. 

facete, [facetus,./m<l gracefully, neatly; 
wittily, humorously, facetiously. 

facile, [facilis] adv. easily, with ease, 
conveniently, without difficulty; read- 
ily, willingly, promptly. 



exspectS— fascis 



55 



facilis, -e, [facio] adj. easy to do, easy, 
not difficult; good-natured, accessible, 
willing, courteous, affable; favorable, 
prosperous. 

facilitaf*, -atis, [facilis] f. ease, readi- 
ness, facility; good-nature, accessibility, 
ivillingness; easy manners, courteous- 
ness, affability. 

facinorosus, -a, -um, [facinus] adj. 
criminal, villancus, vicious. As subst. 
facinorosus, -l, m. criminal, male- 
factor. 

facinus, -oris, [cf. facio] n. deed, act, 
action; bad deed, misdeed, deed of 
crime, crime, criminal conduct, out- 
rage, villany. 

facio, facer e, feci, factum, 3 far. and intr. 

make, fashion, build; construct, com- 
pose; do, perform, carry on, execute; 
pmduce, cause, occasion, bring about; 
see to it, tale care; render, give, grant, 
confer; obtain, gain, accumulate; incur, 
suffer; celebrate, hold, conduct; assume, 
admit; choose, appoint; make of , value, 
esteem, regard. verbum or verba 
facere, speak. See fi5. 

.factum, -l, [facio] n. deed, act, exploit, 
achievement. 

\ facultas, -atis, [facilis] f. capability, 
ability, skill; means, resources, power, 
opportunity, possibility; abundance, 
supply ) stock; goods, inches, property. 

Faesulae, -arum, f. pi. modern Fiesole, 
a city of Etruria, headquarters of Cati- 
line's forces. 

Faesulanus, -a, -um, adj. of Faesulae. 
Faesulan. 

falcarius, -I, [falx] m. sickle-maker, 
scythe-maker. 

Falcidius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. C. Falcidius, a trib- 
une. 

fallax, -acis, [fallo] adj. deceitful, decep- 
tive, fallacious. 

fallo, fallere, fefelli, falsum, 3 tr. and 
intr. deceive, trick, dupe, cheat; fail, 
disapiwint; violate, break, betray; es- 
cape one's notice-, re?nain undiscovered, 



elude; pass, often, be deceived, deceive 
one's self, be inistaken, be wrong, err. 

falso, [falsus] adv. falsely, unfaithfully, 
untruly, erroneously. 

falsus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of fallo] adj. de- 
ceptive, delusive, misleading, unfound- 
ed; feigned, pretended; spurious, false, 
undeserved. 

falx, falcis, f. curved blade; sickle, 
scythe, bill-hook. 

fama, -ae, [for, speak] f . report, rumor, 
conunon talk, saying, tradition; public 
opinion, the popular voice; fame, re- 
nown; fair fame, good repute, reputa- 
tion. 

fames, -is, f. hunger; 7cant, famine, 
starvation. 

familia, -ae, [famulus, servant] f. the 
slaves in a household, family servants, 
domestics; household, family; family 
connection, kindred; estate, family 
property. Old gen. familias, frequent 
with pater and mater : pater famili- 
as, master of a household, householder, 
head of a family, father; mater fa- 
milias, mistress of a household, ma- 
tron, mother. 

familiaris, -e, [familia] adj. of a house- 
hold, belonging to a family, household, 
family, private; familiar, intimate, 
friendly. rSs familiaris, family 
property, estate. As subst. familiaris, 
-is, m. intimate friend, friend, com- 
panion. 

familiaritas, -atis, [familiaris] f. fa- 
miliarity, intimacy, friendsh ip, friend- 
ly relations. 

familiariter, [familiaris] adv. famil- 
iarly, intimately, on intimate terms. 

fanum, -I, [cf. for, speak] n. shrine, 
sanctua?*y, temple. 

fas, found only in nom. and ace. sing. 
[for, speak] divine law, the dictates of 
religion; Hght according to divine law 
or conscience, justice, equity. fas 
est, it is lawful, it is right or p?vper, 
it isperjrdtted or allowed. 

fascis, -is, m. bundle, fagot ; in plur. the 
fasces, the bundle of rods with an axe, 



56 



VOCABULARY 



carried before the highest magistrates as 
an emblem of authority. 

fastidio, -Ire, -IvI, -Itum, [fastldium, 

nausea] 4 tr. and intr. feel disgust, 
loathe, shrink, take offence; be disdain- 
ful, disdain, despise, scorn; be critical. 

fastus, -a, -urn, [fas] adj. business or 
court day (with dies or absolutely as 
subst. in m.); more commonly as subst. 
fasti, -orum, m. pi. • calendar, alma- 
nac, an enumeration of all the days of 
the year, with their festivals, magis- 
trates, events, etc. 

fatalis, -e, [fatum] adj. of 'fate, ordained 
or decreed by fate, fated, destined; fatal, 
destructive, deadly, dangerous. 

fateor, fat Sri, fassus sum, [for, speak] 
2 dep. confess, acknowledge, own, ad- 
mit, grant. 

fatum, -I, [for, speak] n. utterance (pro- 
phetic), prophecy, oracle; destiny, fate, 
doom, lot; badfoi % tune, ill fate, fatality, 
calamity, destructive, ruin; death. 
fata Sibyllina, see Sibylllnus. 

fauces, -ium, f '.pi. pharynx, gullet, throat ; 
the jaws; narrow inlet, entrance, defile, 
pass. 

fautor, -oris, [faveo] m. favorer, par- 
tisan, promoter, patron. 

faveo, favere, favi, fautum, 2 intr. be 
favorable, be well disposed, be propitious, 
favor; be kind to, befriend, promote, 
'protect. 

Favonius, -I, [faveo] m. the west wind. 
Also a Roman nomen or gentile name. 
Esp. M. Favonius, an admirer and 
imitator of the upright Cato Uticensis, 
and opponent of Clodius. 

fax, facis, [cf. facio] f. torch, firebrand; 
fiery meteor, ball of fire, shooting star, 
comet; fire, flame, incitement, stimulus; 
cause of ruin, destruction. 

febris, -is, i. fever. 

Februarius, -a, -um, [februa, expiatory 
rites] adj. of February, February. 

fellcitas, -atis, [fellx] f . good fortune, 
good luck ; happiness, felicity. 

fellciter, [fellx] adv. fortunately, au- 
spiciously ; happily, successfully. 



fellx, -Ids, adj. fruitful; projntious, 
favorable ; fortunate, lucky, prosperous. 

femina, -ae, f . woman. 

fera, -ae, [ferus] f. wild beast, wild 
animal. 

fere, adv. quite, entirely ; usually, in 
general, generally, for the most part, 
almost always ; almost, nearly, well- 
nigh, about ; with negatives, hardly, 
scarcely. 

fero, ferre, tull, latum, in*, tr. and intr. 

bear, carry; bring, lead, conduct ; bear 
aivay, carry off, win, take, get, obtain ; 
bring forth, produce, yield ; prompt, 
impel, urge, carry aivay ; tolerate, put 
up tvith, stand, suffer, endure; disclose, 
show, exhibit ; report, relate, tell, say, 
celebrate ; require, demand, allow, per- 
mit ; of votes, cast, give in, record ; of 
a law or resolution, bHng forward, 
move, propose, promote ; pass, and re- 
flex, often, be borne, betake one's self, 
proceed, hasten, rush. ferre gravi- 
ter, ferre moleste, take it ill, be an- 
noyed, be vexed, ferre indlgne, feel 
indignant, prae se ferre, profess, 
show, display, boast, make no secret of. 
sententiam ferre, cast a vote, ferunt, 
they say, or fertur, feruntur, it is 
said, it is reported. 

ferocitas, -atis, [ferox, wild] f. xvild- 
ness, fierceness; courage, spirit; savage- 
ness, fury, ferocity. 

f err amentum, -I, [ferrum] n. imple- 
ment of iron, tool, weapon. 

ferreus, -a, -um, [ferrum] adj. made 
of iron, of iron, iron ; hard, hard- 
hearted, unfeeling, cruel. 

ferrum, -I, n. iron ; iron implement, 
sword, axe; the sword, a symbol of war 
or destruction. 

fertilis, -e, [fero] adj. fertile, fruitful, 
productive. 

ferus, -a, -um, adj. wild, untamed ; sav- 
age, barbarous, fierce, cruel; uncul- 
tivated, rude. 

festinatio, -onis, [festino, hasten] f. a 
hastening ; haste, hurry, despatch^ 
sj)eed. 



fastidio— flecto 



5/ 



flstus, -a, -urn, adj. of holiday*, festal, 
solemn; festive, joyful, merry. 

fictus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of fingo] adj. 
f tig aed, false, fictitious, Imaginary. 

fidelis, -e, [fides] adj. that may be 
trusted, trusty, faithful, true ; trust- 
worthy, reliable, safe. 

fides, fidei, [fido] f. trust, faith, confi- 
dence, reliance, credence, belief; as a 
mercantile term, credit; trustworthi- 
ness, fidelity, good faith, honesty, 
honor ; credibility ; promise, engage- 
ment, word ; promise of protection, 
pledge of safety, assurance, guaranty, 
protection. 

fidius, -I, [fides] m. the god of faith, the 
All-faithful One, a surname of Jupiter, 
me dlus (medius) fidius, see dius. 

fido, fldeie, fisus sum, 3 semi-dep. 
trust, hare confidence in, rely upon ; 
put confidence in, confide. 

flducia, -ae, [fidus] f. trust, confidence, 
reliance ; sef -confidence, courage, bold- 
ness. 

fidus, -a, -um, [fido] trusty, trustworthy, 
faithful; credible. 

figo, figere, fixi, fixum, 3 tr. fix, fasten, 

attach, set, place; drive, plunge, nail. 

figura, -ae, [cf. fingo] f. form, shape, 
figure. 

filia, -ae, [filius] f. daughter. 

filius, -i, m. son. 

fingo, fingere, finxi, fictum, 3 tr. touch 
gently, handle ; form, fashion, mould, 
model, shape; compose, make; represent 
in thought, sketch out, imagine, suppose, 
think ; contrive, devise, invent ; feign, 
pre tend. 

finis, -is, ni. boundary, limit, border; 
end. termination, close, stop; in plur. 
borders, territory, land, country, quern 
ad finem, to what lengths, how far. 

finitimus i-tumus>, -a, -um, [finis] 
adj. bordering on, on the borders of, 
neighboring, neighbors of, adjoining, 
adjacent. 

f 15, fieri, factus sum, in*, used as passive 
of facio, which see, and intr. become ; 



happen, occur, <vmc to pa**, result, b? 
the case. 

firmamentum, -i,[firmo] n.« strengthen- 
ing; support, pi op, stay, corner-stone 

firmo, -are, -avi, -atum, [firmus] 1 f r. 

make firm or strong, strengthen, rein- 
force, fortify, secure, sustain ; encour 
age, reassure, animate ; confirm, estah- 
lish, prove, show, declare. 

firmus, -a, -um, adj. strong, powerful ; 
firm, fast, steadfast, trusty, true, faith- 
ful. 

fiscus, -i, m. wicker basket ; money-bag, 
purse; state treasury, public revenues. 

Flaccus, -i, m. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. : 

1. M. Fulvius Flaccus, see Fui- 
vius. 

2. L. Flaccus, praetor 63 B.C. 

3. L. Valerius Flaccus, consul with 
Marius 100 b.c, taking an active 
part in suppressing the insurrection 
of Satu minus. 

flagitiose, [flagitiosus] adv. shame- 
fully, basely, infamously. 

flagitiosus, -a, -um, [flagitium] adj. 
shameful, disgraceful, base, infamous ; 
profligate, dissolute. 

flagitium, -i, [cf. flagito] n. deed of 
passion, disgraceful deed, shameful act, 
outrage; burning shame, shame, dis- 
grace. 

flagito, -are, -avi, -atum, [cf. flagro] 

1 tr. ask with eagerness, entreat, ei"y 
for, demand urgently, require ; press 
earnestly, importune. 

flagro, -are, -avi, -atum, l intr. blaze, 
bum, flame, glow; be inflamed, be on 
fire, be excited, be stirred ; be consumed 
in afire of, suffer. 

flamen, -inis, [cf. flagro] m. one who 
burns offerings ; priest of a particular 
divinity, flamen. 

flamma, -ae, f. blazing fire, fire, blaze, 
flume ; fire of love, flame of passion ; 
glow, rage, passion, wrath; devouHng 
flame, destructive fire, danger, ruin. 

flecto, flectere, flexi, flexum, 3 tr. and 

intr. bend, turn, In in round, direct; 



58 



VOCABULARY 



sway, change; change the mind of, 
prevail upon, persuade, move, influence; 
soften, appease. 

fleo, flere, flevi, fletum, 2 tr. and intr. 
weep, cry, be in tears, wail ; weep for, 
lament, bewail. 

fletus, -us, [fleo] m. weeping, crying, 
lamentation, tears. 

flexibilis, -e, [flecto] &&j. pliant, flexible; 
yielding, tractable; inconstant, change- 
able. 

florens, -entis, [pr.p. of floreo] adj. 

blooming ', flowering \ in bloom; flourish- 
ing, prosperous, in the prime, highly 
favored, successful, distinguisJied. 

floreo, -ere, -ui, , [flos] 2 intr. bloom, 

blossom; flourish, prosper, be prosperous; 
be eminent, be distinguisJied.- 

floresco, -ere, , , [inch, of floreo] 

3 intr. begin to bloom, blossom ; begin to 
flourish, rise, be distinguished. 

flos, floris, m. blossom, flower ; bloom, 
freshness, pHme, promise, crown, orna- 
ment. 

fluctuo, -are, -avi, -atum, [fluctus] 1 

intr. move in waves, undulate, be tossed 
on the waves; waver, hesitate, vacillate. 

fluctus, -us, [cf. fluo] m. flood, tide, 
wave, billow; turbulence, commotion. 

fluito, -are, -avi, , [freq. of fluo] 1 

intr. float, drift, swim, sail about, flow. 

flumen, -inis, [fluo] n. a flowing ; flow- 
ing stream, river; flow, fluency, flood. 

fluo, fluere, fluxl, (fluxus), 3intr. ^to ; 

pass away, fall away, vanish. 
focus, -1, m. fire-place, health ; fireside, 

home, family. 

foederatus, -a, -urn, [cf . foedus, subst.] 
adj. leagued, allied, confederate. 

foedus, -a, -um, adj. foul, filthy, loath- 
some, repulsive, horrible ; ugly, un- 
seemly, disgraceful, shameful; vile, base, 
infamous. 

foedus, -eris, [cf. fido] n. league, treaty, 
compact, alliance; covenant, agreement, 
contract ; conditions cf a treaty or con- 
tract, stipulation. 



fons, fontis, m. spring, fountain, well,; 
fountain-head, source, origin, cause. 

for as, [cf. foris, door] adv. out of doors, 
out, forth, away. 

fore, see sum. 

forensis, -e, [forum] adj. of the market, 
of the Forum, in the Forum ; forensic, 
public, of daily life, ordinary. 

foris, [cf . foris, doo?'] adv. of place where, 
out of doors, without, abroad; in public 
life; from without. 

forma, -ae, f . form, shape, appearance, 
features, looks ; figure, image, likeness ; 
nature, manner, kind. 

formido, -inis, f. fear, terror, dread, 
awe. 

formidolosus, -a, -um, [formido] adj. 
dreadful, fearful, terrible, terrific. 

fors, fortis, f. chance, luck, accident. 

forsitan, [fors sit an] adv. perhaps, per- 
chance, it may be, possibly. 

fortasse, [for fortassis = forte an si vis] 
adv. perhaps, perchance, it may be, 



forte, [abl. of fors] adv. by chance, by 
accident, casually, accidentally; per- 
haps, perchance. 

fortis, -e, adj. strong, powerful; vigorous, 
firm, steadfast ; sturdy, stout, staunch, 
brave, of courage, bold, fearless, daunt- 
less, valiant, manly ; spirited, im- 
petuous. 

fortiter, [fortis] adv. strongly; bravely, 
boldly, with courage, valiantly, in- 
trepidly, manfully ; steadily > firmly. 
See fortis. 

fortitudo, -inis, [fortis] n. strength; 
courage, bravery, intrepidity ; fortitude, 
firmness, steadiness. See fortis. 

fortuna, -ae, [fors] f. chance, luck, fate, 
fortune ; position, rank, condition, lot, 
circumstances; good luck, good fortune, 
prosperity, success ; ill-fortune ; posses- 
sions, property ; personified, Goddess 
of Fortune, Fortune. 

fortunatus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of forttino, 

prosper] adj. prospered, prosperous, 
fortunate, lucky, happy. 



fled— fugito 



59 



forum, -i, n. market place, forum ; the 
Forum, a large open area, in which 
public meetings were held and judicial 
and commercial business was transacted, 
surrounded by public buildings, courts 
of justice, state offices, places of wor- 
ship, as well as colonnades of one or 
more stories in which bankers, mer- 
chants, and tradesmen had their places 
of business. Forum Aurelium, see 
Aurelius. 

fragilis, -e, [cf. frango] adj. easily 
broken, fragile ; weak, frail, delicate ; 
fickle, transitory. 

fragilitas, -atis, [fragilis] f. weakness, 
frailty. 

frango, frangere, fregl, fractum, 3 tr. 

break, break in pieces, dash to pieces, 
shatter; break down, dishearten, sub- 
due, overcome, crush ; break the force 
of, weaken, soften. 

frater, -tris, m. brother. 

fraterne, [frater] adv. in a brotherly 
manner, like a brother, affectionately. 

fraternus, -a, -um, [frater] adj. of a 
brother, brotherly, fraternal. 

fraudatio, -onis, [fraudo] f. cheating, 
deceit, deception, fraud. 

fraudo, -are, -avi, -atum, [fraus] l tr. 
cheat, defraud; steal, embezzle. 

fraus, fraudis, f. cheating, deceit, fraud, 
treachery; crime; delusion, mistake; 
injury, harm, damage. 

fremitus, -us, [fremo, roar] m. confused 
noise, murmuring, roaring, din, Imid 
noise. 

freno, -are, -avi, -atum, [frenum] l tr. 

bridle, curb, check ; hold in check, re- 
strain. 

fr6num, -I, n. in pi. usually m. bridle; 
curb, check, restraint. 

frequgns, -entis, adj. often, repeated, 
regular ; frequent, common, usual ; in 
great numbers, in crowds, crowded, 
full; translated as adv. of time, often, 
frequently. 

frequenter, I frequgns] adv. often, fre- 
quently; in great numbers, by many. 



frequentia, -ae, [frequens] f. assembly 

in great numbers, numerous attend- 
ance, concourse; great numbers, multi- 
tude, crowd, throng. 

frequento, -are, -avi, -atum, [fre- 
quens] 1 tr. and intr. visit frequently 
or of ten, frequent, resort to; assemble in 
throngs, crowd together; celebrate. 

fretus, -a, -um, adj. leaning upon, sup- 
ported by, relying on; depending, trust- 
ing, confident. 

frigus, -oris, n. cold, coolness, chilliness. 

frons, frontis, f. forehead, broic; face, 
expression, look; forepart, front, van. 

fructus, -us, [cf. fruor] m. enjoyment, 

pleasure, delight; produce, fruit , crops; 
proceeds, yield, income, profit; conse- 
quence, fruits, advantages, return, re- 
ward, friictui esse, be an advan- 
tage, be profitable. 

frugalitas, -atis, f. economy, thrift, fru- 
gality; worth, excellence. 

frumentarius, -a, -um, [frumentum] 

adj. of corn, of grain, of provisions, 
grain-. r6s frtimentaria, grain sup- 
ply, provisions, grain. 

frumentum, -l, [fruor] n. com, grain. 

fruor, frui, fructus sum, 3 dep. enjoy, 
take pleasure in, delight in; reap the 
fruits or benefits of. 

frustra, [fraus] adv. in error; without 
effect, to no purpose, uselessly, in vain, 
for nothing; without reason, ground- 



frux, frtigis, [cf. fruor] f. fruit, produce. 
fuga, -ae, [cf. fugio] f. a fleeing, flight; 

exile, banishment; escape, avoidance, 

shunning. 

fugio, fugere, fugl, fugitum, 3 tr. and 
intr. flee, fly, take to flight, make Off; 
avoid, shun; escape the notice of; -es- 
cape, elude. 

fugitivus, -a, -um, [fugi5] adj. fugi- 
tive, runaway. As subst. fugitivus, 
-1, m. fugitive, runaway slave, deserter. 

fugito, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of 
fugio] 1 tr. and \\Wx.flee eagerly, flee in 
ha^ie, fly from; avoid, shun. 



6o 



VOCABULARY 



Fulcinius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or 
gentile name. Esp. C. Fulcinius, a 
Roman envoy slain by Lars Tolinnnius, 
king of the Veientes. 

fulge5, fulgere, fulsi, — ,2 intr. flash, 
lighten; gleam, glisten, glitter, shine. 

fulmen, -inis, [fulgeo] n. lightning 
Jlash, stroke of lightning, thunderbolt. 

FulvillS, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp.: 

1. M. Fulvius Flaccus, consul 125 
B.C., grandfather of L. Caesar, and 
partisan of the Gracchi. 

2. M. Fulvius Nobilior, consul 189 
B.C., a patron of the poet Ennius. 

fumo, -are, , , [fumus] 1 intr. 

smoke, reek. 

fumus, -l, m. smoke. 
fundamentum, -I, [fundo] n. founda- 
tion ; basis, ground, support. 

funditus, [fundus] adv. from the bottom, 
from the foundation; utterly, entirely, 
totally. 

fundo, fundere, fudi, fusum, 3 intr. 
pour, pour out, pour forth, shed; scat- 
ter, spread, diffuse; bring forth, bear; 
overthrow, vanquish, rout, put to flight. 

fundo, -are, -avi, -atum, [fundus] l tr. 

lay the foundations of, found, establish. 
fundus, -1, m. bottom; piece of land, farm, 
estate. 

funesto, -are, -avi, -atum, [funestus] 
1 tr. pollute, defile. 

funestus, -a, -um, [funus] adj. deadly, 
fatal, destructive; filled with mourning, 
mournful, sad, dismal. 

fungor, fungi, functus sum, 3 dep. be 
engaged in, perform, do; execute, ad- 
minister, discharge, fulfil. 

funis, -is, m. rope, cord. 

funus, -eris, m. funeral procession, fu- 
neral ; funeral rites, obsequies, inter- 
ment. 

fur, furis, m. thief. 

Furfanius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or 
gentile name. Esp. T. Furfanius, a 
juror at the trial of Milo, and a victim 
of Clodius. 



furia, -ae, f. usually in pi. rage, mad- 
ness, fury ; scourge, curse ; tormenting 
spirits ; personified, the Furies, the 
three goddesses of vengeance. 

furibundus, -a, -um, [cf. furia] adj. 
raving, mad, furious, crazy. 

furiosus, -a, -um, [furia] adj. full of 
madness, mad, raging, furious, crazy. 

Furius, -I, m. a Roman nomen or gentile 
name. Esp. : 

1. P. Furius, a confederate of Cati- 
line. 

2. L. Furius Philus, consul 136 b.c, 
a man of literary attainments. 

furo, furere, furui, — , 3 intr. rage, 
rave, be furious, be mad, be crazy. 

furor, -oris, [furo] m. a raging, rage, 
raving, fury, frenzy, madness. 

furtim, [furtum] adv. by stealth, stealth- 
ily, secretly, clandestinely, furtively. 

furtum, -l, [cf. fur] n. theft, robbery; 
thing stolen; stratagem. 

fustis, -is, m. cudgel, club. 

futurus, -a, -um, [fut. part, of sum] adj. 

going to be, likely to be, yet to be, to 

come, future. 

G 

Gabinius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. : 

1. A. Gabinius, the tribune, author 
of the law giving Pompey the com- 
mand against the pirates, 67 b.c; 
consul 58 b.c, the year of Cicero's 
banishment. 

2. P. Gabinius, praetor 89 b.c, whose 
official records were untrustworthy. 

3. P. Gabinius Cimber, a confeder- 
ate of Catiline, 63 b.c. 

Gabinius, -a, -um, [Gabinius] adj. of 
Gabinius, Gabinian. lex Gablnia, 
see Gabinius, l. 

Gaius, -1, m. a Roman praenomen or fore- 
name. 

Gallia, -ae, f . Gaul. Gallia Cisalpina, 

Cisalpine Gaul, that part of Gaul south 
of the Alps. Gallia Transalpina, 
Transalpine Gaul, that part of Gaul 
north of the Alps. 



Fulcinius— Gracchus 



61 



Gallicanus, -a, -um, adj. Gallic. 
Gallicus, -a, -um, adj. of the Gauls, 
Gallic. 

Gallus, -a, -um, adj. of Gaul, Gallic. 
As subst. Gallus, -l, m. a Gaul. 

ganeo, -onis, [ganea, low tavern] m. 
glutton, debauchee, 'profligate. 

gaudeo, gaudere, gavlsus sum, 2 semi- 
dep. rejoice, be glad, be delighted, take 
pleasure, be pleased, delight in. 

gaudium, -I, [gaudeo] n. joy, gladness, 
delight; expression of delight, etc. 

gavlsus, see gaudeo. 

gaza, -ae, f. treasure, riches, wealth. 

gelidus, -a, -um, [gelu, ice] adj. ice- 
cold, very cold, icy. 

gemitus, -us, [gemo] m. a sighing, 
sigh, groan, lamentation. 

gemo, gemere, gemui, , 3 tr. andintr. 

sigh, groan, c?*y out in pain ; sigh over, 
bewail, lament. 

gener, -eri, [cf. gigno] m. daughter's 
husband, son-in-law. 

gens, gentis, [cf. gigno] f. clan, house; 
people, nation, race. ubinam gen- 
tium \ where in the world f 

genus, -eris, [cf. gigno] n. race, stock, 
family, nation ; birth, origin, descent ; 
class, sort, variety, kind, character, 
nature; rank, order; way, manner. 

germanitas, -atis, [germanus] f. 

Motherhood, relation between children 
of the same parents. 

germanus, -a, -um, adj. full, own, of 
brother or sister; real, true. 

gero, gerere, gessi, gestum, 3 tr. bear, 
carry, have, held; wear; entertain, 
cherish; carry out, accomplish, perform, 
do ; administer, manage, ride, govern ; 
conduct, carry on, wage, transact. se 
gerere, bear one's self, conduct one's 
self, act, behave. r6s gestae, deeds, 
exploits, achievements, operations. 

gestio, -ire, -Ivi, -Itum, [gestus, bear- 
ing] 4 tr. and intr. express strong feel- 
ing, leap for joy, exult, be delighted ; 
desire eagerly, yearn, thirst, long. 



gigno, gignere, genui, genitum, 3 tr. 

give birth to, beget, bear; produce, 
cause, begin. 

Glabrio, -onis, m. a Roman cognomen 
or family name. Esp. : 

1. M\ Acllius Glabrio, author of a 
lex Acilia de repetundis. 

2. M'. Aeilius Glabrio, son of No. 
1, presiding judge at the trial of 
Verres, consul 67 B.C., and successor 
to Lucullus in the Third Mithridatic 
War, himself superseded by Pompey 
66 b.c. through the Manilian law. 

gladiator, -oris, [gladius] m. swords- 
man, fighter in the public games, gladi- 
ator; cut-throat, i^uffian. 

gladiatorius, -a, -um, [gladiator] adj. 
of gladiators, gladiatorial. 

gladius, -1, m. sword. 

glaeba (gl6-), -ae, f • clod of earth, lump. 

Glaucia, -ae, m. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Especially C. Servllius 
Glaucia, associate of Saturninus in the 
outbreak of 100 b.c 

gloria, -ae, f . glory, fame, renown ; 
honor, praise ; thirst for glory, ambi- 
tion; vainglory, pride, vanity, boasting. 

glorior, -ari, -atus sum, [gloria] 1 

dep. glory in, boast of, brag, pride one's 
self. 
gloriose, [gloriosus] adv. magnificently, 
gloriously ; boastfully, vauntingly, 
pompously. 

gloriosus, -a, -um, [gloria] adj. glori- 
ous, famous, renowned; to be proud of, 
honorable; vainglorious, boastful, con- 
ceited. 

Gnaeus, -l, m. a Roman praenomen or 
forename. 

gnavus (nav-), -a, -um, [cf. nosco] adj. 

busy, active, energetic, diligent. 
Gracchus, -l, m. a Roman cognomen or 

family name. Esp.: 

1. Ti. SemprSnius Gracchus, trib- 
une and reformer, killed by a mob 
of senators under the leadership of 
P. Scipio Nasica, 133 B.C. 

2. C. Sempronius Gracchus, young- 
er brother of No. 1, also tribune and 



62 



VOCABULARY 



reformer, killed with M. Fulvius in 

a tumult by the senatorial forees 

under the leadership of the consul 

Opimius. 

gradus, -us, m. step, pace, gait ; station, 

position, ground ; approach, advance, 

march ; degree, grade, rank, stage ; in 

pi. often, steps, staws. 

Graecia, -ae, f. Greece. 

Graeculus, -I, [dim. of Graecus] m. 

petty Greek, affected Greek, Greekling. 
Graecus, -a, -urn, [TpaUos] adj. of the 
Greeks, of Greece, Grecian, Greek. As 
subst. Graeci, -orum, m. pi. the Greeks. 
Graeca, -orum, n. pi. Greek writings, 
Greek. 

grandis, -e, adj. full-grown, la?*ge, great, 
full; advanced in. years, aged, old. 

gratia, -ae, [gratus] f. favor, esteem, 
regard, friendship ; kindness, courtesy; 
thanks, gratitude; return, recompense; 
abl. gratia, with preceding genitive,/or 
the sake of, on account of. gratias 
agere, give thanks, express one's 
thanks, thank, gratiam (gratias) 
habere, be or feel grateful or thankful. 
gratiam referre, make a grateful re- 
turn, requite, repay. 

gratiosus, -a, -um, [gratia] adj. in 
favor, enjoying favor, popular, agree- 
able. 

Gratius, -l, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. Gratius, the accuser 
of Archias 62 b.c. 

gratuito, [gratuitus, without pay'] adv. 
without recompense, for nothing, gra- 
tuitously; for noparticidar reason. 

grStulatio, -onis, [gratulor] f. mani- 
festation of joy, rejoicing, congratula- 
tion; joyful festival, public thanksgiv- 
ing. 

gratulor, -ari, -atus sum, [gratus] l 
dep. manifest or show joy, be glad, re- 
joice; congratulate. 

gratus, -a, -um, adj. agreeable, accept- 
able, pleasing, dear; thankful, grate- 
ful, appreciative, deserving. 

gravis, -e, adj. heavy; loaded, burdened; 
weighty, of weight, momentous, im- 



portant, grave, influential, dignified, 
potent, strong, deep; steadfast, staging, 
solid; hard to bear, oppressive, severe, 
rigid, austere. 

gravitas, -atis, [gravis] f. weight, 
heaviness; oppressiveness, severity, 
harshness; importance, power, influence, 
force, dignity, seHousness, gravity. See 
gravis. 

graviter, [gravis] adv. weightily; ve- 
hemently, violently, severely, harshly; 
strongly, forcibly, deeply, sadly, griev- 
ously; ivith dignity, impressively, se- 
?*iously, gravely. 

gravo, -are, -avi, -atum, [gravis] 1 tr. 

weigh doivn, burden. Pass, as dep. re- 
galed as a burden, be reluctant, be vexed, 
be indignant. 

grex, gregis, m. flock, herd, swarm; 
band, troop, gang, company, clique, set. 

gubernaculum (-clum), -I, [guberno] 

n. helm, rudder; guidance, direction, 
control, usually in plur. 

gubernatio, -onis, [guberno] f. a pilot- 
ing, steering; guidance, direction, man- 
agement. 

gubernator, -oris, [guberno] m. pilot, 
helmsman. 

gubern5, -are, -avi, -atum, [cf. nvpep- 
vano] 1 tr. steer, pilot; direct, guide, 
manage, control. 

gusto, -are, -avi, -atum, [gustus, tast- 
ing] 1 tr. taste, partake of, enjmj. 

gymnasium, -l, [yvfxvdo-iov] n. gymna- 
sium, high-school, college. 



H, see HS. 

habed, habere, habui, habitum, 2 tr. 

and intr. have, hold, carry, wear; con- 
tain; keep, retain, detain] own, jx>ssess; 
have possessions, own property; occupy, 
inhabit; pronounce, deliver, utter, 
make; have in mind, entertain, cherish, 
be actuated by; mean, know; purpose, 
intend; think, believe, look upon; ac- 
cept, bear, endure; render. se ha- 
bere often, feel, be, be situated, be off. 
rationem habere, take account of 



gradus— hodie 



63 



have regard for, take into consideration, 
consider, gratiam (gratias) habere, 
see gratia. 

habito, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of ha- 
beo] 1 tr. and intr. dwell, have one's 
abode, reside, live; inhabit; be habitu- 
ally, stay. 

habitus, -us, [habeo] m. condition, 
habit, deportment, appearance; nature, 
character, quality. 

haereo, haerere, haesl, haesum, 2 intr. 
hang fast, stick, cleave, cling; be fixed, 
adhere, abide; be caught, hesitate, be at 
a loss, be brought to a standstill. 

haesito, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of 
haereo] 1 intr. stick fast, be caught, 
hesitate, be at a loss. 

Hannibal, -alis, m. the great Cartha- 
ginian general in the Second Punic War. 

haruspex, -icis, m. soothsayer, diviner. 
hasta, -ae, t. staff, pole; spear, lance, 
pike, javelin. 

haud, adv. not, not at all, by no means. 

haurio, haurire, hausi, haustum, 4 tr. 
draw up or out, drain off, drain, ex- 
haust; drink in, imbibe, take in, draw, 
derive. 

hebesco, -ere, — , — , [inch, of hebeo, 
be dull] 3 intr. grow blunt, become dull. 

Heraclla (-cl6a), -ae, ['Hpa«Aeia] f. a 
city in Magna Graecia (Southern Italy). 

H6racli6nsis, -e, [HSraclia] adj. of 
Heraclea. As subst. H6racliensis, -is, 
m. an Heracliot, citizen of Heraclea. 

hercule, [voc. of Hercules] interj. by 
Hercules, heavens, assuredly! me" 
hercule, in the name of Hercules, my 
heavens, most assuredly, in sooth ! 

h6r€ditas, -atis, [her6s] f. heirship, in- 
heritance; an inheritance. 

Herennius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or 
gentile name. Esp. C. Herennius, a 
senator, condemned for embezzlement. 

h6r6s, -6dis, c. heir, heiress. 

hesternus, -a, -um, [heri, yesterday] 
adj. of yesterday, yesterday 's. h.6- 
sterno die, on yesterday, 



heus, interj. ho.', look you here.', ho 
there/, holloa/ 

hiberno, -are, -avi, -atum, [hibernus] 

1 intr. 2?ass the winter, winter, have 
one's winter quarters, keep in winter 
quarters. 
hibernus, -a, -um, [hiems] adj. of win- 
ter, wintry, ^winter. As subst. hlber- 
na, -orum (sc. castra), n. pi. winter 
quarters, winter encampment. 

hie, haec, hoc, gen. huius, dem. pron. 
this (referring to that which is nearer 
the speaker), this. . .here, this. . .of mine 
or of ours, like this, the present; this 
man or woman, this tiling, he, she, it, 
this... here present, my client (legal); 
the following; of time often, this last, 
the next, haec, n. pi. often (with a 
sweep of the hand), these institutions, 
this country, our country, the govern- 
ment, the world. hie . . . ille, this. . . 
that or the other, the latter. . . the former. 
Abl. hoc, all the. huius modi, see 
modus. 

hie, adv. in this place, here ; in this, here- 
in, on this point, in this particular; 
now, at this time, at this juncture, on 
this occasion . 

hicine, [nice (hie, adv.) + -ne] interrog. 
adv. here. 

hiems (hiemps), -emis, f . winter, winter 
tune ; stormy weather, storm, tempest. 

hinc, [hie] adv. from this place, from 
here, hence ; from this source, from 
this, on this account, hinc . . . illinc, 
on one side. . .on the other, on this side 
.. .on that, here. . .there. 

Hirtius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gentile 
name. Esp. Aulus Hirtius, consul 
with C. Yibio Pansa, 43 b.c. 

Hispania, -ae, f. Spain. 

Hispaniensis, -e, adj. of Spain, Spanish, 
in Spain. 

Hispanus, -a, -um, adj. of Spain, Span- 
ish. As subst. HispanI, -5rum, m. pi. 
(he Spaniards. 

hodie, [hoc + die] adv. to-day; at the 
present day, in these times, (0 (his day, 
at (his time, now. 



6 4 



VOCABULARY 



hodiernus, -a, -urn, [hodie] adj. of to- 
day, to-day's. hodiernus dies, to- 
day, this day. 

HomSrus, -I, ["o^pos] m. Homer. 

homo, -inis, c human being, man, per- 
son; human race, mankind. novus 
homo, see novus. * 

honestas, -atis, [honos] f. honor received 
from others, repute, reputation ; honor- 
able position, good standing ; upright- 
ness, integrity, respectability. 

honest©, [honestus] adv. honorably, 
with honor, creditably, virtuously ; be- 
comingly, with decency, decently. 

honesto, -are, -avi, -atum, [honestus] 

1 tr. honor, crown with honor, dignify, 
grace, decorate, adorn, se honestare, 
cover one's self with honor, gain honor. 

honestus, -a, -um, [honos] adj. regarded 
with honor, honored, respected, esteemed; 
honorable, zvorthy of respect, respectable, 
creditable; worthy, noble. 

honor, see honos. 

honorificus, -a, -um, [honos, cf. facio] 
adj. that does honor, honorable. 

honoro, -are, -avi, -atum, [honos] l tr. 

honor, respect; decorate, embellish, 
adorn. 

honos (honor), -oris, m. honor, repute, 
esteem ; source of honor, glory, praise ; 
public honor, official dignity, high posi- 
tion or office, post of honor, prej 'erment, 
mark of honor. honoris causa, out 
of respect, with due respect, to shotv 
honor. 

hora, -ae, [cf . wpa] f . hour. The Roman 
hour was a twelfth part of the day from 
sunrise to sunset. 

Horatius, -I, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. M. Horatius, one of 
the three Roman brothers, champions of 
Rome in the combat with three Curiatii, 
champions of the Albans. 

horreo, horrere, horrui, , 2 tr. and 

intr. bristle ; shiver or shudder with 
cold or fright ; shudder at, tremble at, 
dread. 

horribilis, -e, [horreo] adj. dreadful, 
frightful, terrible, horrible. 



horridus, -a, -um, [cf. horre5] adj. 
bristly ; rough, rude, rugged, wild ; 
horrible, dreadful. 

hortatio, -onis, [hortor] f. encourage- 
ment, exhortation. 

hortatus, -lis, [hortor] m. used only in 
the abl. encouragement, incitement, ad- 
monition, exhortation. 

Hortensius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or 
gentile name. Esp. Q. Hortensius 
Hortalus, Cicero's early rival in oratory, 
regularly identified with the aristocratic 
party, consul 69 B.C. 

hortor, -ari, -atus sum, 1 dep. encourage, 
cheer, urge, exhort; urge on, incite, in- 
stigate, prompt; address. 

hortus, -1, m. garden. 

hospes, -itis, m. entertainer, host; guest, 
visitor, stranger; guest-friend, friend. 

hospitium, -I, [hospes] n. hospitable re- 
ception, entertainment ; hospitality, tie 
of hospitality ; relation of host or guest, 
fyiendly relation, friendship. 

hostilis, -e, [hostis] adj. of an enemy, 
enemy's; inimical, hostile. 

hostis, -is, c. stranger ; enemy, foe; pub- 
lic enemy. 

HS, see sestertius. 

hue, [hie] adv. hither, here, to this place; 
to this point, so far; to this, besides. 

hucine, [hue + -ne] interrog. adv. hither- 
to, to this, so far. 

huius modi, see modus. 

htimanitas, -atis, [hiimanus] f . human 
nature, humanity; kindliness, kindness, 
sympathy, good nature, politeness; 
civilization, culture, refinement. 

humanus, -a, -um, [homo] adj. of man, 
human; humane, kind, courteous, polite; 
civilized, cultivated, cultured, refined. 

humerus, see umerus. 

humilis, -e, [humus] adj. low, lowly; 
slight, small; base, abased, mean, of 
low origin, obscure, poor, humble. 

humilitas, -atis, [humilis] f • lowness ; 
insignificance, humble position ; mean- 
ness, baseness. 



hodiernus —Ignobilis 



65 



humus, -I, f. ground, soil, earth. Loc. 
hum!, on the ground. 



iaceo, iacere, iacul, , 2 intr. lie, lie 

prostrate; lie dead; be low, be level ; 
fall to the ground, be overthrown, be 
disproved. 

iacio, iacere, ieci, iactum, 3 tr. throw, 
cast, fling, hurl; lay, construct, estab- 
lish; throw up, bring as an accusation, 
charge ; throw out, let fall, intimate ; 
mention, declare, utter. 

iacto, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of iacio] 
1 tr. throw, cast, hurl; throw about, 
toss about, toss, shake, flourish ; utter, 
speak, say. se iactare, boast, show 
one's self off, make a display. 

iactura, -ae, [iacio] f . a throwing away; 
lavish expenditure, expense, cost, sacri- 
fice; loss, damage. 

iactus, -us, [iacio] m. a throwing; 
throw, cast, stroke. 

iam, adv. at present, now, at this time ; 
still; at last, at length; already, by this 
time, ere now, so soon ; just, a moment 
ago, just noiv ; forthwith, straightway, 
immediately ; presently, soon; of assur- 
ance, now, then, then surely, no doubt; 
with coinp. from time to time, gradu- 
ally, iam dudum, long before, a 
long time ago, for a long time, this 
long time, iam pridem, long since, 
long ago, for a long time, iam turn, 
at that very time, even then, iam vero, 
moreover, again, but further, now fi- 
nally, sed iamj now however, non 
iam, no longer, not any more. 

Ianiculum, -I, n. the Janiculum, one of 
the hills on which Rome was situ- 
ated. 

ianua, -ae, f- door, gate, entrance. 

Ianuarius, -a, -um, [ianua] adj. of 
January, January. As subst. Ianu- 
arius, -1, m. January. 

ibl, adv. there, in that place; thereupon; 
in that case, on that occasion. 



ibidem, [ibl, cf. idem] adv. in the same 
place, there also, in that very place, just 
there, on the spot. 

ico, icere, Ici, ictum, 3 tr. strike, hit, 
smite; of treaties, make, enter into. 

Ictus, -us, [Ico] m. blow, stroke, thrust, 
stab, wound. 

idcircS, [id + abl. of circus] adv. there- 
fore, on that account, for that reason. 

Idem, eadem, idem, gen. eiusdem, [is] 
dem. pron. the same; often translated 
adverbially, at the same time, also, as 
well, too, likewise, furthermore; in com- 
parisons, the same as, identical with. 

identidem, [idem + et + idem] adv. 
again and again, repeatedly, constantly; 
ever and anon, now and then. 

ideo, [id + eo] adv. for that reason, on 
that account, therefore. 

idoneus, -a, -um, adj. fit, suitable, prop- 
er, adapted, convenient, deserving; ca- 
pable, sufficient. 

Idus, Iduum, abbreviated Id., f. pi. the 

Ides, the 15th day (of March, May, July, 
October) or the 13th (of other months). 

ieiunus, -a, -um, adj. fasting, hungry; 
poor, barren, insignificant, meagre, con- 
temptible. 

igitur, conj. then, therefore (cf. erg5), 
accordingly, consequently; then, tell me, 
say; in summing up an argument, 1 say 
then, so then, you see, in short. quid 
igitur, see quid. 

Ignarus, -a, -um, [in- + gnarus, cf. n5- 
SCO] adj. not knowing, ignorant, unac- 
quainted with, unaware; unskilled in, 
inexperienced. 

Ignavia, -ae, [Ignavus] f. laziness, idle- 
ness, shiftlessness, xvorthlessness; cow- 
ardice. 

Ignavus, -a, -um, [in- + gnavus] adj. 
lazy, slothful, sluggish, shiftless; cow- 
ardly, dastardly. 

Ignis, -is, m. fire. 

Ignobilis, -e, [in- + (g)n5bilis] adj. not 
famous, obscure; of low birth, base-born, 

ignoble. 



66 



VOCABULARY 



lgnominia, -ae, [in- + (g)nomen] f . dis- 
grace, dishonor, ignominy, infamy; as 
a legal or military term, degradation. 

Ignoratio, -onis, [ignoro] f. tvant of 
knowledge, lack of acquaintance, igno- 
rance. 

Ignoro, -are, -avl, -atum, [cf . Ignarus] 
1 tr. and intr. not know, be unaware, be 
unacquainted with, fail to notice, be 
ignorant of. 

ignosco, -ere, Ign5vi, ignotum, [in- + 
(g)nosco] 3 tr. and intr. pardon, for- 
give, excuse; overlook, make allowances 
for. 

Ignotus, -a, -urn, [in- + (g)notus, from 
nosco] adj. unknown, unfamiliar, 
strange; without repute, obscure, mean. 

Ilias, -ados, pAias] f. the Iliad, the 
Greek epic poem by Homer. 

illatus, see inlatus. 

ille, ilia, illud, gen. illius, dem. pron. 
that (referring to that which is more 
remote from the speaker); he, she. it; 
the, the great, the famous, the well- 
known, hie . . . ille, see hie. 

illecebra, see inlecebra. 

illinc, [illim, thence, + ce] adv. from 
that place, from there, thence; from that 
quarter, on that side, there. nine . . . 
illinc, see nine. 

illii-, see inlu-. 

illuc, [illic, cf. ille] adv. to that place, 
thither, there. 

Illyricus, -a, -um, adj. of lllyria, llly- 
rian. 

imago, -inis, [cf. imitor] f. imitation, 
copy, representation, likeness, image; 
statue, bust, effigy; picture in imagina- 
tion, idea, conception, thought; empty 
form, semblance, shadow. 

imbecillitas (inb-), -atis, [imbecillus] 

f . weakness, feebleness, imbecility; help- 
lessness. 

imbecillus (inb-), -a, -um, adj. weak, 
feeble. 

imber, imbris, m. rain, shower; pour- 
ing rain, rainstorm. 



imberbis (inb-), -e, [in- +barba,fowrfl 
adj. without a beard, beardless. 

imbibo (inb-), -ere, imbibi, , [in + 

bibo] 3 tr. drink in, i?nbibe; fake in or 
conceive a notion. 

imbuo (inb-), -ere, imbui, imbutum, 3 

tr. wet, moisten; steep, stain, faint; 
touch, affect, tinge, imbue. 

imitatio, -onis, [imitor] f. a copying, 
imitation. 

imitator, -oris, [imitor] m. imitator, 
copier. 

imitor, -ari, -atus sum, 1 dep. imitate, 

act like, copy. 

immanis (inm-), -e, adj. monstrous, 
enormous, huge, vast; inhuman, brutal; 
fierce, wild, savage. 

immanitas, -atis, [immanis] f. mon 

strous size; monstrousness, enormity, 
ba)barity, brutality, savagetiess, cruelty 

immaturus, -a, -um, [in- + maturus] 
adj. unripe, immature; premature, un- 
timely. 

immineo, -ere, — , , [in, cf . minor] 

2 intr. project over, overhang; threaten, 
menace; be near, be at hand, impend. 

imminuo (inm-), -ere, -ui, utum, [in + 
minuo] 3 tr. lessen, diminish; reduce, 
weaken, impair, destroy; encroach 
upon, infringe, violate. 

immitto (inm-), -ere, immisi, immis- 
sum, [in + mitto] 3 tr. send in, let in, 
admit, introduce; send against, let 
loose, set on, incite; throw, discharge. 

immo, adv. nay, on the contrary, no in 
deed. immo vero, nay on the con 

trary, nay rather, nay even. 

immoderatus (inm-), -a, -um, [in- + 
moderatus] adj. beyond bounds; un. 

restrained, unbridled, excessive. 

immortalis (inm-), -e, [in-+mortalis] 

adj. undying, immortal; imperishable, 
endless, eternal. 

immortalitas (inm-), -atis, [immor- 
talis] f. immortality, endless life; inu 
perishable fame, undying renown. 



Ignominia— improbo 



6 7 



imparatus (inp-), -a, -um, [in- + para- 
tus] adj. not ready, unprepared; off 
one's guard. 

impedimentum, -I, [impedio] n. hin- 
drance, impediment; pi. travelling 
equipage, luggage, baggage. 

impedio (inp-), -Ire, -Ivi, -Itum, [in, 
cf. pes] 4 tr. entangle, hamper ; embar- 
rass; interfere with, hinder, impede, ob- 
struct, check, prevent. 

impeditus (inp-), -a, -um, [pf.p. of im- 
pedio] adj. entangled, hampered, em- 
barrassed, encumbered, impeded ; im- 
passable, inaccessible ; busy, preoccupied, 
embarrassing, difficult, troublesome. 

impello (inp-), -pellere, -pull, impul- 
sum, [in + pello] 3 tr. strike against ; 
drive forward, move, impel ; urge on, 
instigate, induce, incite, persuade. 

impendeo (inp-), -ere, — , , [in + 

pendeo] 2 tr. and intr. overhang; be 
near, be at hand, be imminent; Jiang 
over, threaten, impend. 

imperator, -oris, [impero] m. com- 
mander-in-chief, general ; imperator ; 
commander, leader, director, ruler. 

iinperatorius, -a, -um, [imperator] 

adj. of a commander, of a general. 

imperitus (inp-), -a, -um, [in- + perltus] 

adj. inexperienced, unversed, unfamiliar 
with, unacquainted with, ignorant. 

imperium, -i, [impero] n. command, 
order, orders; authority, control, su- 
preme authority ; supreme power, sov- 
ereignty, dominion, empire, supremacy, 
$way. 

impero, -are, -avi, -atum, [in + paro] 

1 tr. and intr. command, order, give 
orders; exercise authority over, ride, 
govern, control, be master of. 

impertiS (inp-), -ire, -Ivi, -Itum, [in + 
partio] 4 tr. share with, impart; bestow 
upon, confer, give; assign, attribute. 

impetro, -are, -avi, -atum, [in + patro, 

perform} 1 tr. gain one's end, cany 
one's point, accomplish, succeed in get- 
ting, get, obtain one's request, procure 
by request or Influence, impetrare 



a (ab), obtain ones request from, prevail 
upon, persuade. 

impetus, -us, [in, or. petoj in. attack, 

onset, charge, assault ; rush, impetus ; 
impulse, excitement ; violence, vehe- 
mence, fury. 

impietas, -atis, [impius] f. disloyalty, 
irreverence, ungodliness, impiety. 

impius, -a, -um, [in- + pius] adj. un- 
dutiful, irreverent, ungodly, abandoned; 
impious, wicked, shameless. 

impleo, -ere, -evi, -etum, [in + pleo, 

fill] 2 tr. Jill up, fill full, fill ; fill out, 
finish; fulfil, discharge. 

implico, -are, -avi or -ui, -atum or 
-itum, [in + plico] 1 tr. infold, envelop; 
entangle, involve, embarrass, implicate ; 
interweave, connect intimately, unite, 
associate. 

imploro, -are, -avi, -atum, [in + ploro, 

cry out] 1 tr. and intr. cry to for help, 
beseech, entreat, beg earnestly, implore. 

impono, -ponere, -posui, impositum, 
[in + pono] 3 tr. place upon, set on or 
over, put in, place ; put on board, em- 
bark ; impose, saddle upon; impose 
upon, cheat. 

importo, -are, -avi, -atum, [in + porto] 
1 tr. bring in, introduce, import ; bring 
upon, bring about, occasion, cause. 

importunus, -a, -um, adj. unsuitable, 
untimely; rude, harsh, unfeeling, cruel, 
unrelenting, savage, inhuman. 

imprimis or in primis, [in, primus] 
adv. among the first, especially, particu- 
larly, chiefly, principally. 

imprimo, -primere, -press!, impres- 
sum, [in + premo] 3 tr. press upon ; 
impress, imprint, stamp, mark, en- 
grave. 

improbe, [improbus] adv. wickedly, 
wrongly, recklessly. 

improbitas, -atis, [improbus] f. wicked- 
ness, rascality, dishonesty, want of 
principle, depravity. 

improbo, -are, -avi, -atum, [in- + 
probol 1 tr. disapprove, blame, con- 
demn, reject. 



68 



VOCABULAKY 



improbus, -a, -urn, [in- + probus] adj. 
wicked, bad, unprincipled, depraved, 
abandoned ; shameless, outrageous, 
base. As subst. improbus, -I, m. un- 
principled man, rascal; in pi. often, 
the dangerous, the seditious, revolution- 
ists, anarchists. 

improvidus, -a, -urn, [in- + providus, 
cf. pro video] adj. not foreseeing ; 
thoughtless, careless, heedless, reckless. 

improvisus, -a, -urn, [in- + provisus, 
from provideo] adj. unforeseen, unex- 
pected, improviso, adv., or de (ex) 
improviso, unexpectedly, on a sudden, 
unawares. 

imprudens, -entis, [in-+priidens] adj. 
not foreseeing, not expecting, not being 
aware, off one's guard, unsuspecting ; 
inconsiderate, heedless. 

imprudentia, -ae, [imprudens] f. want 
of foresight, thoughtlessness, lack of 
consideration, inadvertence, ignorance. 

impube's, -eris, [in- + pub6s] adj. beard- 
less, under age, youthful, mere boy. 

impudens, -entis, [in- + pudens, from 
pudeo] adj. shameless, impudent. 

impudenter, [impudens] adv. shame- 
lessly, indecently, impudently. 

impudentia, -ae, [impudens] f. shame- 
lessness, impudence. 

impudicus, -a, -um, [in- + pudicus, 

chaste'] adj. unchaste, immodest, in- 
decent, shameless. 

impune, [impunis, unpunished] adv. 
unpunished, with impunity. 

impunitas, -atis, [impunis, unpun- 
ished] f. freedom from punishment, 
safety, impunity. 

impunitus, -a, -um, [in- + punltus, 
from punio] adj. unpunished, unre- 
strained, without restraint, free from 
danger, secure. 

impurus, -a, -um, [in- + purus] adj. 
unclean, filthy; impure, defiled, aban- 
doned, vile. 

Imus, -a, -um, contraction for infimus, 
superl. of Inferus. 



^ inc 



in, prep, with ace. and abl. : 

1. With ace: of place, with verbs of 
motion, into, to, toward, against, 
into the midst of, among; of direc- 
tion and disposition, to, towards, 
against ; of time, into, till, to, 
for; of purpose, for, with a view 
to; of result, to, unto, so as to pro- 
duce; of manner, according to, 
after, in, on; of other relations, 
into, to, in, with respect to, concern- 
ing, about, accof^ding to, for. 

2. With abl. : of place, in, within, on, 
upon, over, under, among; of time, 
in, during, in the course of, within, 
while; of other relations, in, in- 
volved in, engaged in, under the 
influence of, in inspect to, in the 
case of, in the matter of on the con- 
dition. 

in-, inseparable prefix [cf . Eng. un-, not] ; 
prefixed to adjectives, it negatives or re- 
verses their meaning. 

inanis, -e, adj. empty; empty-handed, 
stripped, deserted, unoccupied, vacant; 
useless, idle, worthless, profitless, vain. 

inauditus, -a, -um, [in- + auditus, from 
audio] adj. unheard of, unusual, 
strange, includible. 

inauratus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of inauro, 
gild] adj. gilded, golden. 

incautus, -a, -um, [in- + cautus] adj. 
incautious, off one's guard, thoughtless, 
reckless; improvident. 

.pedo, -cedere, -c6ssi, incessum, [in + 

C(Bdo] 3 intr. advance, proceed, march, 
walk; come, arrive, attack; happen, 
befall, occur. 

incendium, -l, [incendo] n. burning, 
fire, conflagration; heat, flame, glow. 

incendo, -ere, incendi, incensum, 3 tr. 

set fire to, kindle, burn; rouse, excite, 
inflame, incense. 
incensio, -onis, [incendo] f. a burning. 

inceptum, -1, [incipio] n. beginning; 
attempt, undertaking. 

incertus, -a, -um, [in- + certus] adj. 
not determined, unsettled, vague, ob- 
scure; unproved, doubtful, dubious, un- 



improbus— indicium 



6 9 



certain; undecided, wavering, irreso- 
lute; untrustworthy, fickle. 

incessus, -us, [inc6do] m. walk, pace, 
gait. 

incestus, -a, -urn, [in- + castus,mora% 
pure] adj. impure, defiled, sinful; un- 
chaste, lewd, lustful, incestuous. 

incestus, -us, [incestus] m. incest. 
inchoo, see incoho. 

incido, -cidere, -cidi, incasum, [in + 

cado] 3intr. fall in, fall, strike; fall in 
with, happen upon, meet; fall into, 
incur, become involved; fall upon, be- 
fall, happen, occur. 

incidS, -cidere, -cidi, incisum, [in + 
caedo] 3 intr. cut into, cut through, cut 
open; cut in, engrave, inscribe. 

incipio, -cipere, -cepi, inceptum, [in f 

capio] 3 tr. and intr. take in hand, un- 
dertake; begin, commence. 

incitamentum, -1, [incit5] n. incentive, 
stimulus, inducement. 

incito, -are, -avi, -atum, [in + cito] 1 tr. 
set in rapid motion, hasten, quicken; 
urge on, spur on, incite, stimulate, en- 
courage, rouse, excite. 

inclinatio, -onis, [inclino] f. a leaning; 
inclination, tendency, bias. 

inclino, -are, -avi, -atum, l tr. and intr. 
lean, bend, turn; incline, be inclined, be 
favorably disposed. 

incliido, -cludere, -clusi, inclusum, 
[in + claudo] 3 tr. shut in, shut up in, 
enclose, confine; stop up, obstruct; in- 
clude, embrace, comprehend. 

incognitus, -a, -urn, [in- + cognitus, 
from c5gnosc6] adj. not examined, un- 
tried, unheard, unknown. 

incoho (incho5), -are, -avi, -atum, l 
tr. begin, commence. 

incola, -ae, [incolo] c. inhabitant. 

incolo, -colere, -colui, — , [in + colo] 

'■!, tr. and intr. have one's home or abode, 
dwell, live; dwell in, inhabit. 
incolumis, -e, adj. unharmed, unhurt, 
uninjured, safe, sound, whole. 

incommodum, -i, [incommodus] n. in- 



convenience, trouble, disadvantage; 
harm, misfortune, disaster, loss, defeat. 

incommodus, -a, -um, [in- + commo- 
dus] adj. unsuitable, unfit; disagree- 
able, troublesome. 

inconsideratus, -a, -um, [in- + conside- 
rs tus, from consider 5] adj. not con- 
sidered; thoughtless, heedless, incon- 
siderate. 

incorrupt e, [incorruptus] adj. uncor- 
ruptly, justly, fairly, without bias. 

incorruptus, -a, -um, [in- + corruptus, 
from corrumpo] adj. unspoiled, uncor- 
rupted; unbribed, incorruptible. 

incrSbresco (-b6sc5), -ere, increbrui 
(-bui), — , [in + crSbr6sc6, cf. cr6- 
ber] 3 intr. become frequent; grow, rise, 
increase, spread. 

incredibilis, -e, [in- + crexlibilis] adj. 
incredible, beyond belief, extraordinary, 
marvellous, unparalleled. 

increpo, -are, -ui, -itum, [in + crepS, 

rattle'] 1 intr. and tr. make a noise, sound, 
rattle; be noised abroad, transpire. 

incultus, -a, -um, [in- + cultus, from 
COlo] adj. uncultivated ; neglected, un- 
polished, uncouth, rude. 

incumbo, -ere, incubui, incubitum, 
[in, cf. cub5] 3 intr. lie upon, lean or 
recline upon, bend to ; bend one's ener- 
gies to, make an effort, exert one's self. 

incurro, -currere, -cucurri or -curri, 
incursum, [in + curro] 3 tr. and intr. 
run into, run on, rush at, make an at- 
tack. 

indagS, -are, -avi, -atum, [in + ag5] 1 

tr. trace out, track; seek out, investigate. 

inde, adv. from that place, thence ; from 
that point, from that, consequently, 
therefore ; from that time, thencefor- 
ward, after that, thereafter; thereupon, 
then. 

indemnatus, -a, -um, [in- + damnatus, 
from damno] adj. uncondemned, un- 
sentenced. * 

index, -icis, [cf. indico] c. discloser, in- 
former, witness. 

indicium, -i, [indico] n. disclosure, in- 



7° 



VOCABULARY 



formation, evidence, testimony; sign, 
mark, indicat ion , pi vof. 

indic5, -are, -avi, -atum, [index] l tr. 

point out, shoiv, make known, inform, 
give information, disclose, reveal ; in- 
form against, betray, accuse. 

indico, -dicere, -dixi, indictum, [in + 
dlco] 3 tr. declare publicly, proclaim, 
announce, declare. 

1. indictus, -a, -um, see indico. 

2. indictus, -a, -um, [in- + dictus, from 
died] adj. unsaid ; unpleaded, untried, 
unheard. indict a causa, without a 
hearing. 

indigng, [indignus] adv. unworthily, 
undeservedly, dishonorably, shamefully; 
angrily, indignantly, indigne" ferre, 
see fer5. 

indignus, -a, -um, [in- + dignus] adj. 
unworthy, undeserving, not fit; unbe- 
coming, shameful, intolerable, outra- 
geous. 

indomitus, -a, -um, [in- + domitus, 
from domo] adj. untamed, unsubdued, 
indomitable; unrestrained, unbridled. 

induco, -ducere, -duxi, inductum, [in 
+ dllco] 3 tr. lead in, bring in, introduce, 
bring forward ; lead on, move, excite, 
instigate, persuade, induce, animum 
inducere, determine, resolve. 

industria, -ae, [industrius] f . diligence, 
activity, zeal, industry. de" indu- 
stria, deliberately, on purpose, inten- 
tionally. 

industrius, -a, -um, adj. diligent, pains- 
taking, active, zealous, industrious. 

ineo, -ire, -Ivi or -il, -itum, [in + eo] 
irr. tr. and intr. go into, enter ; enter 
upon, undertake, engage in; come on, 
begin ; enter into, get into, gain, secure, 
adopt, iniens aetas or adulgscentia, 
early youth. 

inermis, -e, [in- + arma] adj. unarmed, 
'without weapons, defenceless. 

iners, -ertis, [in- + ars] adj. unskilful, 
awkivard, incompetent ; idle, indolent, 
sluggish, lazy, shiftless, worthless. 

inertia, -ae, [iners] t unsUlfulness ; 



idleness, indolence, laziness, shiftless- 
ness. 

inexpiabilis, -e, [in-, cf. expio] adj. 
not to be atoned for, inexpiable ; impla- 
cable, irreconcilable. 

Infamia, -ae, [Infamis] f. ill-fame, bad 
repute, dishonor, disgrace, infamy. 

infamis, -e, [in- + fama] adj. of ill repute, 
disreputable, notorious, infamous. 

Infellx, -Icis, [in- + felix] adj. unfruit- 
ful, barren; unfortunate, unlucky, ill- 
starred, wretched, ill-omened, ill-fated. 

Inferior, -ius, see Inferus. 

Infer 5, -ferre, intuli, inlatum (ill-), 
[in + fero] irr. tr. bring in, introduce, 
carry in, take to, carry, bring ; move, 
bring against, wage, direct, put upon ; 
bring fonvard, adduce, allege ; cause, 
-excite, inflict ; of fire, throiv upon, ap- 
ply, set. 

Inferus, -a, -um, adj. beloiv, beneath, 
lower ; of the lower world. As subst. 
in pi. Inferl, -orum, m. inhabitants of 
the lower world, the dead, the shades. 
ab Inferls, from the dead. Comp. In- 
ferior, -ius, lower, inferior. Superl. 
Infimus (-umus) or Imus, -a, -um, 
lowest, last, the bottom of, at the bottom; 
basest, most degraded, meanest. 

infest us, -a, -um, adj. unsafe, in danger; 
hostile, troublesome, dangerous. 

Infidglis, -e, [in- + fidelis] adj. not to be 
trusted, unfaithful, faithless, perfidi- 
ous. 

infidelitas, -atis, [Infidelis] f. unfaith- 
fulness, faithlessness, infidelity, treach- 
ery. 

Infimus, -a, -um, see Inferus. 

Inflnitus, -a, -um, [in- + finuus, from 
finio, limit] adj. unlimited, unbounded, 
boundless ; endless, infinite ; countless, 
numberless. 

Inflrmitas, -atis, [Infirmus] f. weak- 
ness, feebleness, infirmity; instability, 
inconstancy. 

Inflrmo, -are, -avi, -atum, [Infirmus] 

1 tr. weaken ; invalidate, disprove^ re- 
fute, annul. 



indico— iniuria 



71 



infirmus, -a, -um, [in- + flrmus] adj. 
not strong, weak, feeble, infirm; incon- 
stant, superstitious, timorous. 

Infitiator, -oris, [Infitior] m. denier, 
repudiator, shuffler. lentus Infitia- 
tor, bad debtor. 

infitior, -ari, -atus sum, [in- + fateor] 

1 dcp. not acknowledge or confess, deny, 
disavow, disown; repudiate. 

Inflammo, -are, -avi, -atum, [in + 
flammo] 1 tr. set fire to, set on fire, 
light up; kindle, inflame, excite, arouse. 

Inflo, -are, -avi, -atum, [in + flo, blow] 
1 tr. blow into, blow on; inspire, en- 
courage; puff up, inflate. 

Informo, -are, -avi, -atum, [in+formo, 

shape] 1 \\. shape, mould, form; in form, 
instruct, educate, train. 

Infringo, -fringere, -fregi, Infractum, 

[in + frango] 3 tr. break off, bruise; 

break down, overcome, destroy; weaken, 

impair, check. 
Infumus, -a, -um, sec Inferus. 
ingemisco, -ere, ingemui, — , [inch. 

of ingemo, groan over] 3 intr. utter a 

groan, heave a sigh, groan. 

ingenero, -are, -avi, -atum, [in, cf. 
glgnoj 1 tr. implant; engender, gen- 
erate^ create. 

ingenium, -i, [in, cf. gigno] n. innate 
quality, nature; natural disposition, 
temperament, character; bent, talent; 
talents, capacity, mental ability, intel- 
lect, genius. 

ingSns, -entis, adj. unnatural; huge, 
enormous, vast, prodigious, very great, 
remarkable. 

ingenuus, -a, -um, [in, cf. gigno] adj. 
native; free-born, born of free parents. 
As subst. ingenuus, -i, m. free-born 
person, freeman; pi. thefreeborn. 

ingratus, -a, -um, [in- + gratus] adj. 
unpleasant, disagreeable, unacceptable; 
thankless, ungrateful. 

ingravesco, -ere, — , , [inch, of 

ingravo, weigh down] 3 intr. grow 
burdensome; increase, be aggravated, 
groiv worse. 



ingredior, -gredl, ingressus sum, [in 
+ gradior, go] 3 dcp. go forward, ad- 
vance, proceed, go; go into, march into, 
enter; enter upon, engage in, undertake, 
begin. 

ingressus, -us, [cf. ingredior] m. a 

going into, entrance; walking, going. 

inhaereo, -haerere, -haesi, -haesum, 
[in + haereo] 2 tr. and intr. stick fast, 
fasten itself, be fastened upon, cling, ad- 
here. 

inhibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [in + habeo] 

2 tr. hold in, hold back, restrain, curb. 

inhio, -are, -avi, -atum, [In+hio, gape] 
1 tr. and intr. gape, hold the mouth open 
to. 

inhumanus, -a, -um, [in- + humanus] 

adj. inhuman, brutal, barbarous, cruel. 

initio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum, [in + 
iacio] 3 tr. throw into, cast into,put in; 
throw on or around, put on; inspire, 
infuse, suggest, bring upon, cause. 

inimicitia, -ae, [inimicus] f. enmity, 
hostility; feud. 

inimicus, -a, -um, [in- + amicus] adj. 
w friendly, hostile, inimical; hurtful, 
injurious, damaging. As subst. ini- 
micus, -I, m. personal enemy, opponent, 
rival, enemy, foe. 

iniquitas, -atis, [iniquus] f . inequality, 

unevenness; unfavorableness, difficulty; 
unfairness, injustice. 
iniquus, -a, -um, [in- + aequus] adj. un- 
even, slanting, steep; unfavorable, dis- 
advantageous, dangerous; unfair, un- 
just; hostile, adverse, unkind. 

initio, -are, -avi, -atum, [initium] i tr. 

initiate into sacred mysteries, conse- 
crate. 

initium, -I, [ine5] n. a going in, en- 
trance; beginning, commencement, the 
first of. 

iniuratus, -a, um, [in- + iurStus] adj. 
unsworn, not on oath. 

iniuria, -ae, [iniurius, from in- + ius] 
f. injustice, wrong, injury, outrage; 
unlawful violence, assault, trespass; in- 
sult, affront; abl. iniuria, unjustly, 
wrongfully i undeservedly. 



72 



VOCABULARY 



iniuriose, i iniuriosus, unjust] adv. un- 
justly, unlawfully, injuriously, with 
outrage. 

iniustus, -a, -urn, [in- + iustus] adj. un- 
fair, unreasonable, severe, excessive, op- 
pressive, unjust, wrongful. 

inlatus, -a, um, see infero. 

inlecebra(ill-),-ae, [in + lacio, entice] f. 
enticement, allurement, seduction, 
charm, bait. 

inlucesco (ill-), -ere, inluxi, — , [in + 
inch, of lticeo] 3 tr. and intr. begin to 
shine, dawn, break. 

inlustris (ill-), -e, [in, cf. lustro] adj. 
bright, lighted, shining, brilliant; clear, 
manifest, self-evident, clear or plain as 
day; distinguished, noble, famous, il- 
lustrious. 

inlustro (ill-), -are^ -avi, -atum, [in + 
lustro] 1 tr. light up, illuminate; bring 
to light, make clear, elucidate, disclose, 
clear up, explain; make famous, make 
illustrious. 

innocens, -entis, [in- + nocens] adj. 
harmless, inoffensive; blameless, guilt- 
less, innocent; disinterested, frje from 
corruption, upright. As subst. m. in- 
nocent man; pi. the innocent. 

innocentia, -ae, [innocens] f . blameless- 
ness, innocence; blameless conduct, up- 
rightness, integrity, disinterestedness. 

innumerabilis, -e, [in-, cf. numero] 
adj. countless, innumerable, numberless; 
immeasurable. 

inopia, -ae, [inops] f. want, lack, scar- 
city, dearth; need, poverty, destitution, 
privation. 

inops, -opis, [in- + ops] adj. without re- 
sources, helpless, weak; poor, needy, 
destitute, in poverty, without. 

inquam, inquis, inquit, def. intr. al- 
ways parenthetic, i" say, say 1, quoth T. 

inquiro, -quirere, -qulslvi, inquisi- 
tum, [in + quaer 5] 3 tr. and intr. seek 
after, search for; inquireinto, examine, 
investigate; make investigations, seek 
grounds of accusation. 

inquisitor, -oris, [inquiro] m. exam- 



iner, inspector; investigator, collector 
of evidence. 

inrepo (irr-), -repere, -repsi, — , [in 
+ repo, creep] 3 intr. creep in, slip in, 
steal in ; be stealthily inserted. 

inretio (irr-), -ire, -ivi, -itum, [in + 
rete, net] 4 tr. catch in a net, ensnare; 
entrap, entangle, involve. 

inrito (irr-), -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. in- 
cite, instigate; excite, provoke, exasper- 
ate, irritate. 

inrogo (irr-), -are, -avi, -atum, [in + 
rogo] 1 tr. propose ; impose, inflict. 

inrumpo (irr-), -rumpere, -rupi, -rup- 
tum, [in + rumpo] 3 intr. break in, 
force one^s way in, burst into, fall upon; 
break in upon, interrupt, intrude. 

inruo (irr-), -ruere, -rui, , [in +ruo] 

3 intr. rush into, rush upon, make an 
attack ; force one^s self into, incur, enter 
upon eagerly. 

inruptio (irr-), -onis, [inrumpo] f. a 
breaking in ; incursion, inroad, in- 
vasion, raid. 

Insania, -ae, [insanus] f. unsoundness 
of mind, madness; mad folly, frenzy, 
craze, mad outbreak. 

insanio, -Ire, -ivi, -itum, [insanus] 4 

intr. be of unsound mind, be without 
reason, be insane, be mad, rave. 

Insanus, -a, -um, [in- + sanus] adj. of 
unsound mind, mad, insane ; frantic, 
violent, foolish, absurd, crazy; out- 
rageous, monstrous, extravagant. 

Insciens, -entis, [in- + sciens] adj. not 
knowing, without knowledge, unaware; 
often translated adverbially, unwitting- 
ly, without one's knowledge, without 
knowing it, unawares. 

Inscientia, -ae, [Insciens] f. want of 
knowledge, ignorance, lack of acquaint- 
ance with, inexperience. 

Inscitia, -ae, [Inscitus, fromin- + scio] 
f. ignorance, inexperience, clumsiness, 
stupidity. 

inscius, -a, -um, [in-, cf. scio] adj. not 
knowing, unaware, ignorant ; often 
translated adverbially, unwittingly, 



iniuriose— insto 



73 



without one's knowledge, without know- 
ing if, unawares. 

Inscribo, -scribere, -scrips!, Inscrip- 
tum, [in + scrlbo] 3 tr. write upon, in- 
scribe; assign, attribute, ascribe. 

Insector, -ari, -atus sum, [freq. of in- 
sequor] 1 dep. follow up, pursue; at- 
tack, rail at, inveigh against. 

Insepultus, -a, -um, [in- + sepultus] 
adj. unburied, without burial. 

Insequor, -sequi, insectitus sum, [in + 
sequor] 3 dep. follow after, succeed, 
follow ; follow up, pursue, press upon, 
hunt down; censure, reproach. 

Inservio, -Ire, , -Itum, [in + servio] 

4 tr. and intr. serve, be submissive to, 
be a slave to ; devote one's self, be de- 
voted to. 

Insideo, -sidere, -sedi, Insessum, [in + 
sedeo] 2 tr. and intr. sit upon, settle, 
have one's seat or place in, dwell; be in- 
herent in, inhere ; take jx)ssessio?i of, 
hold. 

Insidiae, -arum, [cf. insideo] f . plural, 
snare, trap; ambush, ambuscade; trick, 
stratagem, artifice, plot, treachery. 

Insidiator, -oris, [Insidior] m. one who 

lies in wait or in ambush, lurker, way- 
layer, highwayman, secret assassin. 

Insidior, -ari, -atus sum, [insidiae] l 
dep. lie in wait or in ambush for, watch 
for, plot against. 

insidiose, [Insidiosus] adv. cunningly, 
deceitfully, treacherously, insidiously. 

insidiosus, -a, -um, [insidiae] adj. cun- 
ning, deceitful, treacherous; dangerous :' 

Insido, -sidere, -s6dl, -sessum, [in + 
Sldo, cf. sedeo] 3 tr. and intr. sit upon, 
settle on ; occupy, keep possession of; 
fasten itself upon, be fixed in, be rooted 
in, remain, adhere to. 

insigne, -is, [Insignis] n. mark, sign, 
token, signal; badge, decoration; pi. 
often, insignia, regalia, costume, uni- 
form. 

Insignis, -e, [in + signum] adj. marked, 
remarkable, signal, notable, conspicuous, 
distinguished, extraordinary. 



Insimulo, -are, -avi, -atum, [in + 
simulo] 1 tr. charge, accuse, blame ; 
bring as a charge. 

Insolens, -entis, [in- + solens, from 
soleo] adj. unwonted, unusual; im- 
moderate, haughty, arrogant, insolent. 

Insolenter, [Insolens] adv. in an un- 
usual manner ; immoderately, haugh- 
tily, insultingly, insolently. 

Insolentia, -ae, [Insolens] f. strange- 
ness, novelty; want of moderation, 
extravagance, haughtiness, arrogance, 
insolence. 

Insolitus, -a, -um, [in- + solitus, from 
soleo] adj. unwonted, unaccustomed, 
unusual, uncommon, strange. 

Inspects, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of 
Inspicio, look into'] 1 tr. and intr. look 
at, look on, observe, view. Inspectante 
aliquo, under the eyes of some one, be- 
fore some one's eyes. 

Insperans, -antis, [in- + sperans, from 
spero] adj. not hoping, beyond one's 
hope, not expecting, contrary to one's 
expectations. 

Insperatus, -a, -um, [in- + speratus, 
from spero] adj. unhoped for, un- 
expected, unlocked for, unforeseen. 

instauro, -are, -avi, -atum, [in, cf . sto] 
1 tr. establish; renew, repeat, resume. 

Instituo, -ere, institui, Institutum, 

[in -f-statuo] 3 tr. and intr. put in place, 
set; set up, plant, found, establish; 
draw up, arrange, array; make, build, 
consttmct ; get ready, prepare, provide, 
procure; constitute, appoint, designate; 
set about, undertake, begin, start; pur- 
pose, determine, decide, resolve upon; 
teach, instruct, train up. ab Insti- 
tuto cursu,//w/i one's purposed course. 

Institutum, -I, [Instituo] n. purpose, 
intention, design ; practice, habit, cus- 
tom, precedent ; institution, ordinance, 
regulation; established principle. 

Insto, -stare, -stitl, , fat. part, in- 

stattirus, [in + st5] 1 intr. stand on; 
be close at hand, be at hand, draw nigh, 
approach ; press upon, pursue, harass ; 
threaten, menace, impend ; persist, in- 
sist upon; urge, demand earnestly. 



74 



VOCABULARY 



Instructus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of Instruo] 
adj. furnished, supplied, equipped ; ar- 
ranged, ready; instructed, versed. 

Instrumentum, -I, [Instruo] n. imple- 
ment, tool, instrument ; appliances, 
stock, furniture, supplies; means, assist- 
ance, furtherance. 

Instruo, -ere, Instruxi, Instrtictum, 
[in + struo, pile up] 3 tr. build in ; pre- 
pare, make ready, fit up, furnish, pro- 
vide, fit out, equip; of troops, draiv up, 
array. 

insula, -ae, f. island, isle. 

Insulto, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of in- 
silio, leap at] 1 intr. leap on, leap, bound; 
scoff at, revile, abuse, taunt, insult, out- 
rage. 

Insum, inesse, Infui, [in + sum] irr. 
intr. be in, be upon; be found, exist in, 
be present, belong to. 

integer, -gra, -grum, [in-, cf. tango] 
adj. untouched, entire, whole; unim- 
paired, uninjured, unbroken, unwea- 
ried, fresh, rigorous, sound; undecided, 
undetermined, open, new; unbiassed, 
impartial; uncorrupted, irreproach- 
able, blameless, of integrity, spotless, 
pure. 

integre, [integer] adv. purely, irre- 
proachably, blamelessly, honestly, with- 
out prejudice. 

integritas, -atis, [integer] f. sound- 
ness; blameless conduct, honesty, up- 
rightness, integrity. 

intellego, -legere, -16x1, -lectum, [in- 
ter + lego] 3 tr. see into, perceive, ob- 
serve, notice; come to know, be able to 
see, see plainly, be aware, understand, 
comprehend. 

intendo, -tendere, -tendl, -tentum, [in 
+ tendo] 3 tr. and intr. stretch out, ex- 
tend; spread out fasten; strain, bend; 
direct, turn, aim, bring; urge, incite; 
give attention to, purpose, intend. 

intento, -are, -avi, -atum, [intens. of 
intends] 1 tr. stretch threateningly, 
wield in hostility, brandish, aim. 

inter, prep, with ace. between, among; of 
position, between, among, amid, in the 



midst of; of time, between, during, in 
the course of, for the last, within, in, 
while. inter se, among themselves, 
each other, one another, from or to or 
with each other. 

Interamna, -ae, f. a town in Umbria 
surrounded by the river Nar ; now 
Terni. 

Interamnas, -atis, [Interamna] adj. 
of Interamna. 

intercedo, -cedere, -cessi, interces- 
sum, [inter + c§do] 3 intr. come between, 
intervene, come to pass, happen, occur; 
exist between, be betiveen, be; interpose, 
stand surety; oppose, veto, protest 
against; of time, intervene, pass. 

interegssio, -onis, [intercedo] f . surety- 
ship; intervention, protest, veto. 

intercessor, -oris [interc6d5] m. me- 
diator, surety; interfere?', protester 
against, adversary ; often used of a 
vetoing tribune. 

intercludo, -cludere, -clusi, -clusum, 
[inter + claudo] 3 tr. shut out, cut off, 
intercept; shut off, separate; block up, 
slop, put a stop to, prevent. 

interdum, [inter + dum] adv. sometimes, 
at times, now and then, occasionally. 

interea, [inter + ea] adv. meamvhile, in 
the meantime, in the interim. 

intereo, -Ire, -II, -itum, [inter + eo] irr. 
intr. go among; be lost, go to ruin, be 
destroyed, decay, perish, die. 

interfector, -oris, [interficio] m. slayer, 
murderer, assassin. 

interficio, -ficere, -f6ci, -fectum, [inter 
+ facio] 3 tr. put out of the way, de- 
stroy; put to death, slay, kill, murder. 

intericio, -icere, -i6cl, -iectum, [inter 
+ iacio] 3 tr. throw between, intersperse, 
join, intermix; pass, be interspersed, be 
intermingled, intervene, be interme- 
diate. 

interim, adv. meanwhile. 

interims, -imere, -emi, -6mptum, [in- 
ter +emo] 3 tr. take from the midst, do 
away with, put an end to ; kill, slay, 
murder; overwhelm, intolerably dis- 
tress. . 



instructus— invenio 



75 



interior, -ius, gen. -oris, adj. inner, 
interior, farther inland, middle; more 
hidden, more profound; more intimate, 
closer. Superl. intimus < intumus > 
-a, -urn, inmost, innermost, deepest, pro- 
found; intimate, close; as Bubst. inti- 
mus, -1, m. intimate friend. 

interitus, -us, [intereo] m. overthrow, 
fat!, destruction, ruin; dea'h. 

intermortuus, -a, -um, [intermorior, 

die out] adj. dead, half -dead, lifeless. 

internecio, -onis, [inter, cf. nex] f. 
massacre, slaughter, annihilation, ex- 
termination. 

interpello, -are, -avi, -atum, [inter, 
cf. appello] 1 tr. interrupt, break in 
upon; interfere with, molest, hinder. 

interpono, -ponere, -posui, interposi- 
tum, [inter + pond] 3 tr. put in be- 
tween, place among, interpose; intro- 
duce, insert; allege, put forward, use 
as a -pretext. se interponere, inter- 
fere, act as go-between, intermeddle, 
engage in. 

interpres, -etis, c middleman, medi- 
ator, negotiator, agent. 

interpretor, -arl, -atus sum, [inter- 
presj 1 dep. explain, expound, inter- 
pret ; understand, conclude, decide. 

interrogo, -are, -avi, -atum, [inter + 
rogoj 1 tr. ash. inquire of, question. 

intersum, -esse, -fui, [inter + sum] irr. 
intr. be between, lie between; intervene, 
elapse; be different, differ; be present, 
take part in. assist. Impers. it concerns. 
it interests, it is of importance, if is im- 
portant, it makes a difference. 

intervallum, -I, [inter + vallum, pali- 
sades] n. space between palisades; in- 
termediate space, distance apart, dis- 
tance, interval; intermission, respite. 

interventus, -lis, [intervenio, come 
between] m. a coming between, inter - 
vention, interposition; coming in. ap- 

' pear a fee. 

intestlnus, -a, -um, [intus] adj. in- 
ternal, intestine. 

intimus, -a, -um, see interior. 



intolerabilis, -e, [in- + tolerabilis] adj. 

"nen durable, intolerable . 

intolerandus, -a, -um, [in- + toleran- 

dus] adj. not to be borne, unendurable. 

intolerable. 
intra, [cf. interior] adv., and prep, with 

ace. within, inside; in, info; during, in 

the course of in less than. 

introduco, -diicere, -duxi, introduc- 
tum, [intro (cf. intra) + duco] 3 tr. 

lead in, conduct in. march in, bring in, 
introduce. 

introitus, -us, [intro (cf. intra), cf.'eo] 
m. a going in, entering, entrance; way 
of entrance, approach, passage. 

intueor, -eri, intuitus sum [in + tueor] 

2 dep. look upon, cast one's eyes upon, 
look closely upon, gaze at; regard, con- 
template, consider, study; admire, won- 
der at. 
intus, [in] adv. on the inside, within. 

inultus,-a, -um, [in- + ultus, from ul- 
ciscor] adj. unavenged, unrevenged; 

unpunished; safe, with impunity. 

intiro, -tirere, -ussi, inustum, [in + 
uro, bum] 3 tr. burn in; brand upon, 
brand, imprint, fix indelibly. 

inusitatus, -a, -um, [in- + usitatus, 
from usitor] adj. unusual, uncommon, 
extraordinary, very rare. 

inutilis, -e, [in- + titilis] adj. useless, of 

no use, unserviceable, unprofitable ; in- 
expedient, unavailing. prejudicial, hurt- 
ful. 

invado, -vadere, -vasi, invasum, [in 
+ vado, go] 3 tr. and intr. go into, enter; 
rush upon, make a rush upon, make a 
charge, attack, assail, fall upon ; lay 
hold of, seize, take possession of. usurp. 

inveho, -vehere, -vexl, invectum, [in 
+ veho] 3 tr. carry in, carry to. Pass, 
as dep. be borne, Hde into ; fall upon, 
attack ; attack with words, inveigh 
against. 

invenio, -venire, -veni, inventum, [in 
+ venio] 4 tr. come upon, find, meet 
with ; invent, originate, contrive, de- 
vise; find out, discover, ascertai/i, learn. 



7 6 



VOCABULARY 



inventor, -oris, [invenio] m. author, 
originator, discoverer, inventor. 

investlgo, -are, -avl, -atum, [in + 
vestlgS, cf. vestigium] 1 tr. track, 
trace out ; search into, investigate, find 
out, discover. 

inveterasco, -ere, inveteravi, — , 
[inch, of invetero, cf. vetus] 3 intr. 
grow old ; become fixed or established, 
become fastened on, be fixed, be deeply 
seated, be rooted. 

invictus, -a, -um, [in- + victus, from 
vinco] adj. unconquered, unsubdued; 
unconquerable, invincible. 

invideo, -videre, -vidi, invisum, [in + 

video] 2 tr. and intr. look askance at ; 
be prejudiced against, be jealous ; be 
envious, envy, grudge; look down on, 
look with contempt on. 

invidia, -ae, [invidus] f. envy, jealousy; 

dislike, ill-will, grudge, hatred; odium, 

unpopularity. 
invidi5s6, [invidiosus] adv. enviously, 

invidiously, hatefully ; in a manner to 

cause unpopularity. 

invidiosus, -a, -um, [invidia] adj./wtf 
of envy, invidious ; exciting hatred, 
hated, hateful, causing odium, odious. 

invidus, -a, -um, [cf. invideo] adj. en- 
vious, jealous, ill-disposed. 

inviolatus, -a, -um, [in- + violatus, 
from violo] adj. unhurt, unharmed, 
uninjured, inviolate; inviolable. 

invisus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of invideo] adj. 
hated, hateful, detested, odious. 

invitatid, -onis, [invito] f . invitation ; 
incitement, challenge. 

invito, -are, -avl, -atum, 1 tr. invite, 
ask ; entertain, feast ; summon, chal- 
lenge; attract, allure. 

invitus, -a, -um, adj. unwilling, reluc- 
tant, on compulsion ; often translated 
adverbially, against one's will, unwill- 
ingly, reluctantly. 

ipse, -a, -um, gen. ipslus, determ. pron. 
self ; myself, yoursef, himself etc.; / 
myself, etc.; / myself etc. and none 
other, I etc. personally, /etc. of my own 



accord, I am etc. the very man that; I 
etc. (emphatic) ; very, just, mere, pre- 
cisely, exactly, own. 

Ira, -ae, f. anger, wrath; indignation, 
passion, rage, fury. 

Iracundia, -ae, [Iracundus] f. prone- 
ness to anger, irascibility ; anger, pas- 
sion, wrath, rage, violence. 

Iracundus, -a, -um, [Ira] adj. prone to 
anger, easily provoked, irritable, iras- 
cible ; of a violent temper, passionate, 
ang?y, wrathful. 

Irascor, Irasci, Iratus sum, [Ira] 1 dep. 
get angry, be angry, fly into a passion, 
be in a rage. 

Iratus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of Irascor] adj. 
angered, angry, in anger, enraged, 
furious, violent. 

irr-, see inr-. 

is, ea, id, gen. eius, determ. pron. that ; 
this ; he, she, it ; the, the one, the man ; 
such, such a man. Abl. eo with com- 
paratives, all the, the. atque is, et 
is, isque, and that too, and lie too, etc. 
id temporis, at that time, just at that 
time, at that particular time, pro eo 
ac, see atque. eius with modi, see 
eiusmodi. 

iste, -a, -ud, gen. istlus, dem. pron. that 
(referring to that which belongs to the 
second person), that of yours, that by or 
near you; he, she, it; your client (legal); 
this; such, of such a kind. 

ita, adv. so, in this way, in such a way, 
thus, under such circumstances, as fol- 
lows ; such, of this nature ; to such an 
extent, so far. 

Italia, -ae, [n-aAds] f. Italy. 

Italicus, -a, -um, [Italia] adj. of Italy, 
Italian. 

itaque, [ita + -que] conj. and so, accord- 
ingly, consequently, therefore (cf. ergo). 

item, adv. likewise, also, too, besides, 
moreover ; in like manner, just so, so 

also. 

iter, itineris, [cf. eo] n. a going ; way, 
route, journey, march j path, road, 
course, passage. 



inventor— Karthago 



77 



iterum, adv. again, a second time, once 
more; on the other hand. iterum et 
saepius, again and again. 

iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussum, 2 tr. order, 
give orders, bid, tell; command, direct; 
think it best ; decree, enact, ratify, ap- 
prove; appoint, assign. 

iiicunditas, -atis, [iticundus] f. pleas- 
antness, charm; delight, enjoyment. 

iucundus, -a, -urn, adj. pleasant, pleas- 
ing, agreeable, delightful. 

index, -icis, [ius, cf. dico] c judge; 
juror (pi. jurors, gentlemen of the 
jury); arbiter, umpire. 

iudicialis, -e, [iudicium] adj. of a court, 
of courts, judicial. 

iudicium, -I, [iudex] n. trial, investiga- 
tion, legal process; court; judgment, 
verdict, sentence; decision, opinion, 
conviction. 

iudico, -are, -avi, -atum, [iudex] 1 tr. 

examine judicially, judge, be a juror, 
pass judgment, adjudge, hold an opinion, 
decide ; judge of, fown an opinion of, 
pass judgment upon ; declare, pro- 
claim. 

iugulo, -are, -avi, -atum, [iugulum] 

1 tr. cut the throat of, kill, murder, as- 
sassinate. 
iugulum, -l, [dim. of iugum, yoke] n. 
collar bone; throat, neck. 

Iugurtha, -ae, m. Jugurtha, king of 
Numidia, conquered by Marius and his 
lieutenant Sulla, 105 B.C. 

Iulius, -I, rn. a Roman nomen or gentile 
name. See Caesar. 

iungo, iungere, iunxl, iunctum, [cf. 
iugum, yoke] 3 tr. join, unite, connect, 
fasten; yoke, harness, attach; bring to- 
gether, associate, ally. 

Iunianus, -a, -um, [Iunius] adj. of 
Junius, Junian, presided over by 
Junius. 

Iunius, -I, m. a Roman nomen or gentile 
name. See Brutus. 

Iunius, -a, -um, adj. of June, June. 

Iuppiter (Iup-), Iovis, m. Jupiter, Jove, 
the Roman god, supremely good and 



great (Optimus Maximus), the Stayer 
(Stator) of Rome, whose temple was 
situated on the Capitoline Hill. 

iuratus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of iuro] adj. 
sworn, on oath, bound by an oath. 

iuro, -are, -avi, -atum, [ius] 1 tr. and 

intr. swear, take an oath. 

ius, iuris, n. justice, right, law, duty; 
legal right, rights, power, authority, 
prerogative ; court of justice. Abl. 
iure, often as adv. by right, rightfully, 
with justice, justly. 

iusiurandum, iurisiurandi, n. oath. 

itissus, -US, [iubeo] m. used only in 
abl. sing, order, orders, command. 

itiste, [iustus] adv. rightly, justly, 
fairly, equitably. 

iustitia, -ae, [iustus] f. justice, equity; 
uprightness; sense of justice. 

iustus, -a, -um, Litis] adj. just, upright, 
righteous; in accordance with the law, 
lawful, right; fair, equitable, reason- 
able, proper, suitable, sufficient, com- 
plete. 

iuvenis, -is, adj. young. As subst. c. 
young person, youth, young man. 

iuventiis, -utis, [iuvenis] f. age of 
youth, youth; the youth, young people, 
young men, the young. 

iuvo, iuvare, itivi, iutum, 1 tr. and 
intr. help, assist, aid, benefit, support; 
gratify, please, delight. 



Kal., abbreviation for Kalendae. 

Kalendae, -arum, f. pi. the Calends, the 
first day of the month. 

Kartbaginiensis, -e, [Kartnago] adj. 
of Carthage, Carthaginian. As subst. 
Karthagini6ns6s, -ium, m. pi )eoole 
of Carthage, the Carthaginians 

Karthago, -inis, f. Carthage, a city on 
the north coast of Africa, long the rival 
of Rome until destroyed by Scipio, 146 

B.C. 



V 



78 



VOCABULARY 



L., abbreviation for Lucius. 

labefacio, -facere, -feci, -factum, [labo 

+ facioj 3 tr. cause to totter, shake, 
loosen; weaken, overthrow. 

labefacto, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of 

labefacio] 1 tr. cause to totter, shake; 

undermine, weaken, overthrow, shatter, 

destroy. 
labes, -is, [labor] f. a sinking in; fall, 

ruin ; stain, spot, blemish, disgrace, 

scandal; scourge, pest. 

labo, -are, -avi, -atum, [cf. labor] l 
intr. totter, waver, give way; go to 
pieces, go to ruin. 

labor, labi, lapsus sum, 3 dep. glide, 
slip; sink, fall; begin to fall, go tor u in, 
perish; fall into error, err, commit a 
fault. 

labor, -oris, m. labor, toil, exertion, 
effort; hardship, trouble, distress. 

laboriosus, -a, -um, [labor] adj. labori- 
ous, toilsome, wearisome, difficult; in- 
dustrious; troubled, harassed. 

laboro, -are, -avi, -atum, [labor] l tr. 

and intr. labor, toil, strive, take pains; 
labor under, suffer, be afflicted; be in 
trouble, trouble one's self, be in distress, 
be hard pressed. 

lacero, -are, -avi, -atum, [lacer, 

mangled] 1 tr. tear to pieces, rend, 
lacerate, mangle, mutilate. 

lacesso, -ere, -Ivi, -Itum, [lacio, entice] 
3 tr. provoke, challenge, irritate, exas- 
perate, harass; excite, stimulate, urge. 

lacrima, -ae, f . tear, 

lacrimo, -are, -avi, -atum, [lacrima] 

1 tr. and intr. shed tears, weep ; weep 
for, bewail. 

lactens, -entis, [pr.p. of lacteo, from 
lac, milk] adj. taking milk, suckling. 

lacus, -us, m. lake, pool. 
Laeca, -ae, m. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. M. Porcius Laeca, 

the senator at whose honse the Catilin- 
arians met to formulate the plans of the 
conspiracy, G3 b,c. 



laedo, laedere, laesi, iaesuin, 3 tr. 

hurt, wound, injure; vex, grieve, of- 
fend, insult; violate, betray, break. 

Laelius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. C. Laelius, consul 140 
b.c, a lover of literature and philos- 
ophy, whose intimacy with the younger 
Scipio is celebrated in Cicero's treatise, 
'"De Amicitia. 11 

laete, [laetus] adv. joyfully, gladly, 
cheerfully. 

laetitia, -ae, [laetus] f. joy, gladness, 
delight, rejoicing, exultation. 

laetor, -ari, -atus sum, [laetus] l dep. 

rejoice, be joyful, be glad, take delight. 

laetus, -a, -um, adj. joyful, joyous, glad, 
full of joy, delighted; charming, grate- 
ful, prospe?vits. 

lamentatio, -onis, [lamentor] f. a 

wailing, weeping, lamentation. 

lamentor, -ari, -atus sum, [lamentum] 

1 dep. wail, moan, weep; bewail, la- 
ment, bemoan. 

lamentum, -l, n. usually plural, a wail-. 

ing, iveeping, lamentation, 

languidus, -a, -um, adj. tveak, dull, 
sluggish, languid; feeble, inactive, list- 
less, spiritless. 

Lanuvlnus, -a, -um, [Lanuvium] adj. 

of Lanuvium. As subst. Lanuvini, 
-orum, m. pi. the people of Lanuvium, 
the Lanuvians. 
Lanuvium, -l, n. a town of Latin in : 
about twenty miles from Rome, the 
birthplace of Milo, who was its chief 
magistrate in 52 b.c. 

lapidatio, -onis, [cf. lapis] f. a throw- 
ing of stones, stoning. 

lapis, -idis, m. stone; milestone; statue. 

laqueus, -I, [cf. lacio, entice] m. noose, 
snare, trap; meshes. 

Lar, Laris, m. a household god, a 
guardian spirit whose altar was the 
domestic hearth ; hearth and home, 
fireside, home; usually plural. 

largg, [largUS, lavish] adv. abundantly, 
bountifully, liberally, lavishly. 



L.— Lemonia 



79 



largior, -Iri, -Itus sum, [largus, lav- 
ish,] 4dep. give lavishly, lavish upon, be- 
stow upon, supply with ; give largesses, 
bribe; grant, concede. 

largitio, -onis, [largior] f. lavish 
giving, dispensing freely, lavishing ; 
bribery, corruption. 

largitor, -oris, [largior] m. lavish giver, 
dispenser; spendthrift, prodigal; giver 
of bribes, briber. 

Lars (Lar), Lartis, m. a praenomen or 
forename of Etruscan origin. See To- 
lumnius. 

Iat6, [latus] adv. broadly, widely, ex- 
tensively; on all sides, far and wide. 

latebra, -ae, [lateo] f. hiding-place, 
lurking-place, retreat ; subterfuge, pre- 
tence. 

lateo, -ere, -ui, , 2 intr. lie concealed, 

lie hid. b* hidden, be concealed, lurk; 
escape notice, remain unknown: 

Latiaris, -e, [Latium] adj. of Latium; 
a surname of Jupiter as the protecting 
divinity of Latium. 

Latlniensis, -e, [Latium] adj. of Latium, 
Latin. As subst. a Roman surname. 
Esp. Q. Caelius Latlniensis, a tribune 
of the people. 

Latin us, -a, -um, [Latium] adj. Latin. 

Latium, -I, n. the district on the western 
coast of Italy in which Rome is situated, 
between Etruria on the north and Cam- 
pania on the south. 

lator, -oris, [latus] m. bringer; mover 
of a law, proposer. 

latro, -onis, m. freebooter, highwayman, 

robber, bandit, brigand. 

latrocinium, -I, [latrocinor] n. free- 
booting, highway-robbery, brigandage, 
robbery ; band of robbers or marauders. 

latrocinor, -ari, -atus sum, [latro] l 
dep. practise freebooting or brigandage, 
rob on the highways, plunder, 

1. latus, -a, -um, pf.p. of fero. 

2. latus, -a, -um, adj. broad, wide, ex- 
tensive. 

latUS, -eris, n. Hde, funk; the lungs; 
the person, life. 



laudatio, -onis, [laudo] f. praise, com- 
mendation ; funeral oration, eulogy, 
panegyric, laudatory address. 

laudator, -oris, [laudo] m. praiser, 
panegyrist ; eulogizer, approving wit- 
ness ; eulogist of the dead, funeral 
orator. 

Laudicea, -ae, f. a town in Syria. 

laudo, -are, -avi, -atum, [laus] l tr. 
praise, extol, eulogize, applaud, com- 
mend, approve. 

laureatus, -a, -um, [laurea, laurel- 
wreath] adj. crowned with laurel, 
laurelled. 

laus, laudis, f. praise, commendation ; 

glory, fame, renown; esteem, credit; 

praiseworthy thing, ground for praise, 

laudable action, glorious deed, merit, 

desert. 
lectulus, -I, [dim. of lectus] m. small 

couch, sofa, bed. 

lectus, -1, m. couch, bed, sofa, lounge. 
lectus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of lego] adj. 

chosen, picked, selected; choice, superior, 

excellent. 

legatio, -onis, [lego] f. office of legatus 
or ambassador, embassy, legation. 

legatus, -l, [lego] m. ambassador, legate; 
deputy, lieutenant; legatus. 

legio, -onis, [cf. Ieg5] f. chosen number, 
levy; legion, consisting of ten cohorts of 
infantry and three hundred of cavalry, 
in all between 4,200 and 6,000 men. 

lggitimus, -a, -um, [lex] adj. accm*d- 
ing to law, of or at laiv, legal, lawful, 
legitimate; right, just, proper. 

lego, -are, -avi, -atum, [lex] l tr. ap- 
point legally; send as ambassador, 
commission, despatch ; appoint as 
deputy, commission as lieutenant or 
legatus; bequeath, leave by will. 

lego, legere, legi, lectum, 8 tr, gather 

together, collect ; pick out, single out, 
choose, select ; elect, appoint ; read, 
peruse. 
Lemonia, -ae, (sc. tribust f. name of 
one of the country tribes of Rome. 



8o 



VOCABULARY 



lenio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, [lenis] 4 tr. 

soften, mollify, soothe, assuage; appease, 
mitigate, pacify, calm. 
lenis, -e, [cf. lentus] adj. soft, mild, 
smooth, calm ; gentle, moderate, favor- 
able, kind. 

lenitas, -atis, [lenis] f- softness, mild- 
ness; gentleness, tendeimess. 

leniter, [lenis] adv. softly, mildly, gently; 

quietly, calmly, leniently. 
leno, -onis, m. pimp, pander, procurer ; 

seducer. 
lente, [lentus] adv. slowly, leisurely ; 

calmly, dispassionately, indifferently. 
Lentulus, -l, m. a Roman cognomen or 

family name. Esp. : 

1. Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Clodi- 
anus, see Cornelius 4. 

2. P. Cornelius Lentulus Sura, see 
Cornelius 5. 

3. L. Lentulus, a praetor. 

4. P.Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, 
see Cornelius 6. 

5. P. Cornelius Lentulus, see Cor- 
nelius 7. 

lentus, -a, -um, [cf. lenis] adj. pliant, 
flexible, tough, tenacious; slow, sluggish, 
backward; easy, indifferent, phlegmatic. 
lentus infitiator, see infitiator. 

lepidus, -a, -um, adj. pleasant, agree- 
able; elegant, graceful'; nice, effeminate. 

Lepidus, -I, [lepidus] m. a Roman cog- 
nomen or family name. Esp.: 

1. M. Aemilius Lepidus, the consul 
in 78 b.c. who tried to overthrow 
the Sullan constitution, and was 
defeated and killed by his colleague 
Q. Catulus. 

2. M\ Aemilius Lepidus, consul 66 

B.C. 

3. M. Aemilius Lepidus, son of No. 

1, the interrex whose house was at- 
tacked by the mob after the murder 
of Clodius, 52 b.c; later a member 
of the Second Triumvirate with 
Octavian (Augustus) and Mark 
Antony. 

Leptines, -is, m. the assassin of Cn. 
Octavius, ambassador to the court of 
Antiochus V., king of Syria, 



levis, -e, adj. light; swift, fleet, nimble; 
of no weight, unimportant, trivial, 
slight, petty; capricious, fickle, incon- 
stant, untrustworthy, false; mild, gen- 
tle. 

levitas, -atis, [levis] f. lightness; fic- 
kleness, inconstancy, unsteadiness, 
levity. 

leviter, [levis] adv. lightly; slightly, 
not much, somewhat; easily, with 
equanimity. 

levo, -are, -avi, -atum, [levis] 1 tr. 
lift up, raise; lighten, relieve, ease; 
console, refresh, support; lessen, dimin- 
ish, alleviate, mitigate; free from the 
burden of, free, release, discharge. 

lex, l6gis, f . motion for a law, bill; law, 
statute; rule, regulation, precept, prin- 
ciple; contract, agreement; condition, 
stipulation. 

libellus, -I, [dim. of liber] m. little book, 
pamphlet, manuscript, writing, paper; 
notice, placard. 

libens dub-), -entis, [pr.p. of libet] adj. 
willing, with good will, with pleasure, 
glad; often rendered adverbially, glad- 
ly, etc. 

libenter, [libens] adv. willingly, cheer- 
fully, with pleasure, gladly. 

liber, -era, -erum, [cf. libet] adj./ra?, 
unrestricted, unrestrained, unimpeded, 
unembarrassed; unbridled, licentious. 

liber, libri, m. inner bark of a tree; book. 

liberalis, -e, [liber] adj. of freedom; 
befitting a freeman, dignified, noble, 
honorable; gracious, kind; generous, 
munificent, liberal. 

liberalitas, -atis, [liberalis] f. noble 
disposition or character, kindness; gen- 
erosity, liberality. 

liberaliter, [liberalis] adv. nobly; gra- 
ciously, kindly; generously, liberally, 
profusely. 

liberatio, -onis, [libero] f . a setting free, 
releasing from, liberation; acquittal. 

liberator, -oris, [libero] m. freer, deliv- 
erer, liberator. 



lenio— locuples 



81 



lfbere, [liber] adv. freely, wWibut re- 
straint; openly, frankly, boldly. 

liberi, -orum or -um, [liber] m. pi. 

free persons; children of a family, 
children. 
libero, -are, -avi, -atum, [liber] l tr. 

set free, liberate; free, release, extricate, 
relieve; absolve, acquit. 

libertas, -atis, [liber] f. freedom, lib- 
erty, freedom from restraint; inde- 
pendence; personified, Goddess of Lib- 
erty, Liberty. 

libertinus, -a, -um, [libertus] adj. of 
the condition of afreedman, of the class 
of freedmen. As subst. libertinus, 
-i, m. freedman. 

libertus, -i, [liber] m. one made free, 
freedman. 

libet (lub-), -ere, libuit or libitum est, 

2 intr. impers. it pleases, it is pleasing 
or agreeable, one is pleased. 

libidinose (lub-), [libidinosus] adv. at 
pleasure, wilfully, arbitrarily; wan- 
tonly, licentiously. 

libidinosus (lub-), -a, -um, [libido] 
adj. wilful, arbitrary; ])assionate, sen- 
sual, licentious, wanton. 

libido (lub-), -inis, [libet] f. pleasure; 
desire, inclination, longing; ivilfulness, 
arbitrary conduct, caprice, laivless 
fancy; passion, sensuality, lust, wa?i- 
tonness. 

librarium, -i, [librarius, cf. liber] n. 

place in which to keep books, bookcase. 

licentia, -ae, [cf. licet] f. freedom, lib- 
erty; license, lawlessness, wantonness. 

licet, -ere, licuit or licitum est, 2 intr. 
impers. it is lawful, it is allowed, it is 
peivnitted, one may; introducing a con- 
cession, although, though, notwith- 
standing, even if, granted that. 

Licinius, -i, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. See Lticullus. 

lictor, -oris, m. lictor, the official attend- 
ant upon a Roman magistrate. 

Ligarius, -i, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. : 

1- Q. Ligarius, the Pompeian in 
Africa daring the Civil War. after- 



wards defended for his conduct by- 
Cicero before the dictator Caesar, 
46 B.C. 
2. T. Ligarius, brother of No. 1. 

lignum, -i, n. piece of wood, log. 

limen, -inis, n. threshold, sill; door, 
enhance. 

lingua, -ae, f . tongue; utterance, speech; 
dialect, language. 

linter (lunt-), -tris, f. trough; boat, 
skiff. 

linum, -i, [AiVof] n. flax; thread, line; 
fastening of a letter; linen-cloth, linen; 

net. 

liquefacio, -facere, , -factum, pass. 

liquefio, -fieri, -factus sum, [liqueo, 
be fluid + fa.cio] 3 tr. make fluid, melt, 
dissolve, liquefy. 

liquido, [liquidus, liquid] adv. clearly, 

plainly, evidently; with certainty. 

lis, litis, f. strife, dispute, quarrel; suit 
at law, action, process, litigation; sub- 
ject of an action, matter in dispute, 

amount in dispute, damages. 

littera (liter-), -ae, f . letter of the alpha- 
bet; writing, document, record; letter, 
epistle, literature, letters. 

litteratus (liter-), -a, -um, [littera] 
adj. lettered; learned, liberally edu- 
cated, cultivated. 

litura, -ae, [lino, smear] f. a smearing 
of the wax on a writing-tablet, erasure, 
blotting out; correction. 

Livius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gentile 
name. See Drusus. 

loco, -are, -avi, -atum, [locus] l tr. put, 
place, station; dispose, arrange; fix, 
establish; place by contract, let, have 
done by contract, contract for. 

Locrensis, -e, adj. of Locri, a city of 
Magna Graecia in Southern Italy. As 
snb*t. Locrens6s, -ium, m. pi. the 
Locrians, people of Locri. 

locupies, -etis, [locus, cf. pleo, fill] adj. 
rich in lands, rich, wealthy, opulent; 
well stored, richly supplied; responsible, 

trustworthy. 



82 



VOCABULARY 



locupleto, -are, -avi, -atum, [locuples] 
1 tr. make rich, enrich. 

locus, -1, m. (pi. loca, -orum, n. locali- 
ties, loci, -orum, m. usually pas- 
sages iu books), place, spot; position, 

station, post; rank, degree: locality, 
region, country; space, room; situ- 
ation, condition, state of things; topic, 
subject, point ; opportunity, occasion. 

longe, [longus] adv. a long way of, 
far, far off, at a distance; away, dis- 
tant ; for a long time, long ; greatly, 

. much, by far; with superl./«r, by far, 
by all odds. 

longinquitas, -atis, [longinquus] f. 

distance, remoteness; duration, length. 

longinquus, -a, -urn, [longus] adj. far 

removed, far off , remote, distant; living 
at a distance, foreign; long, long-con- 
tinued, prolonged, lasting. As subst. 
longinqua, -orum, n. pi. remote events. 

longiusculus, -a, -um, [longior, from 
longus] adj. rather long. 

longus, -a, -um, adj. long, extended; of 
long duration, lasting, prolonged, te- 
dious; distant, remote. 

loquor, loqui, loctitus sum, 3 dep. 

speak, say, talk, converse; tell, mention. 

declare; talk of, have ever on the lips; 

show, indicate. 
lubet, see libet. 
lubido, see libido. 
Iticeo, lticere, luxi, , [cf. lux] 2 intr. 

be light, shine, beam; shine forth, be 

clear, be evident, be conspicuous. 

luctuosus, -a, -um, [luctus] adj. full of 
soi^row, sorrowful, mournful, doleful, 
lamentable. 

luctus, -us, [lugeo] m. mourning, sor- 
row, grief, lamentation; affliction, dis- 
tress; mourning garments or apparel. 
Lticullus, -1, m. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. : 
1. L. Licinius Lticullus, the Roman 
commander in the Third Mithridatic 
War until superseded through the 
Manilian Law by Pompey. Later 
his name became proverbial for 
luxury and extravagance. 



2. M. Licinius Liicullus, brother of 
No. 1. 

lticus, -1, m. sacred grove, grove. 

ludificatio, -onis, [ludifico, make sport 
of] f . jeering, derision, mockei-y. 

ltidus, -1, m. game, play, sport, pastime; 
jest, joke, fun; place for exercise, train- 
ing-school; pi. often, public games or 
spectacles, liidl votivi, votive games, 
held in pursuance of some vow. 

lugeo, lugere, luxi, ltictum, 2 tr. and 
intr. mourn, bewail, lament, deplore; 
be in mourning, wear mourning . 

lumen, -inis, [cf. luceo] n. light; eye, 
sight; brightest light, ornament, glory; 
clearness, perspicuity; celebrity. 

lunter, old form for linter. See linter. 

luo, luere, lui, lutum or luitum, 3 tr. 
loose; pay, suffer, undergo; atone for, 
expiate. 

lupa, -ae, [lupus, wolf] she- wolf, pros- 
titute. 

lupinus, -a, -um, [lupus, wolf] adj. of 
a wolf, wolf's. 

lustro, -are, -avi, -atum, [lustrum] l 

tr. light up, illuminate; go round, wan- 
der over, traverse; purify, cleanse by 
propitiatory offering. 

lustrum, -1, n. slough, bog; den of beasts; 
house of ill-fame, brothel; debauchery. 
lutum, -i, n. mud, mire. 

lux, lucis, f. light, brightness; light of 
day , daylight ; day; life; sight of men, 
public view, the public; encouragement, 
help, succor. 

ltixuria, -ae, and luxuries, — , ace. 
-em, [ltixus, excess] f. luxuriance, ex- 
travagance, riotous living, excess, lux- 
ury. 

M 

M., abbreviation for Marcus. 
M\, abbreviation for Manius. 
Macedonia, -ae, [MaKeSo^iV] r. a country 
in Europe, north of Greece. 

machinator, -oris, [machinor] m. con- 
triver, designer; deviser, oriqinator, 
inventor. 



locuplgtd -malus 



S3 



machinor, -ari, -atus sum, [machina, 
devise] 1 dep. contrive, devise, invent; 
contrive artfully, scheme, plot. 

macto, -are, -avi, -atum, [mactus. 
glorified'] 1 tr. glorify, honor; sacri- 
fice, devote in honor of the gods ; 
daughter, kill, put to death; afflict, 
punish, pursue with punishment. 

macula, -ae, f. spot, stain; Mot. blemish, 
fault, disgrace. 

maculo, -are, -avi, -atum, [macula] 

1 tr. spot, stain, pollute; defile, dis- 
honor, disgrace. 
Maelius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. Spurius Maelius, a 
rich plebeian who was slain by Servilius 
Ahala. master of horse to the dictator 
Cincinnatas, in 433 b.c. 

maereo, -ere, , , 2 tr. and intr. be 

in sorrow, mourn, grieve, show grief ; 
mourn over, grieve for. bewail, lament. 

maeror, -oris, [maereo] m. mourning. 
sorrow, grief, sadness. 

maestitia, -ae, [maestus] f. sorrow, 
grief, sadness, dejection, melancholy. 

maestus, -a, -um, [cf. maereo] adj. full 

of sadness, sorrowful, sad. dejected. 
melancholy, gloomy. 

magis, [cf. magnus] adv. more, in a 
higher degree, more completely, far 
more, better, rather, in preference. 

magister, -tri, [cf. magnus] m. master, 
director, commander; teacher, instruc- 
tor, magister equitum, master of 
the ho?'se, chief of the cavalry, ap- 
pointed by the dictator. See Appendix 

c.sii. 

magistratus, -us, [magister] m. office 
of magistrate, magisterial office, magis- 
tracy; magistrate. 

magnifies, [magnificusj adv. nobly, 
generously, grandly, gloriously ; splen- 
didly, handsomely, magnificently. 

magnificus, -a, -um, [magnus + facio] 

adj. noble, glorious, distinguished ; 
splendid, rich, magnificent, grand. 
sublime. 
magnitudo, -inis, [magnus] f. great- i 
ness, great size, size, magnitude; great '• 



quantity, abundance ; great extent, 
vast ness ; impoi ia n ce . 

magnopere, see opus. 

magnus, -a, -um, com p. maior, super). 
maximus, adj. great in any sense, of 
size, quantity, or degree : large, spa- 
cious, vast, extensive; abundant, con- 
siderable; grand, noble, lofty, mighty; 
important, serious, momentous; power- 
ful, eminent ; severe, deep, intense, 
violent; proud; boastful, maior with 
or without natti, older, elder; as subst. 
maior 6s, -um, m. pi. elders, fathers, 
ancestors. 

Magnus, -l, m. a Roman cognomen. 
Esp. Cn. PompSius Magnus, see 
Pompelus. 

maiestas, -atis, [maior] t greatness, 
grandeur, dignity, majesty ; sovereign 
pow°r or authority, sovereignty. 

maior, see magnus. 

male, comp. peius, superl. pessime. 
[malus] adv. badly, ill, wretchedly; 
wickedly, maliciously, cruelly, injuri- 
ously; awkwardly, unsuccessfully, un- 
fortunately ; excessively, extremely, 
greatly; imperfectly, scarcely, not at all. 

maledictum, -I, [maledico, from male 
+ dlCO] n. foul saying, insult, abuse. 

maleficium, -I, [maleficus, from male 
+ facio] n. evil deed, misdeed, offence, 
wickedness, crime ; mischief, wrong, 
hurt. hai x m. 

malitia, -ae, [malus] f. badness, ill- 
will, spite, malice; roguery. 

malitiosg, [malitiosus, from malitia] 
adv. wickedly; knavishly, by trickery, 
perfidiously. 

malleolus, -l, [dim. of malleus, ham- 
mer] ni. small hammer; fire-dart, fire- 
bran I. 

mal5, malle, malui, [magis + volo] 
irr. tr. wish rather, choose rather, would 
rather, prefer. 

malum, -i, [malus j n. evil, mischief, 
misfortune, calamity ; punishment, 

hurt. harm, trouble. 

malus, -a, -um, comp. pelor, superl. 
pessimus, adj. bad; wicked, evil, 



8 4 



VOCABULARY 



depraved; unfortunate, injurious, de- 
structive, pernicious, dangerous. 
mancus, -a, -urn, adj. maimed, crippled, 
infirm; defective, imperfect. 

mandatum, -I, [mando] n. charge, 
commission ; order, command, instruc- 
tions; trust. 

mando, -are, -avi, -atom, [manus + do] 

1. tr. put into one's hands, hand over, 
deliver, intrust, commission ; commit, 
consign; enjoin, order, command. 

mane, adv. in the morning, early in the 
morning. 

maneo, manere, mansi, mansum, 2 
tr. and intr. stay, remain, tarry ; con- 
tinue, last, endure, persist in, abide by ; 
be a settled principle ; wait for, expect ; 
await, be destined to. 

manicatus, -a, -um, [manicae, sleeve] 
adj . long-sleeved, with long sleeves. 

manifesto, [manifestos] adv. palpably, 
clearly, plainly, manifestly ; in the act, 
red-handed. 

manifestos, -a, -um, [manus, cf. fendo] 

adj. palpable, clear, plain, evident, 
manifest; open, overt; exposed, proved 
by direct evidence. 

Manilius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. C. Manilius, the trib- 
une of 66 B.C., whose law giving Pom- 
pey the command in the Third Mithri- 
datic War was advocated in the speech 
"Pro Lege Manilla.' 1 

Manius, -1, m. a Roman praenomen or 
forename. 

Manlianus, -a, -um, [Manlius] adj. of 

Manlius, Manlian. 
Manlius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gentile 
name. Esp. : 
1. Q. Manlius, a juror at the trial of 

Verres, 70 b.c 
2.- C. Manlius, the officer in charge 
of Catiline's forces at Faesulae, 63 

B.C. 

3. L. Manlius Torquatus, consul 65 
b.c. with L. Aurelius Cotta. 

mano, -are, -avi, , 1 tr. and intr. 

flow, drip, overflow: extend, be diffused, 
spread abroad. 



mansuete", [mansuetus] adv. gently, 
mildly, calmly, quietly. 

mansuettido, -inis, [mansuetus] f. 

gentleness, mildness, clemency. 

mansuetus, -a, -um, [mansuesco, grow 
tame] adj. tame; gentle, mild, quiet. 

manubiae, -arum, [manus] f. pi. booty, 
spoils ; money derived from booty, 
prize-money. 

manumitto or manti mitto, -mittere, 
-mlsl, -missum, [manus + mitto] 3 tr. 

set free, manumit, emancipate. 

manus, -us, f. hand; handwriting, style; 
work, skill; band, body, company, 
troops, forces. 

Marcellus, -I, [dim, of Marcus] m. a 

distinguished Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp.: 

1. M. Claudius Marcellus, five times 
consul, who conquered Syracuse in 
212 b.c. 

2. M. Claudius Marcellus, consul 
51 b.c, an uncompromising enemy 
to Caesar, by whom he was never- 
theless pardoned, 46 b.c 

3. C. Claudius Marcellus, brother 
of No. 2, consul 49 b.c 

4. C. Claudius Marcellus, cousin of 
Nos. 2 and 3, consul 59 b.c 

5. M. Claudius Marcellus, a friend 
of Catiline's. 

Marcius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. C. Marcius, a Roman 
knight, the friend of Ligarius. 

Marcus, -l, m. a Roman praenomen or 
forename. 

mare, -is, n. sea. 

maritimus (-tumus), -a, -um, [mare] 

adj. of the sea, sea-, on the sea, maritime, 
naval. 

maritus, -I, [cf. mas, male] m. married 
man, fyusband. 

Marius, -l, m. a Roman nomen or gentile 
name. Esp. C. Marius, Roman gen- 
eral and democratic leader against the 
aristocracy under Sulla ; conqueror of 
the Teutones and the Cimbri (105-101 
b.c); six times consul, in his last con- 
sulship leading the senatorial forces 



mancus— memoria 



85 



that crushed the outbreak under L. Ap- 
puleius Saturninus and C. Servilius 
Glaucia, 100 B.C. 

marmor, -oris, [^ap/mapos] n. marble, 
block of marble; marble monument, 
statue. 

marmoreus, -a, -um, [marmor] adj. of 
marble, marble-. 

Mars, Martis, m. Mars, the Roman god 
identified with the Greek Ares, god of 
war. 

Martius, -a, -um, [Mars] adj. of Mars. 

Massilia, -ae, f . Marseilles, a Greek city 
in Gaul on the coast of the Mediter- 
ranean. 

Massiliensis, -e, [Massilia] adj. of 
Massilia. As subst. Massilignses, 
-ium, m. pi. people of Massilia, Mas- 
sUians. 

mater, -tris, f . mother, parent. 

mater familias, see familia. 

materia, -ae, or materies, -61, [mater] 
f . stuff, material, timber ; subject, mat- 
ter; cause, source, opportunity; natural 
abilities, capacity, disposition. 

maternus, -a, -um, [mater] adj. of 
one's mother, maternal. 

mattirg, [mattirus] adv. seasonably, op- 
portunely; betimes, early, speedily. 

maturitas, -atis, [mattirus] f. ripeness, 
full development, maturity. 

maturo, -are, -avi, -atum, [mattirus] 

1 tr. and intr. ripen; make haste, hasten; 
quicken, accelerate, expedite. 
mattirus, -a, -um, adj. ripe, mature ; 
fit, seasonable, proper; of mature years; 
early, speedy. 

maximg, [maximus] adv. in the highest 
degree, exceedingly, very ; especially, 
particularly . 

maximus, see magnus. 

Maximus, -1, m. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. Q. Fabius Maxi- 
mus, the celebrated opponent of Han- 
nibal, whose army he harassed and 
wore out by his policy of delay; hence 
eurnamed Cunctator, the Delayer. 



M6dea, -ae, [Miffiew] f. the daughter of 
Acetes, king of Colchis, who eloped 
with Jason, leader of the Argonautic ex- 
pedition in quest of the Golden Fleece. 

medeor, -6rl, , 2 dep. heal, cure; rem- 
edy, apply a remedy, relieve, correct, re- 
store. 

medicina, -ae, [medicus, healing] f. 
the art of healing, medicine; remedy, 
relief, antidote. 

mediocris, -e, [medius] adj. medium, 
middling, moderate, ordinary; mean, 
inferior, insignificant, small, trifling. 

mediocriter, [mediocris] adv. moder- 
ately, tolerably, ordinarily; not very, 
slightly, somewhat. 

meditatio, -onis, [meditor] f . a thinking 
over, contemplation; study, prepara- 
tion, practice. 

meditor, -arl, -atus sum, 1 dep. think 
over, reflect upon, consider; meditate, 
plan, devise, study, prepare, exercise 
one's self, practise. 

medius, -a, -um, adj. middle, in the 
middle, in the midst, mid-, the middle 
of; between, among. media aestas, 
see aestas. 

medius fidius, see dius. 

mehercule, see hercule. 

melior, see bonus. 

membrum, -l, n. limb, member; part, 
branch, division. 

memini, -isse, , dep. intr. and tr. re- 
member, recollect, recall; be mindful of, 
keep in mind, bear in mind. 

Memmius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or 
gentile name. Esp. C. Memmius, a 
democrat in 111 B.C., who later changed 
sides, and as a candidate for the consul- 
ship was murdered by Saturninus and 
Glaucia, 100 b.c 

memor, -oris, adj. mindful, remember- 
ing, heedful. 

memoria, -ae, [memor] f. memory; re- 
membrance, recollection; time; tra<li- 
tion, narration, record. post homi- 
num memor iam, since or within the 
memor ij of man. 



86 



VOCABULARY 



mendacium, -i, [mendax, false] n. lie, 
falsehood. 

mendicitas, -atis, [mendicus, beggarly] 
f. beggary, destitution, pauperism. 

mens, mentis, f. mind, intellect, reason; 
heart, feeling, disposition; thought, in- 
tention, purpose, design, plan; spirit, 
courage. venire in mentem, come 
into one r s mind, occur to one. mente 
captus, beside one's self, crazy. 

mensa, -ae, f. table. 
mSnsis, -is, m. month. 
mentio, -5nis, f. a calling to mind, men- 
tioning, mention. 

mentior, -iri, -ltus sum, 4 dep. lie, 
speak falsely, assert falsely; deceive, 
mislead; invent. 

mercator, -oris, [mereor, trade] m. 
trader, merchant, dealer. 

mercennarius (merc6narius), -a, -urn, 
Lmerces] adj. serving for pay, paid, 
hired, hireling, mercenary. 

mercSs, -Sdis, f. hire, price, pay, wages; 
reward, recompense; revenue, income. 

mereor, -6ri, -itus sum, 2 dep. deserve, 
merit, be entitled to; earn, win, gain; 
deserve reward, behave. bene me- 
r6ri d6, deserve well of, serve well, do 
good service to, be useful to. merSrf de" 
sometimes, treat. 

meretrJcius, -a, -um, [meretrix, pros- 
titute] adj. of a prostitute, of harlots, 
meretricious. 

merito, [meritum] adv. deservedly, 
justly. 

meritum, -I, [meritus] n. merit, desert; 
service, favoi\ kindness. 

meritus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of mereor] adj. 
deserving; deserved, due, just, proper. 

merx, mercis, f. goods, wares, commodi- 
ties, merchandise. 

-met, enclitic suffix added to personal 
pronouns with intensive force, self, own. 
Cf. egomet. 

Metellus, -1, m. a distinguished Roman 
cognomen or family name in the Cae- 
cilian gens. Esp. : 



l Q. Caecilius Metellus Numidi- 

CUS (so called for his successes 
against Jugurtha, king of Numidia), 
consul 109 b.c, an exile 100 b.c 
through the machinations of the 
demagogue Saturninus, but recalled 
99 b.c 

2. Q. Caecilius Metellus, son of 
No. 1, called Pius on account of his 
devoted service in procuring his 
father's recall from exile; consul 
with Sulla 80 b.c, a friend and pa- 
tron of poets. 

3. Q. Caecilius Metellus, grand- 
nephew of No. 1, surnamed Crfiti- 
CUS for his services in the war 
against Crete, 68 b.c; tribune 75 
b.c and legatus the next year; con- 
sul with Hortensius in 69 b.c and 
a friend of Verres. 

4. L. Caecilius Metellus, brother to 
No. 3, successor and friend to Ver- 
res as propraetor in Sicily, and con- 
sul in 68 b.c 

5. M. Caecilius Metellus, brother 
to Nos. 3 and 4, juror in Verres' 
trial (70 b.c), friend to Verres, and 
praetor urbanus 69 b.c 

6. Q, Caecilius Metellus Celer, the 
praetor in 63 b.c who levied forces 
to suppress Catiline's conspiracy; 
consul 60 b.c 

7. Q. Caecilius Metellus Nepos, 
brother to No. 6, as tribune (from 
December, 63 b.c) hostile to Cicero 
and creature of Pompey, but later 
reconciled to Cicero, whose recall in 
57 b.c he did not oppose when 
consul with P. Lentulus Spinther. 

meto, metere, messui, messum, 3 tr. 

reap, mow, gather; mow down, destroy. 

metuo, metuere, metui, , [metus] 

3 tr. and intr. fear, be afraid, stand in 
fear, be apj/rehensive, dread. 

metus, -us, m. fear, dread, apprehen- 
sion, anxiety. 

meus, -a, -um, [mg, me] poss. pron. 
adj. of me. my, mine, of mine, my own. 

miles, -itis, m. soldier; foot-soldier; the 
soldiers, the soldiery. 



mendacium— Mithridaticus 



37 



mllitaris, -e, [miles] adj. of a soldier, 
of war, warlike, military. res mlli- 
taris, military affairs, war, the art of 
war. signa militaria, military en- 
signs, battle-standards. 

militia, -ae, [miles] f. military service, 
service, warfare, war. 

mille, indecl. in sing., pi. milia, num. 
adj. a thousand ; in pi. generally used 
as subst. with gen. Cf. passus. 

millies (miligns), [mille] adv. a thou- 
sand times. 

MH5, -Onis, m. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. T. Annius Milo, 
tribune 57 B.C., Cicero's friend, the bit- 
ter enemy of Clodius, whom he killed in 
52 B.C.; when brought to trial, defended 
by Cicero. 

minae, -arum, f. pi. projecting points of 
a wall ; threats, menaces, threatening 
words. 

minime, [minimus] superl. of parum, 
adv. in the smallest degree, least of alL 
least, very little; not at all, by no means, 
not in the least. minime" vero, not 
in the least, by no means, assuredly not. 

minimus, -a, -um, see parvus. 

minister, -tri, m. servant, assistant; 
promoter, helper, tool, instrument. 

minitor, -ari, -atus sum, [freq. of 
minor] 1 dep. threaten, menace, 
threaten with danger or vengeance. 

minor, -ari, -atus sum, [minae] 1 dep. 

project; threaten, threaten with danger, 

menace. 
minor, see parvus. 
Minucius, -i, m. a Roman nomen or 

gentile name. Esp. Minucius, a 

friend of Catiline. 

minuo, -ere, -ui, -utum, [cf. minus] 3 
tr. and intr. make small, lessen, dimin- 
ish; lower, reduce, weaken. 

minus, adj. neut. of minor. See minor. 

minus, comp. of parum, adv. less, not 
so; not at all, by no means, not. 

mirandus, -a, -um, [fut. part, of miror] 
adj. wonderful, marvellous, strange. 



mirificS, [mirificus, from mirus + 
facip] adv. wonderfully, marvellously, 

prodigiously, exceedingly. 

miror, -ari, -atus sum, [mirus] l dep. 
wonder, marvel, be astonished, be 
amazed; wonder at, marvel at; ad- 
mire, look on with admiration. 

mirus, -a, -um, adj. wonderful, marvel- 
lous, amazing, surprising; strange, ex- 
traordinary, ni mirum, see ni- 
mirum. 

misceo, miscere, miscui, mixtum, 2 tr. 

mix, mingle, blend ; unite, associate ; 
throw into confusion, embroil; stir up; 
concoct, brew. 
Misenum, -i, [Mio^o^] n. a town on 
the coast of Campania. 

miser, -era, -erum, adj. wretched, 
miserable, pitiable, unfortunate, un- 
happy ; sad, deplorable, distressing; 
poor, worthless. 

miserabilis, -e, [miseror] adj. pitiable, 
miserable, wretched, deplorable, sad. 

miserandus, -a, -um, [fut. part, of 
miseror] adj. to be pitied, pitiable, de- 
plorable, touching. 

miseret, -ere, miseruit, — , [miser] 2 

intr. impers. it distresses, it excites pity 
in, one pities or feels sorry for. 

miseria, -ae, [miser] f. wretchedness, 
unhappiness; affliction, distress, misery. 

misericordia, -ae, [misericors] f. ten- 
der-heartedness, compassion, pity; 
clemency, mercy. 

misericors, -cordis, [misereor + cor, 

heart] adj. tender-hearted, compas- 
sionate, pitying, merciful. 

miseror, -ari, -atus sum, [miser] l dep. 
lament, bewail, deplore; feel compas- 
sion, pity. 

Mithridates (MithradatSs), -is, [Mifyt- 
Sanjs] m. Mithridates, king of Pontus, 
with whom the Romans waged three 
wars called after his name. See Pref- 
atory Note to the Oration for the 
Manilian Law. 

Mithridaticus (Mithradaticus), -a, 
-um, [Greek] adj. of Mithridates x 
Mithridatic. 



88 



VOCABULARY 



mitis, -e, adj. mellow, ripe; soft, mild, 
gentle, lenient, kind. 

mitto, mitt ere, misi, mis sum, 3 tr. 
cause to go, send, despatch; send word, 
announce, report ; pass over or by, 
omit, say nothing of, dismiss ; let go, 
let loose, release^ throw, hurl, launch. 

moderate, [moderatus] adv. with 
moderation, with self-control, moder- 
ately. 

moderatio, -onis, [moderatus] f. con- 
trolling, regulation, guidance; modera- 
tion, temper ateness, self-control, self- 
restraint. 

moderatus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of moderor] 
adj. within bounds, moderated, mod- 
erate ; self -restrained, self- controlled, 
well-balanced. 

moderor, -ari, -atus sum, [modus] l 

dep. keep within bounds, regulate, 
moderate ; restrain, control, govern, 
guide, direct. 

modestia, -ae, [modestus] f. modera- 
tion; self-control, discretion, sobriety; 
shame, modesty; sense of honor, dignity. 

modestus, -a, -um, [modus] adj. keep- 
ing due measure, moderate; modest, 
gentle, forbearing, temperate, discreet. 

modo, [modus] adv. and conj. only, 
merely, simply, but, just, even; just 
now, lately, recently; if only, provided 
that, on condition that. non modo 
. . . sed or verum, see sed and vSrum. 
dum modo, see dum. 

modus, -1, m. measure, extent, quantity ; 
bounds, limit, end ; way, manner, 
fashion, style. huius modi, of this 
sort, of such a kind, such. 6ius modi, 
see eiusmodi. prope modum, see 
prope. 

moenia, -ium, n. pi. walls (defensive), 
city walls, ramparts; walled town, city. 

moer-, see maer-. 

moes-, see maes-. 

mol6s, -iSj f. mass, huge bulk, weight; 
massive structure, pile, foundation, 
dam, dike ; greatness, might, power ; 
great quantity, heap. 



moleste, [molestus] adv. with trouble, 
with vexation. ferre moleste, see 
fero. 

molestia, -ae, [molestus] f. trouble, 
vexation, annoyance, distress. 

molestus, -a, -um, [moles] adj. trouble- 
some, irksome, annoying, disagreeable. 

niolior, -iri, -itus sum, [moles] 4 dep. 

exert one's self, struggle, stnve, toil ; 
labor upon, set in motion ; pile up, 
build ; strive to accomplish, undertake, 
attempt, set about; perform, effect (with 
difficulty). 

mollis, -e, adj. pliant, flexible, supple ; 
soft, tender, delicate, sensitive; gentle, 
mild, pleasant ; effeminate, weak. 

momentum, -i, [moveo] n. movement, 
motion ; brief space of time, moment ; 
cause, circumstance ; weight, influence, 
importance. 

moneo, -ere, -ui, -itum, 2 tr. remind, 

admonish, warn, advise, teach; predict, 

foretell. 
mons, montis, m. mountain. 
monstrum, -i, [moneo] n. divine omen, 

portent ; wonder, miracle, prodigy ; 

monster, monstrosity, abomination. 

monumentum (monim-),-i, [moneo] n. 
reminder; memorial, monument; tradi- 
tion, chronicle, record. 

mora, -ae, f . delay, procrastination ; ob- 
struction, hindrance, cause of delay. 

moratus, -a, -um, [m5s] adj. mannered, 
of morals, constituted, circumstanced. 

morbus, -i, [morior] m. sickness, disease, 
illness, malady. 

morior, mori (earlier also moriri), mor- 
tuus sum, fut. part, moriturus, [cf. 
mors] 3 dep. die, expire ; die away, 
decay, pass away. 

mors, mortis, f. death; dead body, 
corpse. 

mortalis, -e, [mors] adj. mortal; of 
mortals, human; temporary, transitory. 
As subst. mortalis, -is, m. mortal, man. 

mortuus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of morior] adj. 
dead. As subst. mortuus, -I, m. dead 
person,, dead man. 



mitis— Mytilenaeus 



8 9 



mos, moris, m. will, way, habit, custom, 
usage, practice, precedent ; caprice, 
humor ; pi. also, conduct, behavior, 
manners, morals, character. 

motus, -a, -urn, pf .p. of moveo. 

motus, -us, [moveo] m. motion, move- 
ment ; artistic movement, gesture, ges- 
ticulation ; emotion, impulse, affection, 
passion ; agitation, disturbance, upris- 
ing, commotion, terrae motus, earth- 
quake. 

moveo, movere, movi, motum, 2 tr. 
arid intr. move, set in motion, stir, dis- 
turb, remove; stir up, cause, produce, 
promote ; shake, change ; have an effect 
upon, affect, influence. 

mucro, -onis, m. sharp point or edge of a 
sword; sword; sharpness, edge, point. 

mulct-, see mult-. 

muliebris, -e, [mulier] adj. of a woman, 
womanly, feminine ; womanish, effem- 
inate. 

mulier, -eris, f. ivoman, female; ivife. 

muliercula, -ae, [dim. of mulier] f. 
little woman ; a mere woman, a help- 
less ivoman. 

multa (mulcta), -ae, f. fine, penalty. 

multitiido, -inis, [multus] f. great 
number or numbers, multitude, crowd, 
throng ; the common people, the masses. 

multo, [abl. n. of multus] adv. by much, 
much, a great deal, by far, far, greatly, 
very. 

multo (mulct 0), -are, -avi, -atum, 
[multa] 1 tr. punish. 

multum, [multus] adv. much, very 
much, greatly, far; often, frequently. 

multus, -a, -um, comp. plus, superl. 
plurimus, adj. much; ^X.many, a great 
number of, in great numbers, numerous; 
of time, late. As subst. multum, -1, 
n. much; multa, -orum, n. pi. 
many things, much; multi, -orum, m. 
pi. many people, many men, many. 
Comp. plus, pluris, more. As subst. 
plurSs, -ium, m. pi. more, the majority, 
many, a great number, pluris, gen. 
of price, of more value, dearer, higher. 



Superl. plurimus, most, very many, 
very much, quam plurimi, as many 
as possible. 

Mulvius (Mil-), -a, -um, adj. Mulvian. 
pons Mulvius, the Mulvian bridge 
across the Tiber near Rome. 

municeps, -ipis, [munia, official duties, 
+ capio] c. inhabitant of a free town, 

citizen ; fellow -citizen, fellow-country- 
man. 

miinicipium, -1, [municeps] n. free 
town or city, municipality, a town gov- 
erned by its own laws while possessing 
Eoman citizenship. 

munio, -Ire, -Ivi, -Itum, tmoenia] 4 tr. 

defend by a wall ; fortify, defend, pro- 
tect; guard, secure, strengthen; of roads, 
make open, make passable, pave. 

munitio, -onis, [munio] f. a fortifying; 
defence, protection, fortification. 

munitus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of munio] adj. 
f(yrtijied, defended, protected; secure, 
safe. 

munus, -eris, n. duty, service, function, 
office, employment ; present, gift ; spec- 
tacle, entertainment, show of gladiators. 

Murena, -ae, m. a Roman cognomen 
or family name. Esp. L. Licinius 
Murena, the Roman commander in the 
Second Mithridatic War (83-81 B.C.). 

mtirus, -1, m. wall. 

Musa, -ae, [MoOo-a] f. Muse, one of the 
goddesses of music, poetry, and other 
liberal arts. 

mutatio, -onis, [muto] f. change, altera- 
tion; exchange. 

Mutina, -ae, f. Modena, chief town in 
Cisalpine Gaul, where Mark Antony 
besieged Decimus Brutus, 43 B.C. 

muto, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of 
moveo] 1 tr. and intr. move, remove ; 
alter, vary, change, transform ; change 
for the better; interchange, exchange. 

mutus, -a, -um, adj. dumb, speechless; 
voiceless, mute; silent, still. 

Mytilenaeus, -a, -um, adj. of Mytilene, 
a city in Lesbos. 



9 o 



VOCABULARY 



N 

nam, conj. for, now (explanation); for 

instance; for certainly •, for assuredly. 

nanciscor, -I, nactus or nanctus sum, 

3 dep. get, get hold of obtain, receive; 
meet with, light on, find. 

narro, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. make 
known, tell, relate, recount, set forth; 
say, speak. 

nascor, nasci, natus sum, 3 dep. be 
. born, be produced, be begotten ; be nat- 
urally adapted ; arise, spring up, grow. 
Nasica, -ae, m. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. Publius Cornelius 
Scipio Nasica Serapio, chiefly known 
as leader of the Senate in the murder of 
the tribune Ti. Gracchus in 133 b.c. 

natalis, -e, [natus] adj. of one's birth, 
birth-, natal. 

natid, -onis, [cf. natus] f. birth; breed, 
kind, race; race of people, people, na- 
tion. 

nattlra, -ae, [cf. nascor] f. birth; natu- 
ral character, character, nature; dis- 
position, inclination, temper; natural 
course of things, law of nature. 

naturalis, -e, [natura] adj. natural, by 
birth, innate; of nature, according to 
nature. 

natus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of nascor] adj. 
born, made; produced by nature, de- 
signed, destined; constituted by nature; 
of time, old. 

[natus, -tis,] [cf. nascor] m. used only in 
abl. sing, birth, age. maiores natii, 
elders, fathers, ancestors. 

naufragium, -I, [navis, cf. frango] n. 

shipwreck ; ruin, loss, destruction ; 
shattered remains, wreck. 

naufragus, -a, -um, [navis, cf. frango] 

adj. shipwrecked, wrecked ; of broken 

fortunes, ruined. As subst. naufragl, 

-orum, m. pi. shipwrecked persons; 

wrecked and ruined men, ruined men. 

nauta, -ae, [for navita, from navis] m. 

sailor, seaman, boatman. 
nauticus, -a, -um, [vavTucas] adj. of 

ships, ship-, of sailors, naval, nautical. 



navalis, -e, [navis] adj. of ships, ship-, 
naval, nautical. 

navicularius, -I, [navicula, dim. of 
navis] m. shipmaster, boat-owner. 

navigatio, -onis, [navigo] f. sailing,- 

navigation ; voyage. 

navigium, -I, [navis, cf. ago] n. vessel, 
boat, baik, ship. 

navigo, -are, -avi, -atum, [navis, cf. 

ago] 1 tr. and intr. sail, make voyages, 

cruise, sail the sea; proceed. 
navis, -is, f. ship, vessel, boat, galley. 

1. ne, adv. and conj.: 

1. As adv. not. ne . . . quidem, 
not even. 

2. As conj. in order that not, that not, 
from, lest, for fear that. 

2. ng, inter j. truly, verily, surely, I am 
sure, indeed. 

-ne, interrog. adv. and conj., enclitic, ap- 
pended to the emphatic word : 

1. As adv. introducing direct ques- 
tions, usually not translated. 

2. As conj. introducing indirect ques- 
tions, whether. -ne . . . an, -ne 
. . . -ne, whether. . .or. -ne with 
nee, see necne. 

Neapolis, -is, ni. Naples, the name of a 
number of Greek cities ; esp. the Greek 
colony of that name in Campania, Italy. 

Neapolitanus, -a, -um, [Neapolis] adj. 
of Naples, Neapolitan. As subst. Nea- 
politan!, -orum, m. pi. the Neapolitans. 

necorneque, Ln6 + -que] adv. and conj. 
and not, also not, nor ; nor yet, and yet 
not, nor however, nee . . . nee, neque 
. . . nequc, neither. . .nor. neque (nee) 
. . . non, and certainly, and besides, 
and indeed, neque (nee) . . . et, neque 
(nee) . . . -que, on the one hand not. . . 
and on the other, not only not... but 
also, neque enim, see enim. 

necessario, [necessarius] adv. un- 
avoidably, inevitably, of necessity, 

necessarily. 

necessarius, -a, -um, [necesse] adj. un- 
avoidable, inevitable, indispensable, 
pressing, needful, necessary; connected 



nam— neuter 



91 



by natural ties. As. subst. c. connec- 
tion, kinsman, dose friend, friend. 

necesse, indecl. adj., only in nom. and 
ace. sing., n. unavoidable, inevitable, in- 
dispensable, necessary. necesse est, 
it is unavoidable, etc., one must, one 
cannot but. 

necessitas, -atis, [necesse] f. necessity; 
unavoidableness, merit ableness, com- 
I pulsion, exigency; need., want; con- 
nection, relationship, friendship. 

necessittido, -inis, [necesse] f. neces- 
sity, inevitableness, compulsion; close 
connection, close relations, relationship, 
friendship, bond, intimacy. 

necne, [nec + -ne] conj. belonging to the 
second member of a disjunctive ques- 
tion, direct or indirect, or not. 

neco, -are, -avi, -atum, [nex] 1 tr. 

put to death, kill, slay, murder, destroy. 

nefandus, -a, -urn, [ne+fandus, from 
for, speak] adj. unspeakable, unutter- 
able ; impious, execrable, detestable, 
abominable. 

nefarie, [nefarius] adv. impiously, 
heinously, execrably, abominably. 

nefarius, -a, -urn, [nefas] adj. impious, 
heinous, wicked, execrable, abominable, 
nefarious. 

nefas, [n6 + fas] indecl. n. enme against 
divine law, sin, impious deed, wrong. 

neglegenter (negli-), [neglegens, 
from neglego] adv. heedlessly, care- 
lessly, negligently. 

neglego, -legere, -lexi, neglectum, 
[nee + lego] 3 tr. disregard, not attend 
to, neglect, be regardless of, be indiffer- 
ent to; make light of, slight, care noth- 
ing for, ignore, despise, contemn. 

nego, -are, -avi, -atum, l tr. and intr. 
say no; say... not, deny, refuse, not to 
consent, decline. 

negotiator, -oris, [negotior] m. whole- 
sale dealer, merchant, banker, capital- 
ist. 

negotior, -Sri, -atus sum, [negotiuml 
1 dep. do business, carry on business; 
act as banker. 



negotium, -I, [nec + otium] n. business. 
employment, occupation; one's interests 
or affairs; difficulty, trouble; matter, 
thing, affair. 

nemo (-inis), [ne+hom6] gen. and abi. 
not in use. replaced by forms from nul- 
lus hom6, c. no man, no one, nobody. 
non nemo, many a one, one and an- 
other, somebody. nem6 non, every- 
body. 

nempe, [nam + -pe] conj. certainly, with- 
out a doubt, as everybody knows, ob- 
viously, of course. 

nemus, -oris, n. forest pasture, grove; 

sacred grove. 
nepos, -Otis, m. grandson; spendthrift, 

prodigal. 
Nepos, -5tis, [nepos] m. a Roman cog- 
nomen or family name. See Metel- 

lus 7. 
nequam, indecl. comp. ngquior, superl. 

nequissimus, adj. worthless, good for 

nothing, shiftless; vile, bad. 
nequaquam, adv. in no wise, by no 

means, not at all. 
neque, see nee. 
nequior, see nequam. 
nequiquam <nSquiequam), [ne + abl. of 

quisquam] adv. in vain, to no purpose, 

fruitlessly; without reason. 

nequissimus, see nequam. 

nequitia, -ae, [nequam] f. worthless- 

ness, shiftlessness, inefficiency; vileness, 

wickedness. 
nervus, -l, m. sinew, tendon, muscle ; 

cord, string; sinews, strength, poiver, 

rigor, force. 

nescio, -Ire, -ivi or -ii, , [ne + scio] 4 

tr. not know, be unaware, be ignorant. 
nesciS quis, nescio quid, used as com- 
pound indef. pron. / know not who, 
someone; I knew not what, something, 
nescio quo modo, I know not haw, 
somehoiv, strangely, oddly enough, un- 
fortunately, nescio an, see an. 

neu, see neve. 

neuter, -tra, -trum, gen. neutrius, [n6 
+ uter] adj. neither the one nor the 



92 



VOCABtTLAKY 



other, neither; \A. neither party, neither 
side. 

neve (neu), [ne + -ve] conj. and not, 
nor; and that. . . not, and lest. 

nex, necis, f. violent death, death, mur- 
der, assassination, slaughter. 

nihil or nil, [n6 + hilum, a trifle] n. 
indecl. nothing; ace. as adv. not at all, 
by no means, no, not. nonnihil, 
something, somewhat, a little. 

nihilo, [nihil] adv. by nothing, none, 
no. nihilo minus, none the less, nev- 
ertheless, notwithstanding. 

Nilus, -1, m. the Nile, the river in Egypt, 
nimirum, [ni + mirum] adv. ivithout a 

doubt, unquestionably, certainly, surely, 

truly; ironically, forsooth. 
nimis, adv. beyond measure, too, too 



much. 

nimium, [nimius] adv. too much, too. 
nimius, -a, -urn, [nimis] adj. beyond 

measure, too much, too great, excessive. 

nisi, [ne+ si] conj. if not, unless, except. 
nisi vero, unless perhaps (ironical). 

niteo, -ere, -ui, , 2 intr. shine, glitter, 

glisten; be sleek, look bright, bloom, 
thrive. 

nitidus, -a, -urn, [cf. niteo] adj. shin- 
ing, glistening, bright; sleek, hand- 
some, spruce. 

nitor, niti, nixus or nisus, 3 dep. press 
upon, lean, support one's self; strive, 
struggle, laboi\ endeavor; rely upon, 
depend on, rest. 

nix, nivis, f. snow. 

Nobilior, -5ris, [nobilis] hi. a Roman 
cognomen or family name. Esp. M. 
Fulvius Nobilior. See Fulvius 2. 

nobilis, -e, [cf. nosco] adj. well-known, 
famous, noted, celebrated, renowned; 
high-born, of noble birth; noble, excel- 
lent. 

n5bilitas, -atis, [nobilis] f. celebrity, 
fame, renown; high birth; the nobility, 
nobles, aristocracy ; nobility, excellence. 

nocens, -entis, [noceo] adj. hurtful, 
harmfid, injurious; guilty, wicked, 
criminal. 



noceo, -ere, -ui, — , fat. part, nocitu- 
rus, 2 tr. and intr. hurt, do harm; in- 
jure, inflict injury. 

noctu, [cf. nox] adv. in the night, by 
night, at night. 

nocturnus, -a, -um, [nox] adj. of the 
night, in the night, by night, nightly, 
nocturnal. 

nolo, nolle, nolui, , [ne + volo] irr. 

intr. wish... not, ivill...not, not wish, 
be unwilling. Imperative with an in- 
finitive, do not. 

nomen, -inis, [cf. nosco] n. name, ap- 
pellation, title; gentile name; bond, 
claim, debt; fame, renown, repute; pre- 
tence, pretext; account. 

nominatim, [nomino] adv. by name, 
one by one, expressly, especially, par- 
ticularly. 

nomino, -are, -avi, -atum, [nomen] l 

tr. call by name, name, give the name 
to; make famous, celebrate; nominate, 
designate; mention, report. 

non, [ne + unum] adv. not not at all, 

by no means. adeo non, see adeo. 
Nonae, see nonus. 
nondum, [non + dum] adv. not yet. 

nonne, [non + -ne] interrog. adv. expect- 
ing an affirmative answer, in a direct 
question, not ; in an indirect question, 
whether .. .not. 

nonnem.6, see nem6. 

nonnihil, see nihil. 

nonnullus, see ntillus. 

nonnumquam (nSnnunq-), see num- 
quam. 

nonus, -a, -um, [novem] adj. ninth. 
Esp. Nonae, -arum, f. pi. the Nones, 
the ninth day (inclusive) before the Ides 
of the month. See Idus. 

nos, see ego. 

nosco, noscere, novi, notum, 3 tr. be- 
come acquainted with, learn; in perfect 
tenses, have learned, be acquainted or 
familiar with, knoio, understand. 

noster, -tra, -trum, [nos] poss. pron. 
adj. our, ours, of us, of ours, our oivn. 



neve— ob 



93 






nota,-ae, [cf. nosed] f. mark, sign. stamp, 
brand; mark of ignominy, brand of in- 
famy, disgrace. 

noto, -are, -avi, -atum, [nota] l tr. 

mark; indicate, signify; single out. 
designate ; observe, note ; brand, stig- 
matize, censure, reprimand. 

notus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of nosed] adj. 
known, well-known, familiar ; famous, 
noto?ious. 

novem, num. adj. indecl. nine. 

November, -bris, -bre, [novem] adj. 
of November. 

novitas, -atis, [novus] f. newness. 
no velty ; a n us u aln ess , strong en ess ; 
humble origin, want of noble birth. 

novus, -a, -um, adj. new, young, fresh, 
recent ; novel, unfamiliar, strange, un- 
precedented; super!. /«.?/. hindermost. ex- 
treme, res novae, new things, inno- 
vations, change of government, revolu- 
tion, novus hom6, self-made man. 
tabulae novae, new account-books, a 
new account cancelling old debts. 

nox, noctis, f. night. 

noxia, -ae, [noxius, hurtful] f. hurt, 
harm, damage; fault, offence, trespass. 

ntidius, [for nunc dies, sc. est] adv. 
only in phrases of time with an ordinal. 
it is now the... day since. nudius 
tertius, day before yesterday. 

niido, -are, -avi, -atum, [ntidus] l tr. 
make naked, lay bare, strip, u nearer. 
expose: rob. despoil, plunder. 

ntidus, -a, -um, adj. naked, bare, un- 
covered, exposed ;• stripped, despoiled, 

deprived, destitute, vacant. 

nugae, -arum, f. ph jests, trifles; jesters, 
jokers, triflers. 

nullus, -a, -um, gen. nullius, [n6 + 

iillus] adj. not any. no. none of. As 

sabet. nullus, -ius, m. no one, nobody. 

non nullus, some one; pi. some, several. 
num, interrog. adv. in a direct question 

expecting a negative answer, now, then; 

does. . .9 is. . .9 suggesting the contrary. 

it is not so that — is it f; in an indirect 

question, whether. 



Numantia, -ae, f . a city in Spain, cap- 
tured by the younger Scipio in 133 B.C. 

numen, -inis, [nuo, nod] n. nod ; com- 
mand, will ; divine wiU. divine power, 
divinity, divine majesty; favor of the 
gods. 

numero, -are, -avi, -atum, [numerus] 

1 tr. count, reckon, take account of; 
count out. pay out ; account, consider, 
regard. 

numerus, -i, m. number, quantity; rank. 
position, place, estimation, category. 

Numidicus, -a, -um, adj. Xumidian. 
Esp. as cognomen or surname, given for 
victories in Xumidia, of Q,. Metellus 
Numidicus. See Metellus 1. 

nummus, -i, m. coin, money ; penny, 
farthing, mere tnfle; sestertius, sesterce. 
the Roman unit of account. See se- 
stertius. 

numquam (nunq-), [ne + umquam] 

adv. at no time, never. 

numquis, see num and quis. 

nunc, [num + -ce, cf. hie] adv. now, at 
this time, at present ; under these cir- 
cumstances, as it is. etiam nunc, see 
etiam. nunc d6nique, see denique. 

nunquam, see numquam. 

niintio, -are, -avi, -atum, [nuntius] 

1 tr. announce, report, make knmvn, 
inform, relate, declare. 
nuntius, -i, m. messenger, courier ; mes- 
sage, news, tidings. 

ntiper, [novus + per] adv. lately, recently, 
not long ago. just now. 

nuptiae, -arum, [niipta, bride] f. pi. 
ma rringe. wedding, nuptials. 

nutus, abl. -u, [nuo, nod] m., only nom. 
sing, and ace. and abl. sing, and pi. 
in use. nod. sign; command, will, pleas- 
ure. 

nympha, -ae, [™/*<M] f. bride, mistress ; 
pi. nymphs. 



6, interj. 0! oh! 

ob, prep, with ace. towards, to; before; 
or i account of. for. by reason of. 



94 



VOCABULARY 



obduco, -ducere, -dtixi, -ductum, [ob + 
dticoj 3 tr. draw before, bring forward; 
cover over, overspread, envelop. 

obdurgsco, -ere, obdurul, — , [ob + 
duresco, cf. durus] 3 intr. become 
hardened, grow insensible, be obdurate. 

obedio, see oboedio. 

obeo, -Ire, -IvI, -itum, [ob + eo] irr. tr. 
and intr. go to meet ; goto, visit, reach ; 
go over, review ; go about, attend to, 
discharge, perform, commit, accom- 
plish; enter upon, undertake, engage in. 

obf-, see off-. 

obicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum, [ob + 
iacio] 3 tr. throw before, throw, cast ; 
cast in Vie way, oppose ; put before, 
offer, present, expose; bring upon, visit; 
throw up to, reproach with, taunt. 

oblecto, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob + lacto, 

allure] 1 tr. delight, give pleasure to, 
entertain, amuse, interest, divert. 

obligo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob + ligo, 

bind] 1 tr. bind up; bind, oblige, put 
under obligation, make liable ; pledge, 
mortgage; hamper, embarrass. 

oblino, -ere, oblevi, oblitum, [ob + 
lino, besmear] 3 tr. besmear, bedaub, 
smear, stain; befoul, defile. 

1. oblitus, -a, -urn, pf.p. of oblino. 

2. oblitus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of oblivlscor] 

aij. forgetting, forgetful, unmindful, 
regardless, indifferent. 

obllvio, -onis, [oblivlscor] f. forgetful- 
ness, oblivion. 

oblivlscor, -I, oblitus sum, 3 dep. for- 
get, be forgetful ; disregard, lose sight 
of, be indifferent to, neglect. 

obmutesco, -ere, obmutul, — , [ob + 
mutesco, from mutus] 3 intr. become 
dumb, be silent. 

obnuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob + 
nuntio] 1 tr. announce, tell; announce 
adverse omens, prevent by omens. 

oboedio (obedio), -Ire, -IvI, -Itum, [ob 
.+ audio] 4 intr. give ear, hearken; give 
heed, obey, be obedient, be submissive, 
yield obedience. 

oborior, -oriri, obortus sum, [ob + 
orior] 4 dep. arise, spring up, appear. 



obruo, -ruere, -rui, obrutum, [ob +ruo] 

3 tr. overivhelm, cover over, bury; over- 
throw, ruin; overload, oppfrss. 

obscure, [obsciirus] adv. darkly, ob- 
scurely, covertly, secretly. 

obscuritas, -atis, [obsciirus] f. ob- 

scurity, indistinctness, uncertainty. 

obscuro, -are, -avi, -atum, [obsciirus] 

1 tr. darken, dim, obscure; hide, con- 
ceal, shroud, veil. 

obsciirus, -a, -um, adj. dark, dusky ; 
obscure, dim, indistinct, unintelligible; 
unknown, hard to discern, disguised; 
ignoble, mean, low. 

obsecro, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob + sacro] 

1 tr. beseech, entreat, implore, suppli- 
cate, adjure. 

obsecundo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob + 
secundo, cf. secundus] 1 intr. comply 
with, humor, yield to, show obedience. 

observo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob + servo] 

1 tr. ivatch, note, take notice of, heed, 
observe; watch for, keep watch for; re- 
gard, respect, honor. 

obses, -idis, [ob, cf. sedeo] c. hostage; 
surety, security, assurance, pledge. 

obsideo, -sidere, -sedl, -sessum, [ob + 
sedeo] 2 tr. and intr. sit, stay; beset, 
besiege, blockade; hem in, hamper; oc- 
cupy, take possession of/ look out for, 
watch for, lie in wait for. 

obsidio, -onis, [obsideo] f. siege, 
blockade. 

obslgno, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob + slgno] 

1 tr. seal, seal up; attest under seal, put 
seal on, sign as witness. 

obsisto, -sistere, -stiti, -stitum, [ob + 
sisto] 3 intr. stand before, stand in the 
way; make a stand against, oppose, re- 
sist, withstand. 

obsolesco, -ere, obsolevi, obsoletum, 
[obs (ob) + olesco, grow] 3 intr. grow 
old, get out of date, fall into disuse, 
become obsolete. 

obstipesco(obstu-), -ere, obstipui, — , 

[ob + inch. of stupeo, be stupefied] 3 
intr. become stupefied, be struck dumb, 
be thunderstruck, be amazed, be 
astounded. 



obduco— Octavius 



95 



obsto, -stare, -stiti, — , [ob + sto] l 

intr. stand before; stand in the way, 
hinder, withstand, oppose, resist, 
thwart. 

obstrepo, -ere, obstrepui, — , [ob + 
strepo, make a noise'] 3 tr. and intr. 
make a noise against, roar at ; out- 
bawl, drown by noise. 

obstupefacio, -facere, -feci, -factum, 
pass, obstupefio, -fieri, -factus sum, 
[ob + stupefacio, stupefy] 3 intr. amaze, 
astound, daze, stupefy, benumb. 

obstupgsco, see obstipesco. 

obsum, -esse, -ful, [ob + sum] irr. intr. 
be against; be prejudicial to, injure, 
hurt, hinder. 

obtego, -tegere, -texl, -tectum, [ob + 
tego] 3 tr. cover up, protect; veil, hide, 
conceal. 

obtempero, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob + 
tempero] 1 intr. comply with, conform 
to, submit to, obey. 

obtSstor, -Sri, -atus sum, [ob + testor] 

1 dep. call as tcitness, make appeal to; 
beseech, entreat, implore. 

obtineo, -tinere, -tinul, obtentum, 
[ob + teneo] 2 tr. hold fast, occupy, 
possess; keep, preserve; maintain, show, 
prove, make good ; get possession of, 
acquire, obtain, hold an office. 

obtingo, -tingere, -tigi, , [ob + 

tango] 3 tr. and intr. fall to the lot of, 
befall; hajmen. occur. 

obtrgcto, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob + 
tracto] 1 tr. and intr. detract from., be- 
little, disparage, underrate, decry. 

obtull, see offero. 

obviam, [ob + viam] adv. in the way, 
toward, against, in the face of, to 
meet. fieri obviam, come to meet, 
meet. 

obvius, -a, -um, [ob + via] adj. in the 
way. so as to meet, meeting. obvium 
esse, to meet. 

occasio, -onis, lob, cf. casus, from 
cado] f. opportunity, convenient mo- 
ment, Jit or suitable time, occasion. 



occasus, -us, [occido] m. a going down, 
setting of heavenly bodies ; sunset, 
west; downfall, ruin, death. 

occidens, -entis, [pr.p. of occido] m. 

sunset, west. 

occido, -cidere, -cidi, occasum, [ob + 
cado] 3 intr. fall down, fall; die, be 
slain, perish, be lost. 

occido, -cidere, -cidi, occisum, [ob + 
caedo] 3 tr. strike down; cut down, 
kill, slay, murder, massacre. 

occludo, -cludere, -clusl, occlusum, [ob 
+ claudo] 3 tr. shut up, close. 
occultator, -oris, [occulto] m. hider, 
concealer, harborer. 

occulte, [occultus] adv. in secret, with 
secrecy, secretly ^privately. 

occulto, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of 
OCCulo, cover] 1 tr. hide, conceal, secrete. 

occultus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of occulo, cover] 
adj. covered up, concealed, hidden,*ecret. 

occupatio, -onis, [occupo] f. a taking 
possession, seizure; business, employ- 
ment, occupation. 

occupatus, -a, -um, [pf . p. of occupo] 

adj. engaged, occupied, busy. 

occupo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob, cf . capio] 

1 tr. take possession of, seize upon, seize, 
occupy; take up, fill, employ. 

occurro, -ere, occurri, occursum, [ob + 
curro] 3 intr. run up, run to meet, meet, 
fall in ivith, come upon; rush upon, 
attack; resist, oppose, obviate, counter- 
act; present itself, suggest itself, occur, 
be thought of. 

occursatio, -onis, [occurro] f. a run- 
ning to meet; attention, greeting, 
friendly advances; officio usness. 

Oceanus, -l, ['n/cecu>6?] m. the ocean. 

Ocriculanus, -a, -um, adj. of Ocriculum, 
a town on the Via Flaminia near the 
junction of the Tiber and the Nar 
rivers. 

Octavius, -I, loctavusl m. a distin- 
guished Roman aomeii or gentile name. 
Esp. Cn. Octavius, the consul in 87 
b.c. who was killed by the Marians in 
the first civil war. 



9 6 



VOCABULARY 



OCtavus, -a, -um,[octo] num. adj. eighth. 

OCt6, num. adj. hided, eight. 

OCulus, -1, m. eye. 

Odi, odisse, fut. part, osurus, def. tr. 
hate, detest. 

odiosus, -a, -um, [odium] adj. hateful, 
odious, offensive; unpleasant, disagree- 
able, vexatious, annoying. 

odium, -1, [of. odl] n. hatred, grudge, 
ill-will, animosity, enmity; offence, 
aversion, nuisance; offensive conduct. 

odor, -oris, ni. smell, scent, odor; inkling, 
hint, suggestion. 

offendo, -fendere, -fendi, offensum, 
[ob + fendo] 3 tr. and intr. hit, strike 
against; hit vjyon, stumble upon, meet 
with; stumble, blunder, make a mis- 
take; fail, be defeated", be unfortunate; 
take offence at, be displeased at; offend, 
be offensive, shock, disgust, displease. 

offSnsio, -<5nis, [offendo] f. stumbling; 
disfavor, dislike, disgust, aversion, ha- 
tred; accident, mishap, misfortune, de- 
feat, disaster. 

offensus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of offendo] adj. 
offended, incensed, embittered; offensive, 
odious. 

offer 6, offerre, obtuli, oblatum, [ob + 
fero] irr. tr. bHng before, present, offer, 
expose; bring forward, adduce; thrust 
upon, cause, inflict; confer, bestow. 

officio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum, [ob + 
facio] 3 tr. stand in the way of, hinder, 
oppose, obstruct, thwart; be detrimen- 
tal, hurl. 

officiosus, -a, -um, [officium] adj. full 
of courtesy, courteous, obliging, service- 
able; dutiful, in disclwirge of one's 
duty, obligatory. 

officium, -I, [opus, cf. facio] n. service, 
favor, courtesy, kindness, kind offices; 
obligation, duty, function, part, office; 
sense of duty, dutifulness. 

offundo, -ere, offudi, offusum, [ob + 
fundo] 3 tr. pour out; jour out upon, 
spread over; flll, pel vade. 

olim, [cf. ollus, old form of ille] adv. at 
that time, once upon a time, once, for- 
\mrhj; some day, one of these days. 



omen, -inis, n. token, sign, harbinger, 
otnen. 

omitto, -mittere, -misi, omissum, [ob 
+ mittS] 3 tr. let go; lay aside, give 
up, dismiss; neglect, disregard; let go 
by, pass over, say nothing of, omit; 
cease, abandon. 

omnino, [omnis] adv. altogether, en- 
tirely, utterly, wholly, totally; at all, 
whatever; in all, just, only; by all 
means, certainly; in general, generally. 

omnis, -e, adj. all, the whole, the entire, 
every. As subst. omnes, -ium, c. pi. 
all men, all; omnia, -ium, n. all things, 
everything. 

onus, -eris, n. load, burden; freight, 
cargo; weight, charge, trouble, diffi- 
culty. 

opera, -ae, [opus] f . labor, pains, trouble, 
exertion, efforts; service. operam 
dare, see do. operae pretium, see 
pretium. 

operio, -Ire, operui, opertum, 4 tr. cover, 
cover over. 

Opimius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. L. Opimius, consul in 
121 b.c. and leader against the Grac- 
chans. 

opimus, -a, -um, adj. fat; rich, fertile, 
fruitful; abundant, sumptuous, splen- 
did. 

opinio, -onis, [opinor] f . opinion, belief, 
impression, expectation, conjecture, fan- 
cy; esteem., reputation, opinione with 
a comparative, than is supposed, than 
was expected, or the like. 

opinor, -ari, -atus sum, 1 dep. be of the 
opinion, believe, think, trow, suppose, 
have an idea, imagine. 

opitulor, -ari, -atus sum, [ops. cf. tull, 
from fero] 1 dep. bring aid, aid, give 
help, assist, succor. 

oportet, -ere, oportuit, 2 impers. it is 
necessary, it is proper or becoming, it 
behooves, it ought, one must. 

oppeto, -ere, -ivi, -Itum, [ob + peto] 3 

tr. go to meet, encounter. 

oppidum, -I, m. town, city. 



octavus— oro 



97 



oppono, -ere, opposui, oppositum, [ob 
+ p6no] 3 tr. set against, place opposite. 
oppose; set before, bring forward, ad- 
duce, allege; object, adduce in answer. 

opportunitas, -atis, [opportunus] f. 

fitness, suitableness, convenience; ad- 
vantage, lucky circumstance. 

opportunus, -a, -urn, [ob + portus] adj. 
fit, adapted, suitable, convenient, timely, 
opportune; advantageous, useful. 

Loppositus, -US], [oppono] m., only abl. 
sing and ace. pi. a setting against, op- 
position, interposition. 

opprimo, -ere, oppress!, oppressum, 
[ob + premo] 3 tr. press against, press 
down; weigh down, burden, oppress; 
put down, suppress, quell; overwhelm, 
overpower, crush, subdue; overtake by 
surprise, fall upon; hide, conceal. 

oppugnatio, -onis, [oppiigno] f. storm- 
ing, besieging, siege; attack, assault. 

oppugno, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob + pu- 
gno] 1 tr. fight against, attack, assail, 
assault; stoimi, besiege, lay siege to. 

[ops], opis, nora. and dat. sing, not in use, 
f. aid, assistance, help, succor, support; 
poiver, might, ability, influence, weight; 
pi. often, means, resources, property, 
wealth, riches. 

optabilis, -e, [opto] adj. to be wished 
for, desirable. 

optimas, -atis, [optimus] adj. of the 
best, aristocratic. As subst. optima- 
t6s, -ium, m. pi. the optimates, the 
aristocracy, the nobles, as opposed to 
popular es, the democrats, the party 
representing the masses. 

optimg, see bene. 

optimus, see bonus. 

opto, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. choose, se- 
lect, prefer; wish, wish for, desire, htope 
for, long for. 

opus, -eris, n. work, labor, toil; works, 
structure, public building, fortifications ; 
work of art, workmanship; in nom. 
and ace. in phrases with esse, need, 
want, necessity, necessary. magno 
opere, very much, greatly; earnestly, 
heartily, vehemently^ urgently, quan- 



tO opere, with how great effort, how 

carefully; how greatly, how much. 

tanto opere, so much, so very, so ear- 
nestly. 

or a, -ae, f. shore, coast, sea-coast. 

oratio, -onis, [oro] f. speech, discourse ; 
address, harangue, oration ; language, 
style, expression; subject, theme; power 
of oratory, eloquence. 

orator, -oris, [oro] m. speaker, orator ; 
ambassador, negotiator. 

orbis, -is, m. ring, circle, orbit. orbis 
terrae or terrarum, the whole world, 
earth . 

or bus, -a -urn, adj. bereaved, bereft; de- 
prived, destitute, devoid of. 

ordior, -iri, orsus sum, 4 dep. begin, 
commence, start; set about, undertake. 

ordo, -inis, m. row, line, series, order ; 
company, rank, class, grade, degree. 

oriens, -entis, [pr.p. of orior] m. the 
rising sun, morning sun ; the East, the 
Orient. 

orior, -iri, ortus sum, 4 (and 3) dep. 
ai^ise, rise; be descended, be born; spring 
up, spring, proceed, begin, have its ori- 
gin in. 

ornamentum, -i, [orno] n. apparatus, 
equipment, trappings ; mark of honor, 
decoration, adornment ; distinction, 
honor, ornament. 

ornate, [ornatus] adv. ornately, ele- 
gantly. 

ornatus, -a, -urn, [pf.p. of orno] adj. 
fitted out, furnished, well-supplied, 
equipped; excellent, admirable, distin- 
guished, eminent, highly honored. 

ornatus, -us, [orno] m. splendid dress, 
fine attire ; outfit, apparatus ; decora- 
tion, ornament. 

Orno, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. fit out, 
furnish, provide, equip, prepare; adorn, 
embellish ; praise, honor, add honor to, 

distinguish. 

5rp, -ar6, -avi, -atum, [os] 1 tr. and intr. 
speak; treat, argue. plead; pray, beseech, 
en treat, implore. 



9 8 



VOCABULARY 



ortus, -us, [orior] m. a rising ; rise, be- 
ginning, origin. ortus solis, sun- 
rise; the East. 

OS, oris, n. mouth ; face, countenance, 
features, look. 

OS, ossis, n. bone. 

oscitans, -antis, [pr.p. of oscito, yawn] 
adj. listless, sluggish, lazy, negligent. 

ostendo, -tendere, -tendi, -tentum, 
[obs (ob) + tendo] 3 tr. stretch out, hold 
out, expose to view ; show, point out, 
disclose, display, manifest, exhibit ; in- 
dicate, say, make known, declare. 

ostento, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of 
OStendo] 1 tr. show, exhibit ; shoiv off, 
display, make a display of, parade, 
boast; offer, promise. 

Ostiensis, -e, [ostium] adj. of or at 
Ostia, the port of entry for Rome at the 
mouth of the Tiber. 

ostium, -I, [cf. 6s] n. door ; mouth, en- 
trance. Ocean! ostium, the mouth 
of the Ocean, the strait of Gibraltar. 

Otiosus, -a, -um, [otium] adj. at leisure, 
unoccupied, inactive ; unconcerned, in- 
different, neutral; quiet, calm. 

Otium, -1, n. leisure; idleness, inactivity, 
ease; peace, repose, rest, quietness. 



P., abbreviation for Publius. 

pacatus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of paco] adj. 
pacified, quieted, quiet, peaceful, peace- 
able, submissive. 

paciscor, pacisci, pactus sum, 3 dep, 
agree, covenant, bargain, contract, stip- 
ulate. 

paco, -are, -avi, -atum, [pax] 1 tr. 

make peaceful, pacify, quiet, subdue. 

Paconius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. M. Paconius, one of 
the victims of Clodius. 

pactum, -I, [pactus] n. agreement, cov- 
enant, contract, compact, stipulation ; 
manner, way, means. quo pactO,»fy/ 
what means, in tvhat way, how. nescio 
quo pacto, / know not how, somehow 



or other, nullo pacto, in no way, by 
no means. 

pactus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of paciscor] adj. 
agreed upon, settled, determined upon, 
stipulated. 

paene, adv. nearly, almost. 

paeniteo, -ere, -ui, , 2 tr. and intr. 

make sorry, cause to repent ; repent, be 
sorry. Impers. paenitet, -ere, paeni- 
tuit, it repents, it makes sorry, it 
grieves, one repents, one regrets ; it dis- 
pleases, it offends. 

paenula (pen-), -ae, f. travelling cloak, 
mantle. 

paenulatus, -a, -um, [paenula] adj. 

wearing the paenula, wrapped in a 

cloak. 
palam, adv. openly, publicly, wWiout 

concealment. 

Palatium, -1, [Pales, Italian goddess of 
shepherds] n. the Palatine Hill, one of 
the seven hills of Rome, the original 
site, and later a famous residential sec- 
tion of the city. 

Palladium, -I, [dim. of Pallas] n. the 

Palladium or image of Pallas Athena, 
the Roman Minerva, which was said to 
have fallen from the skies, and on the 
preservation of which depended the 
safety of Troy. It was captured by the 
Greeks Ulysses and Diomede. Hence, 
a palladium, bulwark, safeguard. 

palus, -udis, f . marsh, swamp, bog. 
Pamphylia, -ae, f. a small country on 
the southern coast of Asia Minor. 

Pansa, -ae, m. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. C. Vibius Pansa, 
a friend of Caesar's and later consul 
with Hirtius in 43 B.C., in which year he 
fell in the attack on Mark Antony at 
Mutina. 

Paplrius, -I, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp M. Paplrius Maso, 
killed by the Clodians in 58 b.c See 
also Carbo. 

Papius, -a, -um, adj. of Papius, Papian. 
Esp. in the phrase l6x Papia, an alien 
law proposed by the tribune C. Papius 
in 65 b,c. 



ortus— paternus 



99 



par, paris, adj. equal, like, alike; on a 
par with, a match for, well-matched ; 
suitable, right, proper. par atque, 
see atque. 

par ate, [paratus] adv. with prepara- 
tion, with self-possession, composedly. 

paratus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of paro] adj. 
prepared, ready ; well-pi^epared, pro- 
vided, furnished, equipped ; skilled, 
skilful. * 

parco, parcere, peperci or parsi, par- 
sum, 3 intr. spare, be sparing ; refrain 
from injuring, treat with forbearance, 
be considerate; refrain, cease, stop. 

parens, -entis, [pario] c. parent, father, 
mother. 

pareo, -6re, -ui, , 2 intr. appear, be 

visible ; be evident, be manifest ; obey, 
be obedient, submit, comply ; gratify, 
yield. 

parigs, -etis, m. wall of a house. 

pario, -ere, peperi, partum, fut. part. 

pariturus, 3 tr. bring forth, give birth 

to, produce ; create, effect, accomplish ; 

procure, acquire, obtain, get, win, 

secure. 
paro, -are, -avi, -atum, l tr. and intr. 

make ready, prepare, provide, furnish, 

arrange, get ready for; intend, resolve; 

procure, acquire, get. 

parricida, -ae, [pater, cf. caedo] m. 

parricide; murderer, assassin; outlaw, 
desperate criminal. 

parricidium, -i, [parricida] n. parri- 
cide; murder, assassination; high trea- 
son, horrible crime. 

pars, partis, f.. part, portion, share, 
division; some, several; party, faction, 
side; character, role; function, office, 
duty; region, district; direction, way, 
degree, aliqua ex parte, in some 
measure. ex omnibus partibus, on 
all sides, in every direction. 

parsimonia (parci-), -ae, [parco] f. 
sparingness, frugality \ parsimony. 

particeps, -cipis, [pars, cf. capio] adj. 

sharing, partaking. As subst. m. 
sharer, participant, partner, associate. 



partim, [old ace. of pars] adv. partly, in 
part. partim . . . partim, partly 

. . .partly, some. . .oi'na s. 

partio, -Ire, -ivi, -itum, and partior, 
-iri, -Itus sum, [pars] 4 tr. and dep. 
share, divide, apportion, distribute. 

partitio, -onis, [partior] f. partition, 
division, distiibution. 

partus, -us, [pario] in. birth, delivery; 
offspring, young. 

parum, comp. minus, superl. minimB, 
[cf. parvus] adv. but little, too little, 
not enough, insufficiently, ill. As subst. 
too little, not enough. 

parvulus, -a, -um, [dim. of parvus] adj. 
very small, little, slight, insignificant, 
petty; young. 

parvus, -a, -um, comp. minor, superl. 
minimus, adj. little, small, inconsider- 
able; petty, trifling, insignificant, un- 
important, parvi, gen. of value, of 
little worth, of little account. parvi 
refert, it makes little difference, it 
matters little. 

pasco, pascere, pavi, pastum, 3 tr. and 
intr. feed, nourish, maintain, support; 
feed on, feast, gratify. 

passus, -us, m. step, pace. mllle pas- 
suum, thousand paces, mile. . 

pastio, -onis, [pasco] f . pasturing, graz- 
ing, pasture. 

pastor, -5ris, [pasco] m. herdsman, 
shepherd. 

patefacio, -facere, -feci, -factum, 
[pateo + facio] 3 tr. lay open, lay bare, 
open, throw open ; disclose, bring to 
light, expose. 

pateo, -6re, -Ui, , 2 intr. stand open, 

lie open, be open; be exposed, be un- 
covered; extend; be clear, be wellknoivn, 
be manifest, be obvious, be patent. 

pater, -tris, m. father, sire. PI. fathers, 

forefathers, ancestors ; senators. 

patr6s cQnscripti, see conscrlptus. 

pater familias, Bee familia. 
paternus, -a, -um, [pater] adj. of a 

father, father's, paternal ; of one's 

fathers, of the fatherland. 



100 



VOCABULARY 






patiens, -entis, [pr.p. of patior] adj. 
long-suffering, enduring, patient, tol- 
erant. 

patientia, -ae, [patiens] f. long-suffer- 
ing, endurance, submission, patience ; 
forbearance, indulgence, lenity. 

Patina, -ae, m. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. T. Patina, a friend 
of Clodius. 

patior, pati, passus sum, 3 dep. suffer, 
undergo, endure, bear; put up with, 
tolerate; cdlow, permit, let. 

patria, -ae, [patrius] f. fatherland, 
one's native land, native place, own 
country; home. 

patricius, -a, -urn, [pater] adj. of fa- 
therly dignity, of senatorial rank; pa- 
trician, noble. As subst. patricil, 
-orum, m. pi. the patricians, nobility. 

patrimonium, -l, [pater] n. inheritance 
from a father, paternal estate, ancestral 
estate, patrimony. 

patrius, -a, -um, [pater] adj. of a father, 
fathers, paternal; of 'one's fathers, an- 
cestral, family- . 

patrSnus, -I, [pater] m. protector, pa- 
tron; defender, advocate. 

patruus, -I, [pater] m. father's brother, 
uncle on the father's side. 

paucus, -a, -um, adj. few, a few, little. 
As subst. pauci, -orum, m. y\.few, a 
few. pauca, -orum, n. pi. a few 

things, little, a few zvords, briefly. 

paulisper, [paulum + per] adv. for a 
little while, for a short lime. 

paulQ, [abl. of paulum] adv. by a little, 
a little, somewhat. paulo ante, a 
little while ago, just now. 

paululum, [paululus, very little] adv. 
a very little, a little, someivhat. 

paulus, -a, -um, adj. little, small, slight, 
insignificant. 

Paulus, -1, [paulus] m. a Roman cog- 
nomen or family name. Esp. : 
l. L. Aemilius Paulus, one of the 
best specimens of the Roman 
nobles, consul 168 b,c, when he 



conquered Perses, the king of 
Macedonia. 
2. L. Aemilius Paulus, praetor in 
53 B.C., an opponent to Clodius. 

pax, pacis, f . peace, treaty of peace, 
reconciliation; concord, harmony; tran- 
quillity, quiet. pace" tua, by yovr 
good leave, ivith your permission. 

peccatum, -I, [pecco] n. fault, wrong, 
offence, sin; mistake, blunder. 

pecco, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 intr. commit 

a fault, do wrong, offend, sin; err, go . 

wrong, make a mistake. 
pecto, pectere, pexl, pexum, 3 tr. comb. 
pectus, -oris, n. breast; heart, feelings, 

disposition; soul, mind, understanding. 
pecuarius, -a, -um, [pecti, cattle] adj. 

of cattle. As subst. pecuaria, -ae, f . 

cattle-breeding. 

peculatus, -lis, [pectilor, embezzle] m. 
embezzlement. 

pectinia, -ae, [pecus] f. property, wealth; 

money, sum of money. pectiniam 

repetere, see repeto. 
pecuniosus, -a, -um, [pectinia] adj. 

moneyed, rich, wealthy. 
pecus, -udis, f. a head of cattle; brute, 

dumb beast, animal; sheep. 

pedester, -tris, -tre, [pes] adj. on foot, 
pedestrian; infantry, foot-; on land, by 
land. 

pedetemptim (-tentim), adv. step by 
step, gradually, cautiously. 

peior, see malus. 
peius, see male. 

pello, pellere, pepuli, pulsum, 3 tr. 

beat, strike, drive; drive away, expel, 
banish; drive back, repel, rout; move, 
touch, impress. 

Penates, -ium, [cf. penus, provisions] 
m. pi. household gods, the Penates, the 
guardian deities of the family ; home, 
fireside, hearth. 

pendeo, pendere, pependi, — , [cf. 
pendo] 2 intr. hang, hang down, be sus- 
pended; depend, rest, be dependent; be 
in suspense, be undecided^ hesitate, be 

irresolute. 



patiens— perexiguus 



IOI 



pendo, pendere, pependl, pensum, 3 tr. 

weigh, weigh out; pay, pay out; ponder, 
consider; of a penalty, pay, suffer. 
penes, prep, with ace. with, at the house 
of; in the power of, in, the control of, in 
the hands of. 

penetro, -are, -avi, -atum, l tr. and 
mtr. eider, penetrate, force one's way. 

penitus, adv. inwardly, deeply, deep 
xoithin, far ivithin; l/ioroughly, pro- 
foundly, utterly, entirely. 

pensito, -are, -avi, — , [freq. of penso, 
ef. pendo] 1 tr. weigh out, pay. 

per, prep, with ace. through; of space, 
through, throughout, all over, across, 
along, among; of time, through, dur- 
ing., for, in the course of; of means 
and manner, through, by, by the 
agency of, by means of, under pretence 
of, for the sake of, with a view to; in 
oaths and adjurations, by, for the sake 
of. With reflex, per me, etc., by my- 
self, single-handed, alone, in person ; so 
far as I am concerned. In composition. 
through, tJwroughly, completely, very. 

peradulescens, -entis, [per + adule- 
scens] adj. very young. 

perago, -agere, -egi, -actum, [per + 
ago] 3 tr. pierce through; disturb, agi- 
tate; carry through, carry out, com- 
plete, accomplish; go through, relate, 
detai 1 . 

peragro, -are, -avi, -atum, [per, cf. 
ager] 1 tr. wander through, travel over, 
travel, traverse; spread through, pene- 
trate. 

perangustus, -a, -um, [per + angustus] 

adj. very narrow. 

perbrevis, -e, [per + brevis] adj. very 

short, very bi ief, concise. 

percall6sc5, -ere, percallui, — , [per 
+ inch, of calle5, be callous] 3 intr. 
become tJwroughly hardened, grow cal- 
lous. 

percello, -ere, perculi, perculsum, 3 tr. 
beat down, strike doivn. smite, overturn, 
knock over; discourage, dishearten. 

percipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum, [per 

+ Capioi 3 tr. fake in. seize, qtt, collect, 



reap; perceive, observe; learn, hear, 
understand, know. 

percitus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of percieo, from 
per + cieo, move'] adj. deeply moved, 
excited, incensed. 

per commode, [percommodus, from per 
+ commodus] adv. very opportunely, 
most conveniently, by gr-eat good for- 
tune. 

percrebresco (-besco), -ere, percrebrui 

(-bui), , [per + crebresco, cf. cr€- 

ber] 3 intr. become very frequent, grow 
prevalent, be spread abroad. 

percutio, -cutere, -cussi, percussum, 
[per + quatio, shake] 3 tr. thirst 
through, run through, pierce, transfix; 
strike hard, beat, hit, smite; kill, slay; 
shock, astound. 

perditus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of perdS] adj. 
lost, ruined, hopeless, desperate; aban- 
doned, profligate, corrupt. 

perdo, perdere, perdidi, perditum, 
[per + do] 3 tr. make away with, waste, 
squander; ruin, destroy; lose utterly or 
irrevocably. 

perdiico, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum, [per 
+ du.CO] 3 tr. lead through, lead; bring, 
carry along, guide; lengthen, prolong; 
biing over, win over, persuade, induce. 

perduellio, -onis, [perduellis, public 
enemy] f. high-treason. 

peregrinor, -ari, -atus sum, [peregri- 
nus] 1 dep. sojourn abroad; travel 
abroad, travel, roam; be abroad, be a 
stranger. 

peregrinus, -a, -um, [per + ager] adj. 

foi'eign, alien, strange, outlandish. As 
subst. peregrinus, -I, m. foreigner, 
stranger. 

perennis, -e, [per + annus] adj. everlast- 
ing, unceasing, unfailing, perpetual, 
perennial. 

pereo, -Ire, -ii or -ivi, -itum, [per + eo] 

irr. intr. pass away, disappear, vanish; 
be destroyed, be killed, perish, die; be 
lost, be tvasled, be spent in vain. 

perexiguus, -a, -um, [per + exiguus] 

adj. very small, petty, insignificant ; 
very short. 



102 



VOCABULARY 



perfectio, -onis, [perficio] f. finishing, 
completion, accomplishment; complete- 
ness, perfection. 

perfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, [per + 
fero] irr. tr. bear through; bring, carry, 
deliver; bring tidings, report; carry 
through, carry out, bring about, accom- 
plish; bear, endure, suffer, put up with, 
submit to. 

perficio, -ficere, -feci, perfectum, [per 
+ facio] 3 tr. carry out, accomplish, 
perform; bring about, cause, effect; 
bring to an end, finish, complete, perfect. 

perfidia, -ae, [perfidus, from per + fi- 
dus] l. faithlessness, treachery, perfidy. 

perfringo, -fringere, -fregi, -fractum, 
[per + frango] 3 tr. break through, 
break in pieces, shiver, shatter; break, 
violate, infringe. 

perfruor, -frui, -fructus sum, [per + 
fruor] 3 dep. enjoy to the full, enjoy, be 
delighted. 

perfugio, -ere, perfugl, , [per + fu- 

gio] 3 intr. flee for refuge, take refuge 
in; go over, desert. 

perfugium, -I, [perfugio] n. place of 
refuge, refuge, shelter, asylum. 

perfungor, -fungi, perfunctus sum, 
[per+fungor] 3 dep. fulfil, perform, 
discharge; go through with, undergo, 
endure; get through with, get rid of. 

pergo, pergere, perrexi, perrectum, 
[per + rego] 3 tr. and intr. go on, pro- 
ceed, advance, march; keep on, con- 
tinue; make haste, hasten. 

perhorresco, -ere, perhorrui, — , [per 
+horresco, inch, of horreo], 3 tr. 
and intr. bristle up ; tremble all over, 
quake with terror, shudder at, be filled 
tvith dread, 

periclitor, -Sri, -atus sum, [pericu- 
lum] 1 dep. try, make a trial of, test; 
imperil, endanger, risk; be imperilled, 
be in danger, run a risk. 

periculosS, [periculosus] adv. danger- 
ously, with risk, with peril, perilously. 

periculosus, -a, -um, [periculum] adj. 
dangerous, full of danger, hazardous, 
perilous, 



periculum, -I, n. trial, attempt, lest; 
danger, risk, peril; trial at law, law- 
suit, suit. 

perimo, -imere, -emi, emptum, [per + 
emo] 3 tr. annihilate, destroy, put an 
end to. 

perinde, [per + inde] adv. in the same 
manner, just so, just, equally, exactly. 
perinde ac or atque, see atque. 

periniquus, -a, -um, [per + iniquus] 

adj. very unfair, most unjust; very un- 
willing, utterly discontented. 

peritus, -a, -um, adj. experienced; of 
great experience, practised, trained; 
skilled, skilful, expert. 

periurium, -I, [periurus, from per + ills] 
n. false oath, perjury. 

permagnus, -a, -um, [per + magnus] 

adj. very great, vast, immense. 

permaneo, -manere, -mansi, -mansum, 
[per + maneo] 2 intr. stay, remain; hold 
out, last, endure, continue, persist. 

permitto, -mittere, -misi, permissum, 
[per + mitto] 3 tr. let go; give up, hand 
over, surrender, put in the hands of, 
intrust, commit; grant, allow, permit. 

permodestus, -a, -um, [per +modestus] 

adj. very modest, excessively shy. 

permoveo, -movere, -movi, -motum, 
[per + moveo] 2 tr. move deeply, rouse, 
excite ; influence, incite, lead, prevail 
upon. 

permultum, [permultus] adv. very 
much, very far. 

permultus, -a, -um, [per + multus] 
adj. very much, very many, a great 
many. 

permtitatio, -onis, [permuto, from per 
+ muto] f . thorough change, revolution, 
upheaval; exchange, interchange. 

perniciSs, -el, [per + nex] f. destruction, 

overthrow, disaster, ruin ; pest, bane, 

curse. 
perniciosus, -a, -um, [pernicies] adj. 

destructive, ruinous, baleful, pernicious. 
pernocto, -are, -Svl, -atum, [per + 

nocto, cf. nox] 1 intr. stay all night, 

pass the night. 



perfectio—pervenid 



163 



peroro, -are, -avi, -atum, [per + oro] 1 
far. and intr. speak from beginning to 

er>d, plead ; close, wind up, conclude, 
sum vp. 
perparvus, -a, -um, [per + parvus] adj. 
very small, trifling, minute. 

perpauci, -orum, [per + paucus] adj. 
very few, only a very few. 

perpetior, -peti, perpessus sum, [per 
+ patior] 3 dep. bear patiently, submit 
to, suffer, endure. 

perpetuus, -a, -um, adj. continuous. 
unbroken, uninterrupted, continual, 
constant; lasting, permanent, perpetual; 
entire, whole. in perpetuum, for 
all time, forever. 

perpolitus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of perpolio, 
from per + polio] adj. thoroughly pol- 
ished, refined, highly cultivated. 

persaepe, [per + saepe] adv. very often, 
very frequently, many times. 

persapienter, [per + sapienter] adv. 
very wisely, with great wisdom. 

perscribo, -scribere, -scrips!, -scrip- 
turn, [per + scribo] 3 tr. write in full, 

write out ; record ; describe fully, re- 
count, detail. 

persequor, -sequi, persecutus sum, 
[per + sequor] 3 dep. follow up, follow 
after, pursue ; copy after, imitate ; 
prosecute, punish, avenge ; follow out, 
accomplish, bring about ; set forth, re- 
late, recount. 

Pers6s, -ae, [Ilepo-Tjs] m. the last kins; of 
Macedonia, conquered by L. Aeniilius 
Paulus in 168 b.c. 

perseverantia, -ae, [persevSro] f. 

steadfastness, constancy, persistence, 
perseverance. 

persevero, -are, -avi, -atum, [per + 
severus] 1 tr. and intr. continue stead- 
fastly, persist, persevere. 

persolvo, -solvere, -solvi, -soliitum, 
[per + solvo] 3 tr. unloose ; pay in full, 
pay. 

persona, -ae, [per, cf. sono] f. mask; 

part. roll, character; person, personage. 

perspicio, -spicere, -spexl, perspectum, 
[per + specio] 3 tr. look through, look 

34 



into; examine, inspect ; perceive clearly, 
see plainly, observe, note, ascertain. 

perspicue, [perspicuus] adv. clearly, 
plainly, evidently. 

perspicuus, -a, -um, [cf. perspicio] adj. 
clear, plain, obvious, manifest. 

persuadeo, -suadere, -suSsi, persua- 
sum, [per + suadeo] 2 tr. and intr. con- 
vince, persuade ; piompt, induce, pre- 
vail upon. 

per tenuis, -e, [per + tenuis] adj. very 
thin, extremely slight, very weak. 

perterreo, -terrere, -terrui, perterri- 
tum, [per + terreo] 2 tr. frighten 
thoroughly, alarm, terrify. 

pertimgsco, -ere, pertimui, — , [per 

+ tinigsco, inch, of timeo] 3 tr. and 
intr. be thoroughly frightened, be great- 
ly afraid, be alarmed ; fear greatly, 
dread. 

pertinacia,-ae, [pertinax] f. persistence, 
stubbornness, obstinacy, pertinacity. 

pertinax, -acis, [per + tenax, tenacious] 

adj. unyielding, stubborn, obstinate, per- 
tinacious. 

pertineo, -tinere, -tinui, , [per + 

teneo] 2 intr. stretch out, extend, reach; 
belong, have to do with, concern, refer ; 
tend, lead, conduce, be conducive. 

perturbo, -are, -avi, -atum, [per + 
turbo, throw into confusion] 1 tr. throw 
into disorder, disturb, coitfuse, throw 
into confusion ; make anxious, agitate, 
alarm. 

pervado, -vadere, -vasi, -vasum, [per 
+ vado] 3 tr. and intr. go through, 
spread through, prevail ; penetrate, 
reach, extend, pervade, fill. 

pervagatus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of per- 
vagor] adj. wide-spread, well-known. 

pervagor, -ari, -atus sum, [per + 
vagor] 1 dep. roam through, rove 
about; spread out, extend; pervade. 

pervenio, -venire, -veni, -ventum, 
[per + venio] 4 intr. come up, arrive, 
reach, get as far as; come, fall; come to, 
attain. 



104 



VOCABULARY 



pervolgo i-vulgo), -are, -avi, -atum, 
[per, cf. volgus] 1 tr. make common, 
spread abroad, publish. 

pes, pedis, m.foot. 

pessime, see male. 

pestifer, -era, -erum, [pestis + fero] 

adj. destructive, baleful, pernicious, pes- 
tilential. 

pestis, -is, f . plague, j>estilence ; destruc- 
tion, ruin, death ; pest, scourge, curse, 
bane; plague-spot, monster. 

Fetllius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. Q. Petllius, a juror at 
the trial of Milo. 

petitio, -onis, [peto] f . thrust, blow, at- 
tack ; soliciting for office, canvass, can- 
didacy; claim, suit. 

pet5, petere, petivi or -ii, petitum, 3 

tr. strive for, seek, aim at, try to get; 
attack, assault,. thrust at; demand by 
legal action, sue for, claim; beg, beseech, 
request, ask; solicit, be a candidate for ; 
make for, repair to, go to; obtain, get. 

petulantia, -ae, [petulans, saucy] f. 
sauciness, impudence; wantonness. 

Pharsalicus, -a, -urn, adj. of Pharsalia, 
the region about Pharsalus in Thessaly 
where Caesar defeated Pompey in 48 b.c. 

Philippus, -1, OiAittttos] m. a proper 
name. Esp. : 

1. Philippus V., king of Macedonia, 
conquered by the Romans. 

2. L. Philippus, a distinguished Ro- 
man orator, consul in 91 b.c. 

philosophus, -I, [<£>iA6o-o</>o?] m. philos- 
opher. 

Picenus, -a, -um, adj. of Picenum, a 
district in eastern Italy northeast of 
Rome. 

pictor, -oris, [cf. pingo] m. painter. 
pictura, -ae, [cf. pingS] f. painting, 

the art of painting; picture. 
pi6, [pius] adv. dutifully, conscientiously, 

religiously, devotedly. 

pietas, -atis, [pius] f. dutiful conduct, 
devotion, piety; filial affection, affec- 
tion, love, gratitude, loyalty. patriotism. 



plgnus, -oris or -eris, n. pledge, security; 

hostage. 
pila, -ae, f. ball; game of ball. 
pilum, -1, n. heavy javelin, pilum. 

pingo, pingere, pinxi, pictum, 3 tr. 

paint; picture, depict, portray. 

pinguis, -e, adj. fat; rich, fertile; dull, 
heavy, stupid, coarse. 

Pis 5, -Ollis, m.. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. L. Calpurnius 
Piso Caesonius, consul in 58 b.c, 
Caesar's father-in-law, one of a com- 
mission of three sent by the Senate to 
make terms of peace with Mark Antony 
at Mutina in 43 b.c 

Pius, -I, [pius] m. a name given to Q. 
Metellus. See Metellus 2. 

pius, -a, -um, adj. dutiful, conscientious, 
devout, religious, pious; devoted, filial, 
loving, loyal. 

placeo, placere, placui or placitus 
sum, 2 intr. please, be pleasing, be 
agreeable; be acceptable, meet with one's 
approval, suit, satisfy. Impers. it 
pleases, one approves; it is agreed, it is 
settled ; it seems right, it is thought 
best, it is decided, it is resolved. 

placo, -are, -avi, -atum, [cf. placeo] l 
tr. quiet, soothe, appease, pacify ; con- 
ciliate, win one's favor, propitiate, rec- 
oncile. 

plaga, -ae, f. blow, stroke, strike, thrust; 
injui^y, calamity, disaster. 

plane, [planus] adv. clearly, plainly, 
flatly, distinctly; wholly, quite, en- 
tirely, utterly. 

planus, -a, -um, adj. fiat, level, plane; 
clear, plain, distinct. 

plgbeius, -a, -um, [pl6bs] adj. of the 
common people, of the populace, plebeian. 

pl§bs, plebis, or piebes, -ei or -I, f. 

common people, commons, the plebeians, 
the people, the populace; masses, multi- 
tude. 
plenus, -a, -um, adj. full, filled; entire, 
complete, finished; rich, plentiful. 

plerumque, [plerusque] adv. for the 
most part, mostly, usually, generally, 
very often. 



pervolgo— porro 



105 



plerusque, -aque, -umque, adj. a very 

great part of, the most, the majority. 
most. As subst. plerique, -orumque, 
m. pi. most people, the majority, a. great 
many. 

Plotius, -1, m. a Roman noinen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. L. Plotius G-allus, 
the first Roman teacher of rhetoric, a 
friend of Manns. 

Plotius, -a, -urn, [Plotius] adj. of 
Plotius. Plotian. lex Plotia, a law 

for the punishment of riotous acts in 57 
B.C.. when Cicero was recalled from 
exile. 

plurimum, [plurimus] adv. very much, 
most, especially; for the most part, 
generally. 

plurimus, -a, um, see multus. 

plus, pluris, see multus. 

plus, used as comp. of multum, adv. 
more, too much. 

poena, -ae, [noivri] f. indemnification, 
compensation, recompense; punishment, , 
penalty, retribution. poenas dare, 
see do. 

poenio, see punio. 

Poenus, -a, -um, adj. Panic. Carthagin- I 

ran. As subst. Poeni, -orum, m. pi. I 

the Carthaginians. 
po8ta, -ae, [ttoitjttj?] m. jx>et. 

polio, -ire, -Ivi, -ltum, 4 tr. smooth, ! 

polisli ; adorn, embellish ; refine, im- 
prove. 

polliceor, -eri, pollicitus sum, 2 dep. 

offer, make an offer, promise. 

polluo, -ere, pollui, polltitum, 3 tr.;*>/- 
lute, defi'e; desecrate, violate, dishonor. 

pompa, -ae, [71-0/^17] f. solemn j)?vces- 
sion, parade; ostentation, pomp. 

Pompeius, -l, m. a Roman nomen or 
gentile name. Esp. Cn. Pompelus 
Magnus, Pompey, the well-known 
general and rival of Caesar. See Ap- 
pendix A, §§18-25. 

Pomptinus (Pont-\ -l, m. a Roman cog- 
nomen or family name. Esp.C. Pomp- 
tinus, praetor in 63 b.c 



pondus, -eris, [cf. pendoj n. weight. 
burden; importance, consequence, in- 
fluence, authority. 

pono, ponere, posui, positum, 3 tr. 

put dotvn, put, place, set, lay; fix, 
station ; lay down, lay aside, give up ; 
spend, employ; class, consider, regard; 
appoint, ordain, make ; 'allege, assert, 
maintain ; pmpose, offer ; build, base, 
rest. 

pons, pontis, m. bridge. 

pontifex, -icis, [pons, cf. facio] m. 

high-priest, pontiff, pontifex. ponti- 
fex maximus, the chief priest, to whom 
belonged the general supervision of the 
state religion. 

Pontus, -1, [ndi-Tos] m. the kingdom of 
Mithridates, south and southeast of 
the Pontus Euxinus. or Black Sea. from 
which it derived its name. 

popa, -ae, m. priest's attendant, inferior 
priest. 

Popilius, -1, ni. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. C. Popilius, a senator 
convicted of embezzlement. 

popina, -ae, f. eating-house, cook-shop, 
low tavern. 

popularis, -e, [populus] adj. of the 
jyeople. for the people, agreeable to the 
people, democratic, popular. As subst. 
populares, -ium, m. pi. democratic 
party, democrats, as opposed to opti- 
mates, the aristocracy, the nobles. 

populor, -ari, -atus sum, 1 dep. lay 
waste, ravage, devastate, destroy. 

populus, -i, ni. a people, a nation, a tribe; 
the people, the masses. populus Ro- 
manus, the Roman people, the whole 
body of citizens, constituting the Ro- 
man state. 

Porcius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. See CatO. 

porrigo, -rigere, -rexi, -rectum, [por 
(pr5) + reg0] 3 tr, stretch forth, extend; 
hold forth, reach out, hand, offer. 

porro, [cf. pro] ad\\fo?'ward, farther on, 
afar off; henceforth, hereafter ; again, 
in turn, then again. further. 



io6 



VOCABULARY 



porta, -ae, f. city-gate, gate; entrance, 
passage, avenue. 

portentum, -I, [portendo, portend\ n. 

sign, omen, portent; monster, monstros- 
ity, prodigy. 

porto, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. carry, con- 
vey, take, bring. 

portus, -us, [cf . porta] m. harbor, haven, 
port. ex "porta, from customs. 

posco, poscere, poposci, , 3 tr. ask 

urgently, beg, demand, claim ; require, 
callfo?\ 

positus, -a, -urn, [pf.p. of pono] adj. 
placed, situated, lying. 

possessio, -onis, [por (pro) + sedeo] f. a 

taking possession, seizing, occupying; 
holding, occupation, possession ; posses- 
sions, property, estates, lands. 

possideo, -sidere, -sedi, possessum, 
[por (pro) + sedeo] 2 tr. possess, own, be 
master of, hold possession of, occupy ; 
have, enjoy. 

possum, posse, potui, [potis + sum] irr. 
intr. be able, have poiver, can; be strong, 
have weight or influence, avail. 

post, adv. and prep, after : 

1. As adv. behind, after; afterwards, 
later, next. 

2. As prep, with ace. after ; of place, 
behind; of time, after, since; of 
other relations, after, beneath, in- 
ferior to, next to. post quam, 
see postquam. 

postea, [post + ea] adv. after that, there, 
after, afterwards, later ; then, in view 
of that. postea quam, after, with 
following clause. 

posteaquam, see postea. 

posteritas, -atis, [posterus] f. the 

future, future ages; future generations, 
posterity. in posteritatem,/6>r the 
future, in the future, hereafter. 

posterus, -a, -um, comp. posterior, 
superl. postremus, [post] adj. coming 
after, subsequent, later; next, following. 
As subst. posterl, -orum, m. pi. coming 
generations, posterity. in posterum, 
for the future. Comp. posterior, -ius, 
later, inferior, of less account. Superl. 



postremus, -a, -um, last, hindermost ; 
lowest, basest, ivorst. postrSmo, abl. as 
adv. at last, lastly, finally. 

posthac, [post + hac] adv. after this, 
hereafter, henceforth, in future. 

postquam, [post + quam] conj. after, as 
soon as, when. 

postremo, see posterus. 

postremus, see posterus. 

postridie, [posterl + die] adv. the next 
day, the day after. 

postulatio, -onis, [postulo] f. demand, 
request. 

postulo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. ask, de- 
mand, claim ; request, desire ; require, 
callfor. 

potens, -entis, [pr.p. of possum] adj. 
able, strong, powerful, mighty ; in- 
fluential, of influence, potent. 

potentia, -ae, [potens] f . poiver, might; 
authoi ity, sway, influence. 

potest as, -atis, [potis] f . power, ability, 
capacity ; authority, control, sway, do- 
minion, sovereignty; office, magistracy; 
opportunity, permission, privilege. 

potior, potiri, potitus sum, [potis] 4 

dep. become master of, take possession 
of, get control of, get, obtain, acquire; 
be master of, hold, possess, occupy. 

potis or pote, comp. potior, superl. po- 
tissimus, pos. indecl. adj. able, ca- 
pable ; possible. Comp. potior, -ius, 
better, preferable, superior, more im- 
portant, potius, as adv. rather, 
more. Superl. potissimus, -a, -um, 
chief, principal, most important, po- 
tissimum, as adv. chiefly, principally, 
especially, particularly, rather than 
anyone or anything else, above all, most 
of all. 

potissimum, see potis. 

potius, see potis. 

potus, -a, -um, adj. having drunk, 
dminken, intoxicated; gluttonous. 

prae, prep, with abl. before, in front of ; 
in comparison with, in view of ; of pre- 
ventive cause, for, because of, on account 
of. In composition, befoi'e, before others, 
at the head of, very. 



porta— Praeneste 



107 



praebeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [prae + 
habeo] 2 tr. hold forth, proffer^ offer ; 
give, grant, supply; give up, yield; 
furnish, afford; show, disjrfay, present. 

praeceps, -cipitis, [prae + caput] adj. 
head-first, headlong, in haste; steep, 
precipitous, abrupt ; hasty, rash, incon- 
siderate, precipitate. 

praeceptum, -1, [praecipio] n. maxim, 
precept, instruction; injunction, direc- 
tion, order, command. 

praecipio, -cipere, -cepi, praeceptum, 
[prae + capio] 3 tr. take beforehand, get 
in advance, anticipate; advise, admon- 
ish, give instructions, enjoin, bid, give 
directions, order. 

praecipue, [praecipuus] adv. chiefly, 
principally, especially, eminently. 

praecipuus, -a, -urn, [prae, cf. capio] 

adj. special, particular, peculiar; ex- 
cellent, distinguished, extraordinary. 
praeclare, [praeclarus] adv. very clear- 
ly; excellently, vei*y well; admirably, 
nobly, gloriously. 

praeclarus, -a, -um, [prae + clarus] 
adj. very b? l ight; splendid, magnificent, 
admirable, excellent; very striking, re- 
markable; illustrious, distinguished, 
famous, renowned. 

praecltido, -cludere, -cltisi, -clusum, 
[prae + claudo] 3 tr. shut off, shut close; 
forbid access to. 

praeco, -onis, [prae + voco] m. crier, 
herald; eulogist. 

praeconium, -1, [praeconius, from 
praeco] n. proclaiming, heralding; 
ublic laudation, commendation. 

praecurro, -currere, -cucurri, rarely 

-curri, , [prae + curro] 1 tr. and 

intr. run before, hasten on before, pre- 
cede; outrun, outstrip, suipass, excel. 

praeda, -ae, f. booty, spoil, plunder; 
gain, pi y ofit. 

praedator, -oris, [praedor, rob] m. 
plunderer, pillager, robber. 

praedicatio, -onis, [praedicS] f . public 
proclaiming, proclamation; commenda- 
tion, praise. 



praedico, -are, -avi, -atum, [prae + 

dico] 1 tr. and intr. make known by 
proclamation, proclaim, announce; de- 
clare openly, assert, say; report, relate; 
praise, commend; vaunt, boast. 

praedico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictum, [prae 
+ dico] 3 tr. say beforehand, foretell, 
predict; advise, warn, admonish, in- 
struct, charge. 

praeditus, -a, -um, [prae + datus] adj. 
gifted, endowed, provided, possessing. 

praedium, -i, n. farm, estate, manor. 

praedo, -onis, [praeda] m. plunderer, 

freebooter, robber. 

praeeo, -ire, -ii or -ivi, — , [prae + eo] 

irr. tr. and intr. go before, precede; re- 
cite beforehand, dictate, prescribe. 

praefectura, -ae, [praefectus] f. pre- 
fecture, the office of the prefect or gov- 
ernor of a provincial town; also, the 
town so governed. See praefectus. 

praefectus, -i, [praeficio] m. overseer, 
superintendent; captain; prefect, gov- 
ernor of an Italian town, appointed an- 
nually and sent out from Rome. 

praefero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, [prae + 
fero] irr. tr. bear before, carry in front 
of; hold forth, hand to; place before, 
esteem above, prefer; show, manifest, 
reveal. 

praeficio, -ficere, -feci, praefectum, 
[prae + facio] 3 tr. set over, place in 
authority over, place at the head of, 
put in. command of. 

praefinio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, [prae + fl- 
nio] 4 tr. determine beforehand, fix as 
a limit, ordain, prescribe. 

praemitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum, 
[prae + mitto] 3tr. send forward, send 
on, despatch in advance. 

praemium, -i, [prae + emo] n. advan- 
tage, favor; reward, recompense; prize, 
plunder, booty. 

praemoneo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [prae + 
moneo] 2 tr. warn beforehand, fore- 
warn, admonish beforehand. 

Praeneste, -is, n. one of the most ancient 
and important towns in Latium, strongly 
situated among the hills twenty miles 



io8 



VOCABULARY 



southeast of lioiiie; modern name Pa- 
lestrina. 

praeparo, -are, -avi, -atum, [prae + 
par5] 1 tr. prepare beforehand, pre- 
pare, make preparations for, provide 
for. 

praep5no, -pSnere, -posui, -positum, 
[prae + pono] 3 tr. put before, place 
first; put in charge, set over, place in 
command, appoint; set before, prefer. 

praeripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptum, 
[prae + rapi5] 3 tr. snatch aivay, carry 
off; seize in advance, carry off prema- 
turely; forestall, anticipate. 

praerogativus, -a, -urn, [praerogo, ask 

first] adj. voting first. As subst. prae- 
rogatlva, -ae, f- the prerogative cen- 
tury; previous choice, preliminary elec- 
tion; a sure sign, an earnest, a token. 

praescribS, -scribere, -scrips!, -scrip- 
turn, [prae + scribo] 3 tr. write before; 
prefix in writing; determine in ad- 
vance, ordain, direct, prescribe. 

praesens, -entis, [pr.p. of praesum] adj. 
at hand, present, here present, in per- 
son; immediate, instant, prompt, im- 
pending; powerful, influential; favor- 
ing, propitious. 

praesentia, -ae, [praesens] f. presence; 
the present time. in praesentia, at 
the present time. 

praesentio, -sentire, -sensi. -sensum, 
[prae + sentio] 4 tr. perceive before- 
hand^ have a presentiment of, presage, 
divine. 

praesertim, adv. especially, particularly. 

praesideo, -6re, praesSdf , , [prae + 

sedeo] 2 tr. and intr. sit before; watch 
over, guard, protect, defend; preside 
over, have charge of, direct, superin- 
tend. 

praesidium, -I, [praeses, cf . praesideo] 

n. defence, protection; guard, armed 
force as a guard, escort, garrison; post, 
station, fortification, camp; aid, help, 
assistance; safeguard, bulwark, strong- 
hold. 

praestabilis, -e, [prae + stabilis] adj. 
preeminent, excellent, distinguished. 



praestans, -antis, [pr.p. of praesto] 
adj. preeminent, surpassing, superior, 
excellent, distinguished. 

praesto, adv. at hand, ready, present, 
here. praesto esse, be at hand. 

praesto, -stare, -stiti, -stitum, fnt. 
part, praestaturus, [prae + st5] 1 tr. 

and intr. stand before; stand out, 
be at the head, be superior, surpass, 
excel; vouch for, answer for, be respon- 
sible for, make good; guarantee, give 
assurance of; fulfil, discharge, perform ; 
maintain, preserve, keep; shoiv, display, 
manifest. Impers. it is better, it is 
preferable. 

praestolor, -an, -atus sum, l dep. 
stand ready for, ivaitfor, expect. 

praesum, -esse, -fui, [prae + sum] irr. 

intr. be before; be set over, pyreside over, 
have charge of, be in command, com- 
mand, rule. 
praeter, adv., and prep, with ace. past, 
by, on before, in front of, along by; con- 
trary to, against; beyond, above, more 
than ; except, besides, apart from. 

praeterea, [praeter + ea] adv. besides, 
and besides, moreover, further. 

praetereo, -ire, -Ivi or -ii, or -itum, 
[praeter + eo] irr. tr. and intr. go by, 
go past, pass by ; pass over, disregard, 
overlook, leave out, omit. 

praeteritus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of prae- 
tereo] adj. gone by, past. As subst. 
praeterita, -orum, n. pi. the past. 

praetermitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- 
sum, [praeter + mi tto] 3 tr. let go by, 

let pass; let slip, omit,' leave undone, 
neglect; pass over, pass without notice, 
overlook. 

praeterquam, [praeter + quam] adv. 
except, besides. 

praetextatus, -a, -um, [praetexta] 

adj. wearing the toga praetexta. 

praetextus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of prae- 
texo, border] adj. bordered. prae- 
texta (sc. toga), toga praetexta, the 
purple-edged toga worn by the higher 
magistrates, also by free-born Roman 
boys until their seventeenth year, when 



praeparo- probitas 



109 



they assumed Lhe toga virllis of plain 
white, inpraetexta «sc. toga\ in boy- 
hood. 

praetor, -oris, [cf. praeeo] m. praetor. 
one of the higher magistrates of Rome. 
See Appendix C, §6. 

praetorius, -a, -urn, [praetor] adj. of 
a praetor, praetorian. cohors prae- 
toria, see cohors. 

praetura, -ae, [praeeo] f. office of prae- 
tor, praetor-ship. 

pransus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of prandeo, 
breakfast] adj. that has breakfasted ; 
overfed, satiated. 

pravitas, -atis, [pravus] f. crookedness. 

irregularity, deformity ; perverseness, 

vieiousness. depravity. 
pravus, -a, -um, adj. crooked, deformed; 

perverse, vicious, bad. 

precor, -ari, -atus sum, [cf . prex] 1 dep. 
psray, supplicate, entreat, beseech, beg ; 
invoke, call upon. 

premo, premere, pressi, pressum, 3 tr. 
press; press hard, press upon, pur sue 
closely, crowd ; press down, burden, op- 
press ; weigh down, overwhelm, crush ; 
urge, drive ; check, restrain. 

pretium, -I, n. pmce, money, value, 
worth ; recompense, reward, return. 
operae pretium, worth the effort, worth 
one's while. 

[prex, precis], f. nom. and gen. sing, not 
in use, prayer, entreaty, request; curse, 
imprecation. 

pridem, adv. long ago, long since, iam 
pridem, long ago. long, for a long time, 
this long time. 

pridie, [cf. prior + die] adv. on the day 

before, the previous day. 
Prilius Lacus, a small lake in Etruria. 

now Lago di Castiglione. near the Via 

Aurelia. 

primarius, -a, -um, [primus] adj. of the 
first rank, superior, eminent, distin- 
guished. 

primo, [primus] adv. at first. 

primum, [primus] adv. first, in the first 
place ; for the first time. cum pri- 



mum, "s soon as. ut primum, as soon 
as. quam primum, as soon as pos- 
sible, ubi primum, as soon a*. 

primus, see prior. 

princeps, -cipis, [primus, cf. capio] 
adj. first, foremost; chief- most distin- 
guished. As subst. m. the first man. 
the first ; chief, leader, prime mover ; 
head, author, founder. 

principatus, -us, [princeps] m. begin- 
ning; the firstpjla.ee, leadership, suprem- 
acy; chief command. 

principium, -I, [princeps] n. beginning, 
com men cemen t, origi n . 

prior, -ius, gen. -oris, comp., superl. 
primus, adj. former, previous, before, 
prior, first ; better, superior. Superl. 
primus, -a, -um, first, foremost ; of the 
first rank, chief, superior, distinguished, 
noble. in primis, see imprimis. 

prlstinus, -a, -um, [prius] adj. former, 

original, of old, old-time, pristine. 

prius, [prior] adv. comp. before, sooner, 
first, previously, prius quam, sooner 
than, earlier than, before. 

priusquam, see prius. 

privatus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of privo] adj. 
apart, individual, personal, private; 
retired. As subst. privatus, -I, m. 
man in private life, private citizen. 

privo, -are, -avi, -atum, l tr. deprive, 

bereave, rob. strip; free, release, deliver. 

pro, prep, with abl. before, in front of. in 
the presence of ; for. in behalf of in the 
service of; in place of, instead of; in 
return for. for; in comparison with, in 
accordance with, according to; in pro- 
portion to; by virtue of. on account of. 
pro eo atque, see atque. 

pro, interj. 0! ah! alas! 

proavus, -I, [pro + avus] m. great- 
grandfather; forefather, ancestor. 

prob6, [probus] adv. well, rightly, 
honestly ; fitly, pwperly ; excellently ; 
vej-y well. 

probitas, -atis, [probus] f. honesty, up- 
rightness, moral worth, integrity. 



I TO 



VOCABULARY 



probo, -are, -avi, -atum, [probus] l tr. 

find good, approve, commend, esteem; 
represent as good, recommend, make 
acceptable ; show, make clear, prove, 
demonstrate. 

probus, -a, -urn, adj. good, superior, ex- 
cellent, honest, upright. 

procedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, [pro + 
cedo] 3 intr. go forward, advance, pro- 
ceed. 

procella, -ae, f. violent wind, storm, 
tempest, hurricane; violence, commo- 
tion, tumult. 

processio, -onis, [procSdo] f. a march- 
ing on, advance. 

procreo, -are, -avi, -atum, [pro + creo] 

1 tr. bring forth, beget, procreate ; gen- 
erate, produce. 

procul, adv. at a distance, afar off, away, 
far away. 

procuratio, -onis, [procuro, take care 
of] f . a caring for, management, super- 
intendence, administration. 

prodeo, -Ire, -ii, -itum, [prod (pro) + eo] 
irr. intr. gofoi^th, come forward, appear; 
go forward, proceed. 

prodigium, -I, n. prophetic sign, omen, 
portent; prodigy, monster. 

prodigus, -a, -um, adj. wasteful, lavish, 
prodigal. As subst. prodigus, -I, m. 
spendthrift, prodigal. • 

proditor, -oris, [prodo] m. betrayer, 
traitor. 

prodo, prodere, prodidi, proditum, 
[pro + do] 3 tr. put forth, exhibit ; re- 
veal, disclose, betray; relate, hand down, 
transmit. 

produco, -ducere, -duxi, productum, 
[pro + dtico] 3 tr. lead forth, bring out; 
bring forward, cause to appear, pro- 
duce ; bring forth, beget ; raise, pro- 
mote, advance; prolong, drag out. 

proelium, -i, n. battle, combat, fight. 

prof anus, -a, -um, [pro + fanum] adj. 
not sacred, secular, common. 

profectio, -onis, [profectus, from pro- 
ficiscor] f. a setting out, starting, de- 
parture. 



profecto, [pro + facto] adv. actually, 
really, truly, surely, Vm sure. 

profero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, [pro + 

fero] irr. tr. carry out, bring forth, 
produce; put forth, stretch out, extend ; 
put off, defer ; bring forivard, adduce, 
discover, make known, reveal; quote, 
cite, mention. 

professio, -onis, [profiteor] f . acknowc - 
edgment, declaration, promise; pro- 
fession, business. 

proficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum, [pro + 
facio] 3 tr. and intr. make headway, 
make progress, advance, have success, 
succeed; accomplish, effect, gain; be 
useful, do good, avail. 

proficiscor, -I, profectus sum, [proficio] 

3 dep. set out, start, go, depart ; go on, 
proceed; begin, commence; arise, origi- 
nate. 

profiteor, profiteri, professus sum, 
[pro + fateor] 2 dep. declare publicly, 
profess, acknowledge, own ; avow one's 
self, profess to be; offer freely, promise. 

profligatus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of profligo] 

adj. abandoned, vile, corrupt, un- 
principled, profligate. 

profligo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. dash 
to the ground, prostrate, overthrow », 
overcome ; destroy, ruin, crush. 

profugio, -fugere, profugi, , [pro + 

fugio] 3 intr. flee, run away, take to 
flight, escape; flee for refuge, take 
refuge. 

profundo, -fundere, -fudl, proftisum, 
[pro + fundo] 3 tr. pour out, pour forth, 
shed; lavish, waste, dissipate, squander, 
throw away. 

profundus, -a, -um, [pro + fundus] adj. 
deej), profound; vast, boundless. 

profundum, -I, [profundus] n. depth; 
the depths of the sea, deep sea; abyss. 

progenies, , ace. -em, abl. -e, [pro, 

cf . glgno] f • descent, lineage, family ; 
posterity, offspring, child. 

progredior, -gredi, progressus sum, 
[pro + gradior, advance] 3 dep.goforth, 
go, go forward, advance, proceed; make 
headway, make prvgress* 



probo— proripio 



III 



prohibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [pro + habeo] 

2 tr. hold back, check, restrain; keep off, 
hinder, prevent; keep, preserve, protect, 
defend; forbid, prohibit. 

proicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum, [pro + 
iacio] 3 tr. throw or cast forth, throw ; 
throw forward, hold out ; cast out, ex- 
pel, banish ; throw away, sacrifice, 
abandon; hurry, precijntate. 

proinde, [pro + inde] adv. hence, accord- 
ingly, therefore, then ; just so, in like 
manner, equally, just. 

prolato, -are, -avi, -atum, [prolatus, 

from profero] 1 tr. extend ; put off, 

defer, delay, postpone. 
promissum, -l, [promitto] n. promise. 
promitto, -mitt ere, -mlsi, promissum, 

[pro + mitto] 3 tr. send or put forth ; 

hold out, give hope of, cause to expect, 

assure, promise. 

promo, promere, prompsl, promptum, 
[pro + emo] 3 tr. take out, give out, 
bring forth, produce. 

promptus, -a, -urn, [pf.p. of promo] adj. 
set forth, apparent, manifest ; at hand, 
ready, quick, prompt. 

promulgo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. and 
intr. bring forward publicly, give notice 
of, propose, publish, promulgate. 

pronuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, [pro + 
nuntio] 1 tr. and intr. proclaim, declare, 
announce, publish ; pronounce, decide ; 
promise, offer. 

propago, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. set for- 
ward:, extend, increase ; generate, en- 
gender, propagate ; prolong, continue, 
preserve. 

prope, comp. propius, superl. proxime, 
adv. and prep. : 

1. As adv. near, nigh, at hand; 
nearly, almost. 

2. As prep, with ace. near. prope 
modum, nearly, almost, just about. 

propemodum, see prope. 

propero, -are, -avi, -atum, [properus, 

quick] 1 tr. and intr. make haste, hasten, 

be quick, go quickly. 

propinquus, -a, -um, [propel adj. near, 
neighbonng, not far off; kindred, re- 



lated. As subst. propinquus, -l, m. 
relative, kinsman. 

propior, -ius, gen. -oris, comp., superl. 
proximus, [cf. prope] adj. nearer, 
closer; more nearly related, of more 
concern, of greater import. Superl. 
proximus, -a, -um, nearest, very near, 
next; last, latest, most recent; following ; 
closest, next of kin. As subst. proxi- 
mus, -1, m. near relative, next of kin. 

propono, -ponere, -posui, -positum, 
[pro + pono] 3 tr. set forth, place before; 
set before, propose; imagine, conceive; 
point out, adduce, declare, relate; offer, 
present; threaten, denounce; resolve, 
intend, determine, determine upon. 

propraetor, -oris, [pro + praetor] m. 

propraetor, one who governs a province 
after having been praetor. 

proprie, [proprius] adv. personally, in- 
dividually, solely, as one's own; prop- 
erly, accurately, appropriately. 

proprius, -a, -um, adj. one's own, indi- 
vidual, special, peculiar, characteristic; 
exact, appropriate, proper; lasting, en- 
during, permanent. 

propter, [prope] adv. and prep. : 

1. As adv. near, hard by, near at 
hand. 

2. As prep, with ace. near, next to, 
close to; on account of, by reason of, 
because of, for the sake of, for; 
through, by means of. 

propterea, [propter + ea] adv. for that 
reason, on this account. propterea 
quod, because. 

propugnaculum, -I, [propugno, from 
pro + pugno] n. rampart, outworks, 
fortress; bulwark, defence, protection. 

propugnator, -oris, [propugno, from 
pro + piigno] m. defender, soldier, 
champion. 

propulso, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of 
propello, from pro + pello] 1 tr. drive 
back, repel, repulse; ward off, avert. 

proripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptum, [pro 
+ rapio] 3 tr. drag forth, drag off, 
snatch away. 



112 



VOCABULARY 



proscribo, -scribere, -scrips!, -scrip- 
turn, [pro + scribo] 3 tr. make public, 
publish, proclaim, announce; advertise, 
outlaw, proscribe. 

proscriptio, -onis, [proscribo] f. public 
notice of sale, advertisement; outlawry, 
confiscation , proscription. 

prosequor, -sequi, prosecutus sum, 
[pro + sequor] 3 dep. follow, accom- 
pany, escort; wait upon, attend; follow 
up, pursue; honor, pay respect, distin- 

. guish. 

prospere, [prosperus, prosperous] adv. 
favorably, luckily, fortunately, success- 
fully, prosperously. 

prospicio, -spicere, -spexl, prospec- 
tum, [pro + specio] 3 tr. and intr. look 
forward, look out, look; look to, lookout 
for, provide for, take care of. 

prosternS, -ere, prostravi, prostra- 
tum, [pro + sterno] 3 tr. strew before, 
cast down, overthrow, lay low, pros- 
trate; ruin, destroy. 

prosum, prodesse, profui, [pro + sum] 

irr. intr. be useful, be cf advantage, 
profit, do good, benefit, avail. 

protraho, -trahere, -traxi, protrac- 
tum, [pro + traho] 3 tr. draw forth, 
drag out, produce; bring to light, dis- 
close, reveal. 

providentia, -ae, [providens, from pro- 
video] f • foresight, forethought, pre- 
caution. 

provideo, -videre, -vidi, provisum, 
[pro + video] , 2 tr. and intr. see before- 
hand, foresee; act with foresight, take 
precautions or pains, see to it, be care- 
ful, take care; provide, make provision, 
make ready, look after. 

provincia, -ae, f. office, duty, charge ; 
province. 

provincialis, -e, [provincia] adj. of a 
province, in a province, provincial. 

provoco, -are, -avi, -atum, [pro + voco] 

1 tr. and intr. call forth, call out, chal- 
lenge; rouse, stir up, excite, provoke. 

proxime, see prope. 

proximus, see propior. 



prudens, -entis, [for providens, from 
provideo] adj. foreseeing; skilled, 
versed, experienced; with knowledge, 
deliberate; far-seeing, knoiving, saga- 
cious, sensible, judicious, discreet, pru- 
dent. 

priidentia, -ae, [prudens] f. foresight; 
knowledge, skill; sagacity, practical 
judgment, good sense, discretion, pru- 
dence. 

pruina, -ae, f . hoarfrost, frost. 
pubes, -eris, adj. grown up, adult. As 

subst. puberes, -um, m. pi. grown men, 

adults, able-bodied men . 

pubes, -is, f • grownup young men, youth 
able to bear arms, young men. 

publicanus, -a, -um, [publicus] adj. 

of the public revenue. As subst. publi- 
canus, -1, hi. farmer of the revenues, 
publican. 

publicatio, -onis, [publico] f. confisca- 
tion of private property for the state. 

publice, [publicus] adv. publicly, in the 
name of the state, for or on behafofthe 
state, officially; generally, all together. 

Publicius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or 
gentile name. Esp. a follower of Cati- 
line's. 

publico, -are, -avi, -atum, [publicus] 

1 tr. adjudge to public use, confiscate. 

publicus, -a, -um, [for populicus] adj. 
of the people, of the state, state-, offi- 
cial, public; common, general. rSs pu- 
blica, the commonwealth, the state, 
republic, the government, the country; 
public business, affairs of state; public 
life, politics; public weal, general wel- 
fare, interests of the country. As subst. 
publicum, -1, n. public property; pub- 
lic treasury, public revenue; public 
place, publicity, carere publico, be in 
retirement, remain at home. 

Publius, -1, m. a Roman praenomen or 
forename. 

pudeo, -ere, pudui or puditum est, 2 

tr. and intr. be ashamed; make 
ashamed, put to shame. Usually im- 
pers. one is ashamed, translating the 
accusative as subject. , 



proscribo— quaestor 



"3 



pudicitia, -ae, [pudicus, modest] f. 
modesty, virtue, chastity. 

pudor, -oris, [pudeo] m. shame, sense of 
shame, feeling of decency, modesty, pro- 
priety; sense of honor or right, self- 
respect; disgrace, ignominy. 

puer, puerij ni. boy, lad, young man; 
servant, slave. ex pueris, from 
boyhood. 

puerilis, -e, [puer] &&j. boyish, childish, 
youthful. aetas puerilis, the age of 
boyhood. 

pueritia, -ae, [puer] f. boyhood, child- 
hood, youth. 

pugna, -ae, f. fight, combat, battle, en- 
gagement. 

pugno, -are, -avi, -atum, [pugna] 1 

tr. and intr. fight, give battle, engage; 
contend, dispute; struggle with, oppose, 
resist; struggle, strive. 

pulcher, -chra, -chrum, adj. beautiful, 
handsome, fair ; attractive, fine, excel- 
lent ; noble, honorable ; glorious, illus- 
trious. 

pulchre, [pulcher] adv. beautifully ; 
finely, excellently ; nobly, admirably. 

pulchritudo, -inis, [pulcher] f. beauty; 

attractiveness, excellence. 

pulvinar, -aris, [pulvinus, cushion} n. 
couch of the gods, a cushioned seat 
spread at a feast of the gods before their 
statues ; shrine, temple. 

punctum, -1, [pungo] n. puncture ; 
point. punctum temporis, an in- 
stant, moment. 

pungo, -ere, pupugi, punctum, 3 tr. 
puncture, punch, pierce, stab; make by 
piercing ; annoy, grieve, afflict. 

Punicus, -a, -um, [PoeniJ adj. Punic, 
Carthaginian. 

punio (poenio), -ire, -IvI, -Itum, 
[poena] 4 tr. punish, chastise; revenge, 
avenge. 

punltor, -oris, [punio] m. punUher; 

avenger. 

purgo, -are, -avi, -atum, [purus + 
ago] 1 tr. make clean, cleanse, purify ; 



clear from accusation, exonerate, excul- 
pate, justify; vindicate, establish. 

purpura, -ae, [nop^vpa] f . purple ; 
purple cloth, purple garment. 

purpura tus, -a, -um, [purpura] adj. 
clad in purple. As subst. purpuratus, 
-1, m. officer of a royal court, courtier. 

purus, -a, -um, adj. unstained, un- 
spotted, clean, pure; undefiled, chaste. 

puts, -are, -avi, -atum, l tr. cleanse, 
clear up ; reckon, estimate, value ; es- 
teem, regard, consider ; think, believe ; 
suspect, suppose, imagine. 



Q., abbreviation for Quintus. 

qua, [abl. fern, of qui] adv. by which 
way, where, at which place ; by what 
means, how. 

quadraginta, [quattuor] num. adj. 
indecl. forty. 

quadringentiens (-ies), [quadrin- 
gentl, four hundred} num. adv. four 
hundred times. quadringentiens 
(sc. centena milia),/w^ million. 

quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesi- 
tum, 3 tr. seek, look for ; seek to gain, 
try to get, strive after ; gain, get, ac- 
quire; lack, need, want; ask. demand, 
require, call for ; make inquiry or in- 
vestigation, inquire into, investigate, 
conduct investigations ; put the ques- 
tion to, examine. 

quaesitor, -oris, [quaero] m. inquirer, 

investigator ; prosecuting officer, presi- 
dent of a court of inquiry, 
quaeso, [cf. quaerQ] def. 3 tr. and intr. 
beg, pray, beseech, entreat ; often paren- 
thetical, quaeso, / beg you, I pray, 
please. 

quaestio, -5nis, [quaerO] f. examina- 
tion, inquiry, investigation; judicial 
investigation, criminal inquiry, trial, 
court; subject of investigation, question 
on trial, caxe. 

quaestor, -oris, [for quaesitor, from 
quaero] m. quaestor. For the duties, 



H4 



VOCABULARY 



etc., of the quaestor, see the Introduc- 
tion, §§13-16, and Appendix C. 

quaestorius, -a, -urn, [quaestor] adj. 
of a quaestor, quaestoHan. 

quaestuosus, -a, -urn, [quaestus] adj. 
profitable, lucrative, advantageous. 

quaestura, -ae, [cf . quaero] f. office of 
quaestor, quaestorship. 

quaestus, -us, [cf. quaero] m. acquisi- 
tion, gain, profit, advantage, interest; 
business, occupation. 

qualis, -e, [qui] pron. adj.,interrog. and 
rel.: 

1. Asinterrog. of what sort? of what 
nature ? what sort of? 

2. As rel. of such a kind, such as, 
such, talis . . . qualis, such ...as. 

quam, [quis, qui] adv. and conj., inter- 
rog. and rel. : 

1. As interrog. how? how much? 
quam diti, how long ? 

2. As rel. how, how much, as, as much 
as. quam diti, as long as. 

In comparisons, as, than, rather 
than. tarn . . . quam, as ... as, so 
much... as. With superlatives, forms 
of possum being expressed or under- 
stood, in the highest degree, as... as 
possible, quam plurimos, as many as 



quamdiu, see quam and diu. 
quamobrem, adv. phrase : 

1. As interrog. for what reason? 
why? 

2. As rel. for which reason, why, 
wherefore, hence, accordingly. 

quamquam, [quam + quam] conj. 
though, although, notwithstanding 
that; and yet, yet after all, however. 

quamvis, [quam + vis, from volo] adv. 
and conj.: 

1. As adv. as you will, as much as you 
will, however much, no matter how. 

2. As conj. however much, although. 

quando, adv. and conj.: 

1. As adv. interrog. when? at what 
time ? ; indef . after ne, num, or si, 
at any time, ever, some time, some 
day. 



2. As conj. ivhen, at the time that; 
since, as, inasmuch as. 

quandoquidem, [quando + quidem] 

adv. since, seeing that. 

quanto, see quantus. 
quanto opere, see opus, 
quantum, [quantus] adv.: 

1. As interrog. how much? how 
great? how far? what? 

2. As rel. so much as, to as great an 
extent as, as far as. 

quantus, -a, -um, pron. adj.: 

1. As interrog. how great? how 
much? what? 

2. As rel. as great as, as much as, 
as. tantus . . . quantus, as great 
as, as much as. 

As subst. quantum, -i, n. how much ? 
as much as. quanti, gen. of price, 
for how much ? at what price? at the 
price that, quanto, abl. as adv. by 
how much, how much, by as much as, 
according as. 
quantuscumque, quanta-, quantum-, 
[quantus + cumque] rel. adj. how great 
soever, of whatever size; however small, 
however trifling. 

quapropter, [qua + propter] adv. in- 
terrog. and rel. J or what reason? why?; 
on which account, wherefore, therefore. 

qua re or quare, adv. phrase : 

1. As interrog. by what means? how?; 
on what account ? why ? 

2. As rel. wherefore, and for that 
reason; by reason of which. 

quartus, -a, -um, [quattuor] num. adj. 

fourth. 
quasi, [qua + si] adv. and conj. as if, 

just as if as it were, as one might say ; 

about, nearly, proinde quasi, quasi 

vevd,just as if, forsooth. 

quasso, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of 
quatio, shake'] 1 tr. shake violently, 
brandish; shake, shatter, shiver. 

quattuor, num. adj. indecl./ow. 

-que, conj. enclitic, and. 

quern ad modum, adv. phrase, interrog. 
and rel. in ivhat manner? how? ; in 
ivhat ivay, how, as. 



quaestorius— quisquam 



115 



queo, quire, quivl or quii, , irr. 

intr. be able, can. 

querela (querella), -ae, [queror] f. 

lamentation, lament; complaining, com- 
plaint, cause of complaint. 

querimonia, -ae, [queror] f. lamenta- 
tion, complaining ; complaint, accusa- 
tion, reproach. 

queror, querl, questus sum, 3 dep. 
lament, bewail; complain, make a com- 
plaint; complain of ,jind fault with. 

1. qui, quae, quod, gen. cuius, interrog. 
adj. pron. which ? what ? what kind off 

2. qui, quae, quod, gen. cuius, rel. pron. 
who, which, what, that; whoever, 
whichever, whatever; often, in that, as, 
to. 

qui, [old abl. of qui] adv. interrog. and 
rel. how? by what means? in what 
way ? ; wherewith, by means of which, 
how. 

quia, conj. because. 

quicumque, quae-, quod-, [qui + cum- 
que] rel. pron. indef. whoever, which- 
ever, whatever ; whosoever, whatsoever; 
everyone who, everything that ; any- 
thing whatever, every possible, every, 
all that. 

quid, see quis. 

quidam, quaedam, quiddam, or as 
adj. quoddam, [qui] rel. pron. a 
certain, a certain one, one, a, a kind of; 
a certain man, someone, something, a 
thing; pi. some, certain, sundry. 

quidem, [qui] adv. indeed, in fact, as- 
suredly, Tm sure, certainly, most cer- 
tainly, doubtless ; at least, at any rate, 
yet. ne* . . . quidem, not even. 

quies, quietis, f. rest, repose, inaction, 
sleep; quiet, peace. 

quiesco, -ere, quievl, quietum, [quies] 

3 intr. go to rest, rest, repose, do nothing, 
keep quiet, be at peace; sleep, be asleep. 

quietus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of quiesco] adj. 
at rest, in quiet, at peace, peaceful ; in- 
active, neutral; undisturbed, unruffled, 
calm, quiet. 

quilibet, quae-, quod-, and as subst. 
quidlibet, rel. pron. indef. ivhom you 



will, any one, no matter who, what you 
please, anything. 

quin, [qui + -ne] adv. and conj. why 
not? wherefore not?; but indeed, really, 
nay in fact ; in dependent clauses, 
so that... not, but that, but, without; 
who. ..not, but ; after words of hinder- 
ing, from with Eng. verbal in -ing ; 
after words of doubt or uncertainty, but 
that, that. quin etiam, nay even, 
in fact. 

qulnam, see quisnam. 

quindecim, [quinque + decern] num. 
adj. indecl. fifteen. 

qulngentl, -ae, -a, [quinque + cen- 
tum] num. adj. jive hundred. 

quinquaginta, [quinque] indecl. num. 

fifty. 

quinque, num. adj. indecl. five. 
quintus, -a, -um, [quinque] num. adj. 

fifth. 
Quintus, -I, [quintus] m. a Roman 

praenomen or forename. 

quippe, [qui + -pe] adv. of course, no 
doubt, as you see, naturally ; since, for, 
for you see; ironically, forsooth, indeed. 

Quiris, -ltis, m. Roman citizen ; esp. in 
voc. v\. fellow -citizens. 

quis, quid, interrog. pron. who ? which ? 
what?; quid, often in questions and ex- 
clamations, alone or followed by vero, 
turn, igitur, ergo, leading up to the 
main question, what of this, again, but 
again, why, but mark this, listen, etc. 

quis (qui), qua, quid, indef. pron. any 
one, anybody, one, any, anything; some 
one, some ; used chiefly after si, nisi, 
ne, num, and in relative sentences. 

quisnam, quae-, quid-, or as adj., qui- 
nam, quae-, quod-, [quis (qui) + nam] 
interrog. pron. who, pray ? which or 
what, pray? who, etc., in the world? 
what ? 

quispiam, quae-, quod-, or as subst. 
quidpiam, indef. pron. any one, any- 
body, anything, any ; some one, some- 
body, something, some. 

quisquam, quaequam, quicquam, in- 
def. pron. any one, any man, anybody* 



n6 



VOCABULARY 



anything, any. neque quisquam, 
and no one, none. 

quisque, quae-, quid-, or as adj. quod- 
que, [quis + -que] indef. pron. tack, 
each one, every, everybody, every one. 
everything, all. optimus quisque, 
every good man. quotus quisque, see 
quotus. 

quisquis, quidquid or quicquid, or as 
adj. quodquod, rel. pron. indef. who- 
ever, whatever, whatsoever, no matter 
who, no matter what, every one w/io, all 
who. 

quivis, quae-, quid-, or as adj. quodvis, 
[qui + vis, from voloj indef. pron. 
whom you please, what yon please, any 
one you please or you like, any one, any- 
thing, any whatever or at all, any pos- 
sible. 

quo, [qui] adv. and conj.: 

1. a. abl. of degree of difference with 
comparatives, by what, by as much 
as, the. /3. abl. of cause with nega- 
tives, for the reason that, because, 
that, as if. y. of result chiefly with 
comparatives, tvherefore, whereby, 
on account of which, and so. 6. of 
purpose, esp. with comparatives, 
that thereby, in order that. quo 
minus, that not, from with Eng. 
verbal in -ing. 

2. a. interrog. to what place? whither? 
ivhereto? /3. rel. to ivhich place, 
whither, and to this point, as far 
as. y. indef. after si or ne, any 
w hither, to any place. 

quoad, [quo + ad] adv. and conj. as far 
as; till, until; as long as, while. 

quocirca, [quo + circa, cf. circum] conj. 
for which reason, wherefore, and for 
this reason, and therefore. 

quocumque, [quo + -cumque] adv. to 
whatever place, whithersoever, where- 
ever, whichever way. 

quod, [ace. n. of qui] adv. and conj. with 
respect to which, as to what, in what, 
wherein ; in that, the fact that, that ; 
because, inasmuch as, since, for; as 
for the fact that, as for with Eng. verbal 
in -ing. quod SI, but if, and if, now if 



quominus, see qu6, 1 6. 

quo modo, [quis + modus] adv. phrase, 

interrog. and rel. in what manner? 

how f ; in the manner that, as, just as. 

quondam, [quom (cum) + -dam] adv. 
once upon a time, once, formerly ; once 
in a while, sotne times. 

quoniam, [quom (cum) + iam] conj. 
since, seeing that, as, inasmuch as. 

quoque, conj. also, too, as well, even, 
placed after an emphatic word. 

quot, indecl. adj., interrog. and rel. how 
many ."; as many as, as. 

quotannis, [quot + annis, from annus] 
adv. every year, year by year, annually. 

quotidianus, see cotidianus. 

quotidig, sec cotidie. 

quotiens (-ies), Lquot] adv., interrog. 

and rel. how often ? how many times? ; 

as often, as often as. 

quotienscumque (quoties-), [quotiens 
+ -cumque] adv. however often, just as 
often as, every time that. 

quotus, -a, -um, [quot] adj. which in 
number, of what number. quotus 
quisque, how many; how few. 

quo usque, adv. phrase, until what time ? 
how long ? 

E 

radix, -icis, f. root; lower part, foot, 
base; basis, foundation, origin, source, 

raeda, -ae, f. a heavy four-wheeled ve- 
hicle. 

raedarius, -i, [raeda] m. coachman, 
driver of a raeda. 

raplna, -ae, [rapio] f. robbery, plunder- 
ing, plunder, pillage, rapine. 

rapio, rapere, rapui, raptum, 3 tr. 

seize and carry off ; snatch, drag, drag 
off; snatch away, hurry away, carry 
along, carry away, impel; rob, plun- 
der, ravage, lay waste. 

raro, [rarus, rare\ adv. rarely, seldom, 
noiv and then. 

ratio, -onis, [reor, reckon] f. reckoning, 
numbering, calculation, account; t?*ans* 



quisque— recuso 



117 



action, business, affair, concern ; ref- 
erence, respect, connection; regard, con- 
sideration; relation, condition; course, 
arrangement, method, manner, kind, 
style; plan, plan of action, design, plan 
of life, principle; judgment, under- 
s Landing, course of reasoning ; reason, 
motive ; propriety, rule, order ; theory, 
doctrine, theoretical knowledge, science; 
view, opinion. rationem habere, see 
habere. 

ratiocinor, -an, -atus sum, [ratio] l 

dep. reckon, calculate ; reason, argue. 

re- or red-, inseparable prefix, again, 

anew, back, against. 
rea, see reus. 
Reatinus, -a, -urn, [Reate] adj. of 

Beate, a Sabine town of which Cicero 

was patronus. 

recede, -cedere, -cessi, recessum, [re- 
+ cSdo] 3 intr. go back, fall back, retire, 

withdraw; desist. - 

recgns, -eiltis, adj. fresh, young, new, 
still fresh, recent; vigorous. 

recensio, -onis, [recensed, count] f. 
enumeration; census. 

receptor, -oris, [recipio] m. harborer, 
concealer; haunt. 

recessus, -us, [recgdo] m. a going back, 
retreating, retiring, withdrawal; re- 
tired spot, nook, corner, retreat. 

recido or reccido, -ere, reccidi or re- 
cidi, fat. part, recasurus, [re- + cado] 
3 intr. fall back, return, relapse; fall, 
sink, be reduced; fall to, be handed 
over; recoil, be visited. 

recipio, -cipere, -cepi, receptum, [re- 
+ capioj 3 tr. take back, bring back, gel 
back, regain, recover; admit, accept, 
receive, welcome ; take upon one's self, 
assume; be surety for, promise; take up, 
undertake. se" recipere, withdraw, 
return, retire, retreat. 

recito, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + cito] l 

tr. read out, read aloud, declaim, recite. 

reclamo, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + clS- 

m5] 1 tr. and intr. cry out against, ex- 
claim against, protest, 



recognosco, -gnoscere, -gnovi, rec<5- 
gnitum, [re- + cognosco] 3 tr. know 
again, recognize, recall, recollect; look 
over, review, examine. 

recolo, -colere, -colui, recultum, [re- 
+ C015] 3 tr. cultivate again, work over; 
practise again, resume, renew. 

reconciliatio, -onis, [reconcilio] f. a 

reestablishing, restoration, renewal; rec- 
onciliation. 

reconcilio, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + 
COncilio] 1 tr. regain, recover, restore, 
reestablish; reunite, reconcile. 

reconditus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of recondo] 
adj. put away, out of the way, hidden, 
retired, sequestered; abstruse, recondite. 

recondo, -condere, -condidi, recondi- 
tum, [re- + condo] 3 tr. put back; put 
away, shut up, close, hide, conceal; of 
a sword, sheathe. 

recordatio, -onis, [recordor] f. recollec- 
tion, remembrance. 

recordor, -ari, recordatus sum, [re- + 
cor, heart] 1 dep. recall to mind, recall, 
bethink one's self of, remember, recollect. 

recreo, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + creo] l 

tr. re-create; renew, restore, receive, re- 
fresh, invigorate. 

rScta, [abl. f. of rectus, sc via] adv. 
straightivay, right on, directly. 

recte, [rectus] adv. in a straight line; 
rightly, with justice, properly; correct- 
ly, well, duly, suitably. 

rectus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of rego] adj. in 
a straight line, straight, direct, unde- 
viating; tight, correct, proper, befitting; 
just, upright. 

recupero, -are, -avi, -atum, [re-, cf. 

cupio] 1 tr. get back, regain, recover. 
recurro, -ere, recurri, , [re- + cur- 

ro] 3 intr. run back, hasten back; re- 
turn, revert, recur. 

recusatio, -onis, [recuso] f. a declining, 
refusal; objection, protest. 

recuso, -are, -avi, -atum, [re-, causa] 

1 tr. and intr. make objections to, object 
to, object; decline, refuse; reject, repu- 
diate. 



Ii8 



VOCABULARY 






red-, see re-, 
redactus, see redigo. 

redargue, -ere, redargui, , [red- + 

arguo] 3 tr. and intr. disprove, confute, 
contradict. 

reddo, reddere, reddidi, redditum, 
[red- + do] 3 tr. give back, return, re- 
store; cause to be, make, render; repay, 
requite,pay; give up, resign, surrender; 
give, grant, bestow. 

redemptio, -onis, [redimo] f . a buying 
back, redemption, ransom; cowupt pur- 
chase, bribery. 

redemptor, -oris, [redimo] m. contrac- 
tor. 

redemptus, see redimo. 

redeo, -Ire, -ii, -itum, [red- + eo] irr. 
intr. go back, turn back, return, come 
back; be brought back, be returned, be 
restwed. 

redigo, -ere, redegi, redactum, [red- 
+ ago] 3 tr. drive back, force back, 
bring back; collect, raise, call in; re- 
duce, bring, subdue. 

redimio, -Ire, -ii, -Itum, 4 tr. wreathe, 
encircle, gird, crown. 

redimo, -imere, -6mi, redemptum, 
[red- + emo] 3 tr. buy back, redeem, 
ransom; buy off, set free, rescue; take 
by contract, contract for, farm, lease; 
buy, acquire, secure, gain. 

reditus, -us, [redeo] m. a going back, 
return; revenue, income. 

redoleo, -ere, redolul, — -, [red- + 
oleo, smell of] 2 tr. and intr. smell, 
smell of, be redolent of; savor of, ex- 
hale, breathe. 

redtico, -diicere, -diixl, reductum, [re- 
+ duco] 3 tr. lead back, escort back, 
accompany ; bring off, withdraw ; 
bring back, restore, replace. 

redundo, -are, -avi, -atum, [red- + 
undo, from unda$ ivave] 1 intr. run 
over, overflow; swim, reek; be left, 
redound, abound, be in excess. 

redux, -ducis, [cf. redtic5] adj. active, 
that brings back ; passive, led back, 
brought back, returned, restored. 



refello, -ere, refelll, — , [re-+fall5] 3 

tr. prove false, disprove, refute, expose. 

refercio, -fercire, -fersi, refertum, 
[re- + farcio, stuff] 4 tr. Jill up, stuff, 
stuff up, cram full, crowd full, pack. 

refero, -ferre, rettull, relatum, [re- + 
fero] irr. tr. bring back, carry back, 
bring; give back, return, restore, repay; 
reneiv, revive, repeat; reply, answer; 
report, announce, say; record, register, 
enroll; ascribe, attribute, refer. ad 
senatum referre, lay before the senate, 
submit to the senate for consideration, 
propose to the senate, consult the senate. 
se referre, go back, return, gratiam 
referre, see gratia. 

refert, referre, retulit, [re from r6s, 
+fero] impers. it is of advantage, it 
profits, it is one^s interest ; it is im- 
portant, it matters, it makes a differ- 
ence. 

refertus, see refercio. 

reficio, -ficere, -feci, refeetum, [re- + 
facio] 3 tr. make again, reconstruct, 
repair ; renew, refresh, recruit, rein- 
vigorate, restore. 

reformldo, -are, — , -atum, [re- + 
formldo] 1 tr. and intr. fear greatly, 
dread, be afraid of, stand in awe of, 
shrinkfrom. 

refrigero, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + 
frigero, cf . frigus] 1 tr. cool off, cool ; 
pass, grow cold, lose freshness. 

refugio, -fugere, refugi, — , [re- + 
fugio] 3 tr. and intr. flee back, run 
aivay, escape; flee for safety, take ref- 
uge; avoid, shun, recoil, shrinkfrom. 

refuto, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. check, re- 
strain, repel; rebut, disprove, refute. 

regalis, -e, [r6x] adj. o/or like a king, 
kingly, royal, regal. 

regia, -ae, [regius] f. royal palace. 
Esp. Numa's palace on the Via Sacra. 

regie, [regius] adv. royally, in a regal 
manner; tyrannically, despotically. 

Regini (Rhe-), -orum, m. pi. the people 

of Regium. 
regio, -onis, [rego] f. direction, line; 

boundary line, boundary, limits ; guar- 



red- -renovo 



119 



ter, region, district, country ; ■position, 
situation. 

RSgium (R.he->, -l, n. a Greek city in the 
" toe " of Italy, now Reggio. 

rggius, -a, -urn, [rex] adj. of or like a 
king, kingly, royal, regal. bellum 
regium, 'war with a king. 

regno, -are, -avl, -atum, [regnum] 1 
tr. and intr. have royal jjower, be king, 
rule, reign ; lord it, domineer. 

regnum, -l, [rego] n. royal authority, 
kingship, royalty ; government, domin- 
ion, sovereignty, supreme power, sway; 
arbitrary rule, despotism, tyranny ; 
kingdom, realm. 

rego, regere, rexl, rectum, 3 tr. keep 
straight, guide, direct, control, have 
control of, manage ; rule, govern, be 
master of. 

regredior, -1, regressus sum, [re- + 
gradior, advance] 3 dep. go back, turn 
back, return; withdraw, retreat. 

reicio, -icere, -iecl, reiectum, [re- + 
iacio] 3 tr. throw back, hurl back ; 
cast off or away, repel, reject; scorn, re- 
fuse, disdain, spurn ; refer, turn over ; 
of juries, set aside, challenge. 

reiectio, -onis, [reicio] f. a throwing 
back or away, rejection ; challenging, 
challenge. 

relaxo, -are, -avl, -atum, [re- + laxo, 

open] 1 tr. stretch out, open, loosen ; re- 
lax, relieve, lighten, ease, cheer. 

relego, -are, -avl, -atum, [re- + lego] 

1 tr. send away, despatch, remove, se- 
clude; banish, exile, relegate. 

relevo, -are, -avl, -atum, [re- + levo] 
1 tr. lift up, raise; make light, lighten; 
relieve, ease, soothe, alleviate, mitigate. 

religio, -onis, [re- + lego] f. conscien- 
tiousness, sense of right ; moral obliga- 
tion, duty ; regard for sacred things, 
reverence, devoutness, piety ; religious 
scruple, scruple of conscience, fear of 
the gods, superstitious awe ; worship of 
the gods, religious observance, religion, 
faith, cult ; sacredness, sanctity ; pi. 
objects of veneration, sacred scenes, holy 



35 



religiose, [religiosus] adv. conscien- 
tiously, sci-upulously, carefully ; piously, 
religiously. 

religiosus, -a, -um, [religio] adj. con- 
scientious, scrupulous, careful, precise ; 
reverend, pious, devout ; consecrated, 
holy, sacred, venerated, venerable. 

relinquo, -ere, reliqui, relictum, [re- 
+ linquo, leave] 3 tr. leave behind, 
leave; leave alone, let remain; bequeath; 
give up, resign, relinquish ; leave out, 
omit, neglect; abandon, forsake, desert. 

reliquus, -a, -um, [cf. relinquo] adj. 
left, left over, remaining ; future, sub- 
sequent, after ; the rest of, the rest, the 
other, all other. reliquum est ut, 
it remains that, it only remains to. 

remaneo, -ere, remans!, — , [re- + 
maneo] 2 intr. stay behind, remain, be 
left; continue, last, endure, abide, be. 

remansio, -onis, [remaneo] f . a staying 
behind, remaining, stay. 

remex, -igis, [remus + ago] m. rower, 
oarsman. 

reminiscor, -1, , [re-, cf . memini] 3 

dep. recall to mind, recollect, remember, 
bear in mind. 

remissio, -onis, [remitto] f. a sending 
back; relaxing, diminution, abatement, 
remission; relaxation, recreation. 

remissus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of remitto] 
adj. relaxed; slack, loose, lax, negligent, 
remiss; light, merry. 

remitto, -mittere, -misi, remissum, 
[re- + mitto] 3 tr. send back, let go back, 
cause to return ; throw back ; give up, 
yield, grant; relax, relieve, release', re- 
mit, grant exemption from. 

remoror, -ari, -atus sum, [re- + moror] 

1 dep. hold back, detain, delay, retard. 

removeo, -mov6re, -movi, remotum, 
[re- + moveo] 2 tr. move back, take 
away, withdraw, remove ; set aside, 
put off. get out of the way, abolish. 

remus, -1, m. oar. 

renovo, -are, -avl, -atum, [re- + nov5, 
from novus] 1 tr. renew, restore ; re- 
fresh, revive. 



120 



VOCABULA&Y 



renuntiS, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + 

nuntio] 1 tr. bring back word, report, 
announce ; report upon, declare, pro- 
claim ; proclaim, as chosen, declare 
elected; retract, renounce, abandon. 

repellS, -ere, reppuli or repuli, repul- 
sum, [re- + pell5J 3 tr. drive back, repel, 
repidse; keep off, ward off, avert; reject. 

repente, [repSns, sudden] adv. suddenly, 
unexpectedly. 

repentinus, -a, -urn, [repens, suddeii\ 
adj. sudden, unexpected, unlooked for ; 
hasty, impetuous. 

reperio, reperire, repperi or reperi, 
repertum, 4 tr. find, meet with ; find 
out, find to be, discover, learn; Jut upon, 
devise, invent. 

repeto, -ere, -Ivi, -itum, [re- + petS] 3 
tr. fall upon again, attack anew ; seek 
again, return to ; demand back, claim, 
ask for ; take hold of again, undertake 
anew, resume, repeat; think over, recall, 
recollect; trace back, deduce. pe- 
cuniam repetere, sue for the recovery 
of money, sue for extortion. 

repetundae, -arum, [old form of ger. of 
repeto, sc. pecuniae] f. pi. money de- 
manded back, suit for extortion; extor- 
tion. 

reports, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + ports] 
1 tr. carry back, bring back ; carry off, 
get, obtain, gain. 

reposes, -ere, , — , [re- + pSscS] 3 

tr. demand back, ask again ; claim, de- 
mand, exact. 

reprehends, -ere, reprehendl, repre- 
hensum, [re- + prehendS, seize] 3 tr. 
hold back, hold fast, seize, catch ; re- 
strain, check ; find fault with, blame, 
censure, reprove, rebuke. 

reprehensiS, -Snis, [reprehends] f. 
blame, censure, reproof. 

reprimo, -ere, repress!, repressum, 
[re- + prem5] 3 tr. press back, keep back, 
restrain, check, curb, repress; limit, 
confine. 

repudio, -are, -avi, -atum, [repudium, 

casting off] 1 tr. cast off ; reject, refuse, 
repudiate, scom, disdain, spurn. 



repugnS, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + 
piignS] 1 intr. resist, make resistance, 
oppose, be in opposition, contend against. 

reputS, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + puto] 
1 tr. count over, reckon up ; think over, 
reflect upon. 

requies, -etis, ace. requiStem or re- 
quiem, [re- + quiSs] f . rest, repose, rec- 
reation; respite, intermission. 

requiesco, -ere, requievi, requiStum, 
[re- + quiSscS] 3 intr. rest, take rest, 
repose. 

requiro, -quirere, -quisivl, requisi- 
tum, [re- + quaeroj 3 tr. and intr. seek 
again, seek, search for ; ask for, de- 
mand ; ask, inquire, seek to know ; feel 
the lack of, miss, need, be in want of. 

r6s, rei, f. thing; matter, affair, business, 
object; event, occurrence, circumstance; 
deed, act, measure ; condition, case ; 
reality, fact, truth; effects, property, 
possessions, estate; benefit, profit, ad- 
vantage, interest ; cause, reason, ground; 
lawsuit, case at law, trial, action, res 
gestae, exploits, deeds. rSs secundae, 
see secundus. rSs publica, see publi- 
cus. res familiaris, see familiaris. 
res mllitaris, see militaris. res no- 
vae, see novus. The word admits of a 
variety of translations to suit particular 
contexts. 

rescinds, -ere, rescidi, rescissum, [re- 
+ scindS, cut] 3 tr. cut off, cut loose, cut 
down; annul, abolish, repeal. 

resecS, -are, resecui, resectum, [re- + 
secS] 1 tr. cut off, cut away ; check, re- 
strain, stop. 

reservS, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + serv5] 

1 tr. keep back, save up. reserve, hold in 
reserve; retain, keep. 

resides, -sidere, -sedi, — , [re- + sedeS] 

2 intr. sit back, remain sitting ; remain 
behind, remain, be left, stay, rest; abide, 



resigns, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + sign5, 
cf. signum] 1 tr. unseal, open ; annul, 
cancel, destroy. 

resists, -sistere, restiti, — , [re- + 
sistS] 3 intr. stand back; remain stand- 



renuntio— rogatus 



121 



ing, hall, stop, stand still; withstand, 
make a stand against, oppose, resist. 

respicio, -ere, respexi, respectum, [re- 

+ speciOj 3 tr. and iritr. look back, look 
behind; look back at, gaze upon, con- 
template ; have a care for, be mindful 
of, consider, respect. 

respiro, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + spiro] 

1 tr. and intr. breathe back, breathe out, 
exhale; breathe again, revive, recover. 

respondeo, -ere, respondl, responsum, 

[re- + spondeo] 2 tr. and intr. answer, 
reply, make answer, respond; be a 
match for, be equal to; correspond, 
agree. 

responsum, -I, [respondeo] n, answer, 

reply, response; advice, opinion. 

res ptiblica, see res and publicus. 

respuo, -ere, respul, — , [re- + spuo, 
spit] 3 tr. spit back, spit out ; reject, re- 
pel, spurn. 

restinguo, -ere, restinxi, restinctum, 
[re- + stinguo, extinguish] 3 tr. jmt | 
out, quench, extinguish ; exterminate, 
annihilate, destroy. 

restituo, -ere, restitui, restittitum, 
[re- + statuo] 3 tr. set up again, replace, 
reconstruct, reestablish, restore ; revive, 
renew, repair, remedy; reinstate, recall. 

restitutor, -oris, [restituo] m. restorer, 
rebuilder. 

resto, restare, restiti, — , [re- + sto] 

1 intr. withstand, resist, stand firm ; 
remain, be left. 

retardo, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + 
tardo] 1 tr. and intr. keep back, delay, 
retard; hinder, impede; repress, check. 

reticeo, -ere, reticui, — , [re- + taceo] 

2 tr. and intr. be silent, keep silence, say 
nothing ; leave unsaid, conceal. 

retineo, -tinere, -tinui, retentum, 
[re- + teneo] 2 tr. hold back, keep back, 
detain; holdfast, keep, retain; hold in 
check, restrain, repress ; maintain, up- 
hold, preserve, keep. 

retorqueo, -torquere, -torsi, retortum, 
[re- + torqueo, twist] 2 tr. twist back, 
turn back, throw back. 



retraho, -trahere, -traxi, retractum, 
[re- + traho] 3 tr. draw back, drag 
back, bring back ; ivithdraiv, remove, 
divert. 

retundo, -ere, rettudi or retudi, re- 
ttisum or retunsum, [re- + tundo, 
beat] 3 tr. beat back, blunt, dull; re- 
strain, check. 

reus, -I, m., and rea, -ae, f. [res] the ac- 
cused, the defendant, the prisoner. 

revello, -vellere, -velli, revulsum, 
[re- + vello, pluck] 3 tr. pluck away, 
tear away, pull off. 

revertor, -I, revert! (active), reversum, 
[re- + vertor] 3 dep. turn back, come 
back, return; go back, revert. 

revinco, -vincere, revici, revictum, 
[re- + vinco] 3 tr. conquer; convict, re- 
fute, disprove. 

revivisco, -ere, revixl, revictum, [re- 
+ inch, of VIVO] 3 intr. come to life 
again, be restored to life, revive. 

revoco, -are, -avi, -atum, [re-+voco] 

1 tr. call again, call back, recall ; call 
off, icithdraw; renew, regain, recover; 
divert, turn away. 

rex, regis, [cf. rego] m. king ; despot, 

tyrant. 

Rhgnus, -1, m. the Rhine. 

Rhodius, -a, -um, [Rhodus] adj. of 
Rhodes, Rhodian. As subst. Rhodil, 
-orum, m. pi. the people of Rhodes. 

Rhodus, -1, f. Rhodes, an island off the 
coast of Asia Minor. 

ridi cuius, -a, -um, [rideo, laugh] adj. 
laughable, droll, amusing; absurd, 
ridiculous, contemptible. 

ripa, -ae, f. bank of a river. 

robur, -oris, n. oak ; strength, vigor, en- 
durance, force ; best part, pith, flower. 

robustus, -a, -um, [robur] adj. ofoak- 
tvood; robust, hardy, lusty; firm, solid, 
strong, vigorous. 

rogatio, -onis, [rogo] f. an asking, 
question; request, entreaty; proposed 
law, resolution, bill. 

[rogatus, -us], [rogo] m. found only in 
abl. *in£. request, entieaty. 



122 



VOCABULARY 



rogo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. ask, in- 
quire, question; ask for, request, beg, 
implore, entreat ; of a resolution or 
law, bring forward, propose, move, in- 
troduce, sententiam rogare, ask an 
opinion, call upon to vote. 

Roma, -ae, f . Rome. 

Eomanus, -a, -urn, [Roma] adj. of 
Rome, Roman. As subst. Romanus, -I, 
m. Roman. 

Romilia, -ae, (sc. tribus) f. the Ro- 

milian tribe, one of the tribes of Rome. 

Roscius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. Q. Roscius, the fa- 
mous comic actor of Rome. 

rostrum, -l, [rodo, gnaw] n. beak. PL 
the rostra or rostrum, a platform for 
speakers in the forum, adorned with the 
beaks of ships. 

Rudinus, -a, -urn, [Rudiae] adj. of 
Rudiae, a town in Calabria, the " heel " 
of Italy, the birthplace of the poet En- 
nius. 

rudis, -e, adj. raw, wild; rude, uncul- 
tivated, unpolished, unskilled, ignorant. 

Rufio, -onis, m. name of a slave. 

ruina, -ae, [ruo] f. a tumbling down, 
falling down, downfall, fall ; over- 
throw, disaster, destruction, ruin. 

rumor, -oris, m. vague sound, murmur; 
common talk, report, hearsay, rumor ; 
common opinion, reputation. 

rumpo, rumpere, rtipi, ruptum, 3 tr. 
break, burst, tear, rend ; violate, de- 
stroy, annul; break in upon, interrupt, 
cut short. 

ruo, ruere, rui, rutum, 3 tr. and intr. 
fall with violence, tumble down, go to 
ruin or destruction, be ruined ; rush 
headlong, rush, dash, hurry, run. 

rursus, [for revorsus, cf. revertor] 
adv. turned back ; back again, again, 
once more ; on the contrary, on the 
other hand, in turn. 

rus, ruris, n the country ; loc. ruri, in 
the country. 

rtisticor, -ari, -atus sum, [rtisticus] 
1 dep. sojourn in the country, rusticate. 



rusticus, -a, -um, [rus] adj. of the coun- 
try, rustic, rural, country-. As subst. 
rtisticus, -I, m. countryman, peasant. 



Sabinus, -a, -um, adj. of the Sabines, 
Sabine. As subst. Sabini, -orum, m. 
pi. the Sabines. 

sacer, sacra, sacrum, adj. dedicated, 
consecrated, devoted, sacred. As subst. 
sacrum, -I, n. something sacred, holy 
thing; pi. sacred objects, divine wor- 
ship, sacred rites. 

sacerdos, -otis, [sacer, cf . do] c. priest, 

priestess. 

sacramentum, -I, [sacro] n. deposit, 
forfeit-money, guaranty ; cause, civil- 
suit or process. 

sacrarium, -I, [sacrum] n. shrine, sanc- 
tuary. 

sacrificium, -I, [sacrificus, from sa- 
crum +facio] n. sacrifice. 

sacro, -are, -avi, -atum, [sacer] l tr. 

set apart as sacred, consecrate, dedicate, 
devote. 

sacrosanctus, -a, -um, [sacer + sanc- 
tus] adj. hallowed by religious rites, 
sacred, inviolable. 

sacrum, see sacer. 

saeculum (saeclum), -l, n. race, genera- 
tion, lifetime/ age, century. 

saepe, comp. saepius, superl. saepis- 
sime, adv. often, frequently, repeatedly, 
many times. iterum et saepius, 
again and again. 

saepio (sep-), saepire, saepsi, saep- 
tum, [saepes, hedge] 4 tr. hedge in, 
enclose ; fortify, guard, protect. 

saepta, -orum, [saepio] n. fence ; en- 
closure for voting, booths, the polls. 

sagax, -acis, adj. keen-scented ; keen, 
acute, shrewd, sagacious. 

Salaminii, -orum, [Salamis] m. pi. 

the citizens of Salamis. 

saltern, [cf . salvus] adv. at least, at all 
events, at any rate. 

salto, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of salio, 
leap] 1 intr. dance, leap. 



rogo-scaemcus 



123 



saltus, -us, m. forest, woodland, forest- 
pasture, wooded height; mountain- 
pass, defile, glen, glade. 

salus, salutis, f . soundness, health, vigor; 
welfare, prosperity, safety ; preserva- 
tion, deliverance; greeting, salutation. 

saltitaris, -e, [salus] adj. healthful. 
wholesome, beneficial, salutary; useful, 
serviceable, advantageous, valuable. 

saluto, -are, -avi, -atum, [salus] l tr. 
greet, salute, hail; call upon, visit, pay 
one** respects to. 

salvus, -a, -um, adj. sound, in good 
health, well, in good condition, un- 
harmed, uninjured, safe; solvent. 

Samos, -1, f. an island off the coast of 

Asia Minor; also the city on the island. 

sancio. sanclre, sanxi, sanctum, 4 tr. 
make sacred, render inviolable, conse- 
crate; solemnly establish, decree, enact. 
appoint; ratify, approve. 

sancte, [sanctus] adv. solemnly, con- 
scientiously, piously, reverently. 

sanctitas, -atis, [sanctus] f. sacred- 
ness, sanctity, inviolability; purity, 
piety, virtue, honor. 

sanctus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of sancio] adj. 

consecrated, sacred, inviolable; vener- 
able, revered, holy, divine; pure, con- 
scientious, upright, just. 

sanS, [sanus] adv. soundly, discreetly; 
doubtless, certainly, by all means. I'm 
sure, of course, truly, very, pretty. 

sanguis, -inis, n. blood; bloodshed, mur- 
der ; stock, race ; . vigor, force, life. 

sanitas, -atis, [sanus] f. soundness, 
health; sound mind, right reason, good 

s<- use. discretion. 

sano, -are, -avi, -atum, [sanus] 1 tr. 

moke sound, restore to health, heal, 
cure; correct, repair, allay. 

sanus, -a, -um, adj. sound, whole, 
healthy, well; sane, rational, sensible, 

discreet. 

sapiens, -entis, [pr.p. of sapio] adj. 

wise, sensible, discreet, of discretion. 
As subst. in. sage, philosopher. 



sapienter, [sapiens] adv. wisely, with 
wisdom, discreetly, prudently. 

sapientia, -ae, [sapiens] f. good sense, 
discernment, discretion, intelligence; 
wisdom, philosophy. 

sapio, sapere, sapivl, , 3 tr. and intr. 

taste, have taste; have discernment, be 
discreet, be wise. 

sarcio, sarcire, sarsi, sartum, 4 tr. re- 
pair, mend; make good, make amends 
for, correct. 

Sardinia, -ae, f. a large island in the 

Tuscan Sea, west of Italy. 

satelles, -itis, c. attendant, follower; 
minion, tool, assistant, accomplice. 

satietas, -atis, [satis] f. sufficiency, 
abundance; satiety, satisfied desire, 
weariness, disgust. 

satio, -are, -avi, -atum, [satis] 1 tr. 
satisfy, appease; satiate, sate, fill, glut; 
cloy, disgust. 

satis, adj. n. indecl. enough, sufficient, 
ample, adequate, satisfactory. As subst. 
enough, a sufficiency. As. adv. enough, 
sufficiently, adequately, quite, fully, 
tolerably, somewhat. Comp. satius, 
better, preferable. satis facere, see 
satisfacio. 

satisfacio, -facere, -feci, -factum, [sa- 
tis +facio] 3 intr. do enough for, give 
satisfaction, satisfy, content; make 
amends, make reparation. 

Saturnalia, -iorum, [Saturnus] n. pi. 
the Saturnalia, or feast of Saturn, be- 
ginning on December 17th and lasting 
several days. 

Saturninus, -1, m. a Roman cognomen 
or family name. Esp. L. Apulgius 
Saturninus, a democratic agitator, 
tribune of the people in 100 B.C., crushed 
by Marias. 

saucius, -a, -um, adj. wounded, hurt; 
injured, enfeebled, sick. 

saxum, -1, n. large stone, rock, boulder. 

scaena (sc6n-), ae, f. stage, scene. 

scaenicus, -a, -um, [scaena] adj. of the 
stage, scenic, dramatic. scaenici 
artifices, sec artifex. 



124 



VOCABULARY 



Scaevola, -ae, [dim. of scaevus, the 

left-handed] m. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. P. Mucius Scae- 
vola, the famous jurist, consul in 133 
b.c. He was grandfather to M\ Glabrio. 

scalae, -arum, [cf. scando, climb up] f. 
]A. flight of steps, stairs, staircase. 

Scantia, -ae, f. name of a woman in- 
jured by Clodius. 

Scaurus, -1, m. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. M. Aemilius Scau- 
rus, champion of the nobles, consul in 
117 and 115 b.c He was father to 
Aemilia, wife of M\ Glabrio. 

sceleratg, [sceleratus] adv. impiously, 
wickedly, scandalously. 

sceleratus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of scelerS, 
pollute'] adj. polluted, pi^ofaned; im- 
pious, wicked, villanous, infamous, ac- 
cursed. As subst. sceleratus, -I, m. 
scoundrel, villain. 

scelus, -eris, n. icicked deed, crime, sin; 
wickedness, villany. 

scenicus, see scaenicus. 

Schola, -ae, m. a Roman name. See 
Causinius. 

sciens, -entis, [pr.p. of scio] adj. know- 
ing, intelligent, well-informed, ex- 
perienced, skilful; often adverbially, 
knowingly, tvittingly, purposely. 

scientia, -ae, [sciens] f . knowledge, ac- 
quaintance with a thing; science, art, 
skill. 

scilicet, [for scire licet] adv. you may 
know; of course, naturally, evidently, 
undoubtedly, certainly; ironically, for- 
sooth, doubtless. 

scio, scire, scivi, scitum, 4 tr. know, 
have knowledge of, understand; be 
aware, perceive. 

Scipio, -onis, m. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp.: 

1. P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus 

Maior, "the elder Scipio," who 
conquered Hannibal and thus ended 
the Second Punic War in 202 b.c 

2. P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus 
Minor, "the younger Scipio, 1 ' who 



ended the Third Punic War with the 
destruction of Carthage in 146 b.c 
3. P. Scipio Nasica, see Nasica. 

scortum, -I, n. harlot, prostitute. 

scriba, -ae, [scribo] f. clerk, secretary. 

scribo, scribere, scrips!, scriptum, 3 

tr. and intr. scratch, engrave; write, 
write out, draw up, compose; tvrite, 
about, give an account of in writing; 
name in a will, appoint in writing. 

scriptor, -oris, [scribo] m. one who 

writes; ivriter, author, rerum scrip- 
tor, historian. 

scriptura, -ae, [scribo] f. a writing, 

composition; pasture-tax, money paid 
for right of pasture on public lands. 

scrutor, -ari, -atus sum, [scrtita, trash] 
1 dep. ransack, search carefully, ex- 
amine thoroughly ; inquire into, in- 
vestigate. 

scutum, -1, n. shield. 

S§, ace. and abl. of sui. 

se or sSd, [perhaps abl. of sui] prep, used 
mostly in composition, apart, away 
from, aside. 

sec6do, -cedere, -cessi, secessum, [se + 

c6do] 3 intr. go aside or aivay, with- 
draw, retire. 

secerno, -cernere, -crevi, secretum, 
[se + cerno] 3 tr. put apart, separate, 
sever; set apart, dissociate, distinguish; 
set aside, reject. 

secessio, -onis, [secedo] f. withdrawal; 
political ivithdrawal, secession. 

sgcius, see secus. 

seco, secare, secui, sectum, l tr. cut. 
sector, -an, -atus sum, [freq. of sequor] 
1 dep. follow eagerly, pursue, attend. 

secundum, [secundus] prep, with ace. 
following; immediately after, after, 
next to ; in accordance with, accord- 
ing to. 

secundus, -a, -um, [sequor] ^.follow- 
ing, next, second; favorable, propitious, 
fortunate, successful. res secundae, 
prosperity. 

sectiris, -is, [seco] f . axe. 



Scaevola— sententia 



125 



secus, [sequor] adv. otherwise, differ- 
ently ; otherwise than is right, not well, 
badly. Comp. secius, less. 

sed, see se. 

sed (set), conj. but, but on the contrary, but 
for all that; but also, but even; however, 
yet. non modo or non solum . . . sed 
or sed etiam, not only, not merely... 
but, but also, but even. 

sedeo, sedere, sedi, sessum, 2 intr. sit, 
remain seated ; sit still, sit idle ; pre- 
side, hold court. 

sedes, -is, [cf. sedeo] f. seat ; dwelling- 
place, residence, abode, home ; place, 
foundation, ground, site. 

seditio, -onis, [sed + eo] f . dissension ; 
civil discwd, insurrection, uprising, 
mutiny, sedition. 

seditiose, [seditiosus] adv. seditiously, 
to excite a riot. 

seditiosus, -a, -urn, [seditio] adj. se- 
ditious, factious, turbulent, ??iutinous. 
hom6 seditiosus, agitator, demagogue. 

sedo, -are, -avi, -atum, [cf. sedeo] l tr. 
bring to rest, check, stop ; settle, still, 
quiet, allay, appease. 

sgduco, -dticere, -duxl, seductum, [se 
+ duco] 3 tr. lead aside, take apart. 

s6dulitas, -atis, [sedulus, diligent} f. 

assiduity, diligent attention, persistency, 

earnestness. 
seges, -etis, f. cornfield; crop of growing 

grain ; field, ground, soil. 

segnis, -e, adj. slow, inactive, sluggish. 

segniter, [segnis] adv. slowly, slug- 
gishly, lazily. 

segrego, -are, -avi, -atum, [se + grego, 
from grex] 1 tr. separate from the 
flock; separate, remove, exclude. 

seiungo, -iungere, -iunxi, -iunctum, 
[se^iungo] 3 tr. disjoin, separate, dis- 
connect. 

sella, -ae, f. seat, chair; stool, wwk- 
stool. sella curulis, curate chair, 
chair of state. 

semel, adv. once, a single time, once only, 
once for all. 



semen, -inis, [cf. sero, sow] n. seed; es- 
sence, pyrinciple, source. 

seminarium, -I, [semen] n. nursery ; 
hotbed, school. 

semiustilatus, -a, -um, [semi-, half + 
ustulatus, [cf . ustus, from tiro, bum] 
adj. half -burned. 

semper, adv. always, all the time, con- 
tinually, forever ; at all times, every 
time. 

sempiternus, -a, -um, [semper] adj. 
everlasting, eternal, imperishable. 

Sempronius, -a, -um, adj. of a Sernpro- 
nius, Sempronian. lex Sempronia, 

a law passed by the younger Gracchus, 
whose gentile name was Sempronius, 
reaffirming the old principle of appeal 
in capital cases. 

senator, -oris, [cf. senex] m. senator, 
member of the Senate. 

senatorius, -a, -um, [senator] adj. of a 

senator, of the senators, of the Senate, 
senatorial. 

senatus, -us, [senex] m. council of the 
elders, Senate. senatus consultum, 
decree or order of the Senate. 

senectus, -litis, [senex] f . old age. 

senex, gen. senis, adj. old, aged, ad- 
vanced in years. As snbst. m. old man. 
Comp. as subst. senior, -oris, m. elder, 
elderly man. 

senilis, -e, [senex] adj. of an old man, 

of old age, aged. 
senior, see senex. 
senium, -I, [senex] n. old age, weakness 

or decline of old age, senility; vexation, 

grief, affliction. 
sensini, [sentio] adv. just perceptibly, 

gradually, little by little. 

sensus, -us, [sentio] m. a perceiving. 
feeling, sensation ; perception, sense, 
consciousness ; feelings, sentiment, dis- 
position; opinion, view, notion. 

sententia, -ae, [sentio] f. icay of think- 
ing, opinion, view, sentiment; will, de- 
sire ; purpose, detenu i n ation; judgment, 
decision, vote, sentence. 



126 



VOCABULARY 



sentina, -ae, f. bilge* water, cesspool ; 
dregs, offscourings. 

sentio, sentlre, sensi, sensum, 4 tr. 

perceive by the senses, feel ; perceive, 
see, hear, understand, observe, find by 
experience; think, judge, be of opinion; 
think it best, decide. 

separatus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of separo] 
adj. separated, separate, distinct, dif- 
ferent. 

separo, -are, -avi, -atum, [se + paro] 

1 tr. separate, divide ; consider sepa- 
rately, distinguish. 

sepelio, sepelire, sepelivi, sepultum, 

4 tr. bury, inter ; overwhelm, ruin, put 

an end to, destroy. 
septem, num. adj. indecl. seven. 
Septimius, -I, m. a Roman nomen or 

gentile name. Esp. P, Septimius, a 

corrupt senator. 

septimus, -a, -urn, [septem] num. adj. 
seventh. 

sepulcrum (-chrum), -i, [cf. sepelio] n. 

bumal-place, tomb, grave, sepulchre. 

sepultura, -ae, [cf. sepelio] f. burial, 
burial rites, funeral obsequies. 

sepultus, see sepeli5. 

sequester, -tris, [sequor] m. depositary 

of money for bribery, agent of bribery, 

go-between. 

sequor, sequi, secutus sum, 3 dep. 
follow, attend, accompany; come after, 
come next; result, ensue; comply ivith, 
conform to, be guided by, adopt, obey; 
chase, pursue; stHve after, aim at. 

Sergius, -I, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. : 

1. L. Sergius Catilina,see Catilina. 

2. T. Sergius Gallus, the owner of 
an estate near Bovillae on the Via 
Appia. 

sermd, -onis, m. conversation, talk, 
speech ; discourse, discussion ; utter- 
ance, remark ; common talk, rumor, 
repoi^t; gossip, scandal. 

sero, [serus] adv. late, at a late hour, at 
a late period; too late. Comp. serius, 
later, too late. 



serpo, serpere, serpsi, serptum, 3 intr. 
creep, crawl; extend gradually, wind 
its way, spread abroad. 

Sertorianus, -a, -um, [Sertorius] adj. 
Sertorian, of Sertorius, the Marian 
leader in Spain during the civil war be- 
tween Sulla and the democrats. 

serta, -orum, [sero, entwine'] n. pi. 
ivreaths of flowers, garlands. 

s6rus, -a, -um, adj. late, belated, long 
delayed; too late. 

servilis, -e, [servus] adj. of a slave, of 
slaves, slavish, servile. 

Servllius, -I, m. a Roman nomen or 
gentile name. Esp.: 

1. C. Servilius Ahala, see Ahala. 

2. C. Servilius Glaucia, see Glau- 
cia. 

3. P. Servllius Vatia Isauricus, 
consul in 79 B.C. 

servio, -Ire, -Ivi, -itum, [servus] 4 
intr. be a servant, be enslaved, serve; 
be subservient to, be influenced by ; de- 
vote one's self to, labor for, aim at ; 
court, humor. 

servitium, -I, [servus] n. slavery, servi- 
tude; body of slaves, slaves. 

servitus, -litis, [servus] f. slavery, 
serfdom, servitude. 

Servius, -1, m. a Roman praenomen or 
forename. 

servo, -are, -avi, -atum, l tr. save, 
preserve, keep ; guard, protect, watch ; 
maintain, observe. 

servus, -l, m. slave, servant. 

sese, see sui. 

sestertius, -a, -um, or HS, [s6mis, 
tertius] num. adj. two and a half. As 
subst. sestertius, -I, gen. pi. s6ster- 
tium, (sc. nummus) m. sesterce, a 
small silver coin, originally two and a 
half asses, between four and five cents. 

Sestius (Sextius), -i, m. a Roman nomen 
or gentile name. Esp. P. Sestius, a 
friend of Cicero's, tribune in 57 b.c. 

seu, see slve. 

severe, [sevSrus] adv. gravely, seri- 
ously; rigidly, severely, with severity. 



sentina— sin 



127 



severitas, -atis, [severus] f. gravity, 
seriousness ; -strictness, sternness, se- 
verity. 

severus, -a, -urn, adj. grave, serious ; 
strict, rigid, stern, severe, harsh. 

sex, num. adj. indeci. six. 

sexaginta, num. adj. indeci. sixty. 

Sextilis, -e, [sextus] adj. sixth ; of the 
sixth month, of August. 

Sextius, see Sestius. 

sextus, -a, -urn, [sex] num. adj. sixth. 

SI, conj. if, in case, supposing that ; in 
indirect questions, whether; after verbs 
and sentences implying trial, to see if, 
to try whether, that if possible. quod 
Si, see quod. 

Sibyllinus, -a, -um, [Sibylla, a proph- 
etess} adj. Sibylline. fata Sibyllina, 
the Sibylline books of prophecy sold to 
Tarquinius Superbus by the Cumaean 
Sibyl. 

sic, [si + -ce, cf. hie] adv. so, thus, in this 
way, in such a manner ; just so. in the 
same ivay. ut . . . sic, with clause of 
contrast, while., .yet, though. ..still. 

sica, -ae, f . dagger, poniard. 
sicarius, --I, [sica] m. assassin, mur- 
derer, ct/t-throat, bravo. 
Sicilia, -ae, [Si/eeAia] f. Sicily. 

Siciliensis, -e, [Sicilia] adj. of or in 

Sicily, Sicilian. As subst. Siciliensis, 

-is, m. a Sicilian. 
SiCUluS, -a, -um, [2i*eA6?] adj. of Sicily, 

Sicilian. As subst. Siculus, -1, m. a 

Sicilian. 

SlCUt or SlCUtl, [SIC + Ut, UtI], adv. so 
as, just as, as; as it were, just as if. 

SlgSum, -I, [St'vetov] n. a promontory on 
the coast near Troy. 

signifer, -erf, [signum + fero] m. 

standard-bearer, ensign; leader, head. 

slgnificatio, -onis, [signified] f. indi- 
cation, expression, sign, signal, token. 

signified, -are, -avi, -atum, [signum 

+ faci5] 1 tr. and intr. make signs. 
indicate, show, point out, express, make 



known, intimate ; portend, mean, sig- 
nify. 

Signum, -1, n. sign, indication, mark, 
token ; military standard, ensign, ban- 
ner; image, statue; seal, signet. 

Sllanus, -1, m. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. D. Itinius Sllanus, 
consul-elect in 63 B.C., prominent in die 
debate in the Senate concerning the 
punishment of the Catilinarians. 

silentium, -1, [silens, from sileo] n. 
silence, stillness, quiet. 

sileo, silere, silui, , 2 tr. and intr. be 

silent, keep silence, say nothing ; keep 
silent about, pass over in silence, not 
speak of. 

silva, -ae, f. wood, woods, forest. 

Silvanus, -l, [silva] m. a Roman cogno- 
men or family name. Esp. M. Plautius 
Silvanus, tribune in 89 B.C. 

silvestris, -e, [silva] adj. of a wood, 
wooded, ivoody. 

similis, -e, adj. like, resembling, similar. 

similiter, [similis] adv. in like manner, 
in the same way, likewise, similarly. 

similitudo, -inis, [similis] f. likeness, 
resemblance, similarity. 

simplex, -icis, adj. simple, single, plain, 
unmixed ; frank, straightforward, 
guileless, sincere. 

simpliciter, [simplex] adv. simply, with 
simplicity, plainly ; in a straightfor- 
ward manner, frankly, ingenuously. 

simul, adv. at the same time, together ; 
also, likewise. simul atque (ac), as 
soon as. 

simulacrum, -I, [simulo] n. likeness, 
image, figure, statue; semblance, imita- 
tion, pretence. 

simulatio, -onis, [simulo] f. false show, 
shamming, pretence, insinceHty, deceit. 

simulo, -are, -avi, -atum, [similis] 1 

tr. make like, imitate, copy ; make a 
pretence of, p?'etend, feign, simulate. 

simultas, -atis, [simul] f. rivalry. 

jealousy, grudge, enmity, hatred. 
Sin, [si + n6] conj. but if, if however, if 

on the contrary. 



128- 



VOCABULARY 



sincerus, -a, -urn, adj. pure, clean, un- 
contaminated, uninjured, whole ; genu- 
ine, truthful. 

sine, prep, with abl. without, free from. 

singularis, -e, [singuli] adj. one by one, 
one at a time, single ; solitary, alone, 
exclusive ; matchless, extraordinary, 
unparalleled, remarkable, peculiar. 

singuli, -ae, -a, adj. one at a time, single, 
several; one to each, separate; often ad- 
verbially, severally, separately, individ- 
ually, in di6s singulos, each suc- 
cessive day, every day. 

sino, sinere, sivi, situm, 3 tr. let down, 
set, situate ; let, allow, give leave, per- 
mit, suffer. 

Sinope, -6s, [Sivcotttj] f. a Greek colony 
on the Euxine (Black Sea), the residence 
of Mithridates. 

sinus, -us, m.fold, hollow; fold of a toga, 
bosom, lap ; bay, inlet, gulf ; love, affec- 
tion, protection. 

si quando, see si and quando. 

si quidem, conj. if indeed, if it is true 
that; since indeed, since. 

si quis, see si and quis. 

sis, [for si vis] adv. phrase, if you please, 
will you ; often strengthening an im- 
perative. 

sisto, sistere, stiti, statum, 3 tr. and 

intr. cause to stand, place, set, fix; check, 

stop, put an end to. 
sitis, -is, ace. -im, f . thirst. 
situs, -a, -urn, [pf.p. of sino] ad]. placed, 

situated ; laid at rest, buried ; lying, 

resting, dependent. 

situs, -us, [sino] m. situation, position, 

location. 
sive or seu, [si + -ve] conj. or if, if or. 

sive . . . sive, whether. . .or, either. . . 

or. 

Smyrnaeus, -a, -um, [Smyrna] adj. of 
Smyrna, a city in Ionia. As subst. 
Smyrnael, -orum, in. pi. people of 
Smyrna. 

sobrius, -a, -um, [se + ebrius] adj. not 
drunk, sober ; moderate, temperate ; 
self-possessed, prudent, sensible, 



socer, -eri, m. father-in-law. 

socia, -ae, [socius] f. sharer, partner 
associate. 

societas, -atis, [socius] f. fellowship, 
association, union, society ; co-partner- 
ship, association in business ; league, 
alliance, confederacy. 

socius, -i, m. sharer, partner, companion, 
associate ; co-partner, associate in busi- 
ness; ally, confederate. 

sodalis, -is, c. associate, comrade, inti- 
mate, crony, boon-companion. 

sol, solis, m. the sun. 

solacium, -i, n. comfort, relief, consola- 
tion, solace. 

soleo, solere, solitus sum, 2 semi-dep. 
use, be ivont, be accustomed, be in the 
habit of. 

solitiido, -inis, [solus] f . loneliness, soli- 
tude, seclusion ; lonely place, desert, 
wilderness; want, destitution. 

sollemnis, -e, [sollus + annus] adj. 
every year, annual; stated, established, 
appointed; sacred, consecrated, relig- 
ious, solemn. 

sollicitatio, -onis, [sollicito] f. vexa- 
tion, anxiety ; inciting, instigation, 
solicitation. 

sollicito, -are, -avi, -atum, [sollicitus] 

1 tr. disturb, trouble, make anxious, 
distress; stir up, rouse, incite, instigate, 
urge, tempt, solicit. 

sollicitudo, -inis, [sollicitus] f . anxiety, 
care, apprehension, solicitude. 

sollicitus, -a, -um, [sollus + citus, from 
cieo, move] adj. thoroughly moved, agi- 
tated ; disturbed, disquieted, troubled ; 
alarmed, apprehensive, uneasy, listless, 
anxious, solicitous; distressing, painful, 
alarming. 

solum, -i, n. bottom, base, foundation ; 
ground, soil; country, region, place. 

solum, [solus] adv. alone, only, merely. 
non solum, not only, not merely. 

solus, -a, -um, gen. solius, adj. alone, 
only, single, sole; lonely, solitary, for- 
saken, 



sincSrus— spoli5 



129 



soltitio, -onis, [solvo] f. loosing, relaxa- 
tion; payment. 

solutus, -a, -urn, [pf.p. of solvo] adj. 
unbound, unfettered, unembarrassed, 
free ; lax, remiss, careless. 

solvo, solvere, solvf, solutum, [se + 
luo] 3 tr. loose, unbind, release, free, set 
free ; exempt ; acquit, absolve ; annul, 
abolish ; impair, weaken, destroy, end ; 
pay, discharge, fulfil, accomplish, com- 
plete, perform. 

somnus, -1, [sopio] m. sleep, slumber. 

sono, sonare, sonui, sonitum, [sonus] 
1 tr. and intr. make a noise, sound, re- 
sound; speak, utter, express; celebrate 
with sound, sing. 

sonus, -1, m. noise, sound. 

sopio, -Ire, -Ivi, -ltum, 4 tr. deprive of 

sense, make unconscious, stun; put to 
sleep, lull, calm. 
[sordes, -is], in sing, only ace. and abl. 
in use, f . dirt, fdth, squalor ; vileness, 
baseness, meanness, sordidness ; pi. 
mourning garment, mourning. 

sordidatus, -a, -um, [sordidus, from 
sordes] adj. in dirty clothes, shabby; 
in mourning attire, clad in mourning. 

soror, -oris, f. sister. 

sors, sortis, f. lot; casting of lots, draw- 
ing, decision by lot; oracular response, 
prophecy; fate, destiny, fortune. 

sortior, sortiri, sortitus sum, [sors] 
4 dep. cast lots, draw lots; draw lots 
for, assign by lot; allot; obtain by lot, 
get. 

sortitio, -onis, [sortior] f. a casting of 
lots, drawing, allotment. 

Sp., abbreviation for Spurius. 

spargo, spargere, sparsi, sparsum, 3 

" tr. strew, throw about, scatter ; dis- 
tribute, spread abroad, extend, dissemi- 
nate. 

spatium, -1, n. space, room, extent; dis- 
tance, interval; path, course, track; 
space of time, period of time; time, 
leisure, opportunity. 

specie's, gen. lacking, ace. -em, abl. -6, f . 
appearance, aspect, look, mien; sight, 



spectacle; show, seeming, semblance, 
pretence; display, splendor, beauty. 
spectaculum, -1, [specto] n. seat in a 
theatre; show, sight, spectacle; public 
show. 

spectatus, -a, -um, [pf .p. of specto] adj. 
tried, tested, proved; esteemed, respect- 
ed, worthy. 

specto, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of 
specio] 1 tr. and intr. look at, behold, 
observe, see; gaze at, watch; look, face, 
lie; look to, bear in mind, keep in view, 
aim at; tend, incline, be directed; try, 
test, prove. 

specula, -ae, [specio] f . lookout, watch- 
tower, in speculis, on the lookout, 
on the watch. 

speculator, -oris, [speculor] m. look- 
out, spy, scout. 

speculor, -Sri, -atus sum, [specula] 1 

dep. spy out, watch, observe, explore, 
reconnoitre. 

spero, -are, -avi, -atum, [spgs] 1 tr. and 
intr. hope, look for, trust, expect. 
bene sperare, see bene. 

spgs, -el, f- hope, hopes; anticipation, 
expectation. 

spiritus, -us, [cf. spiro] m. breathing, 
breath; the air we breathe; inspira- 
tion; the breath of life, life; high spirit, 
courage; haughtiness, pride, arro- 
gance. 

spiro, -are, -avi, -atum, l tr. and intr. 
breathe, draw breath; live, be alive. 

splendidus, -a, -um, adj. bright, shin- 
ing, brilliant; splendid, magnificent, 
grand; illustrious, distinguished, no- 
ble. 

splendor, -oris, m. brilliancy, lustre; 
splendor, magnificence; distinguished 
merit, brilliant character, dignity, 
eminence. 

spoliatio, -onis, [spol^S] f. a pillaging, 
plundering, spoliation; unjust depriva- 
tion, robbery. 

spolio, -are, -avi, -atum, [spolium] 1 
tr. and intr. strip, bare; rob, plunder, 
despoil, deprive. 



130 



VOCABULARY 



spolium -I, n. hide; arms stripped from 
an enemy, booty, spoil. 

spondeo, spondere, spopondl, spon- 

SUm, 2 tr. and intr. promise solemnly. 
vow, pledge one's self; vouch, become se- 
curity. 

[spons, spontis], [cf. spondeo] f. found 
only in abl. sing, usually with poss. 
pron.; sponte, of out's own accord, 
voluntarily, willingly; by one's self, 
without aid, alone; of itself, sponta- 
neously. 

Spurius, -I, [spurius, bastard] m. a Ro- 
man praenomen or forename. 

squaleo, squalere, squalui, — ,2 intr. 
be rough; be filthy, be neglected; go or 
be in mourning, ivear the garb of sor- 
row. 

squalor, -oris, [cf. squaleo] m. rough- 
ness; dirtiness, filthiness, squalor; as a 
sign of mourning, neglected raiment, 
filthy garments, mourning. 

stabilio, -ire, -Ivi, -Itum, [stabilis] 4 
tr. make firm, confirm, support; firmly 
establish, establish, fix, secure. 

stabilis, -e, [sto] adj. firm, steadfast, 
steady, stable, fixed; enduring, immu- 
table, unicavering. 

stabilities, -atis, [stabilis] f. steadfast- 
ness, firmness; durability, security, 



Statilius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. L. Statilius, one of 
the Catilinarian conspirators. 

statim, [cf. sto] adv. steadily; on the 
spot, at once, forthwith, straightivay, 
immediately. 

Stator, -oris, [sisto] m. the Stayer, the 
'Stablisher, a title applied to Jupiter. 

statua, -ae, [c F . sisto] f. image, statue. 

statuo, statuere, statu!, statutum, 

[status] 3 tr. set up, set, station; erect, 
make, build; establish, fix, settle; con- 
stitute, appoint, ordain; decide, make 
up one's mind, determine, resolve, re- 
solve upon, purpose; decree, order, 
enact; be of opinion, hold, be convinced, 
conclude, think. 



status, -a, -urn, Ipf.p. of sisto] adj. 
set, fixed, appointed. 

Status, -us, [sto] m. station, position, 
place; posture, attitude; state, condi- 
tion, rank. 

sterno, stemere, stravi, stratum, 3 tr. 

spread, scatter, streiv; cover, lay; cast 
down, lay low, prostrate. 

Stimulus, -1, m. goad, spur; incentive, 
encouragement, stimulus. 

stipendiarius, -a, -um, [stipendium] 

adj. tributary, liable to imjwst, subject 
to tribute. 

stipendium, -I, [stips, gift, cf. pendo] 
n. paying of tax, tax, tribute; income, 
scdary, pay; military service, cam- 
paigning. 

stipo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. crowd to- 
gether, press, pack; surround with a 
crowd, accompany, attend. 

stirps, stir pis, f. stock, stem, root; race, 
family, lineage; source, origin, cause. 

sto, stare, steti, statum, 1 intr. stand, 
stand up; stand upright, be erect; stand 
firm, be unshaken, abide, remain, con- 
tinue; linger, delay. 

strepitus, -us, [strepo, make a noise] 
m. noise, din, clash, rattling, murmur. 

studeo, studere, studui, — , 2 tr. and 

intr. be eager, be zealous ; give atten- 
tion to, take pains; strive after, be bent 
on, desire, wish ; be devoted to, favor. 

studiose, [studiosus] adv. eagerly, 
zealously, devotedly ; carefully, stu- 
diously. 

studiosus, -a, -um, [studium] adj. 
eager, zealous, anxious ; devoted, fond, 
friendly, palatial. 

studium, -1, [cf. studeo] n. eagerness, 

zeal, enthusiasm ; desire, inclination ; 
pursuit, study ; devotion, friendliness, 
favor. PI. often, party spirit, party 
zeal, factional strife; scholarly pursuits* 
scholarly tastes. 

stultitia, -ae, [stultus] f. folly, foolish- 
ness, stupidity. 

stultus, -a, -um, adj. foolish, silly, 
stupid. 



1, n. OeJUemt 
debauchery ; 



spolium-sul 



131 



ment by lust, 
•y ; dishonor, 



lust, 



stuprum, 

lewdness, 
grace. 

suadeo, suadere, suasi, suasum, 2 tr. 

and intr. advise, recommend, urge, per- 
suade; advocate, support. 

suavis, -e, adj. sweet, agreeable, pleasant, 
grateful. 

sub, prep, with ace. and abl. under. 

1. With ace. of place whither, under, 
beloiv, beneath, up to, close to, to- 
wards ; of time, just about, until, 
immediately after, after ; of condi- 
tion, under, under the power of. 

2. With abl. of place where, under, 
below, beneath, at the foot of, at, by; 
of other relations, under, during, 
under the power of, subject to. 

In composition, under, beneath; some- 
what, a little; secretly, under Jiandedly . 

subactus, -a, -um, see subigo. 

subeo, -ire, -ii, -itum, [sub + eo] irr. 

tr. and intr. go under, enter ; come up. 
draw near, approach ; undergo, en- 
counter, sustain, suffer; submit to, 
yield to. 

subf-, see suff-. 

subicio, -icere, -ieel, subiectum, [sub 
+ iacio] 3*tr. throw under, place under, 
cast beloiv ; present, submit ; forge ; 
make subject, subject, expose to; bring 
forward, propose, suggest. 

subiector, -oris, [subicio] m. forger. 

subigo, -igere, -egl, subactum, [sub + 
ago] 3 tr. drive up ; bring under, sub- 
ject ; put down, subdue, conquer, sub- 
jugate, reduce; force, compel. 

subito, [subitus] adv. suddenly, unex- 
pectedly, all at once. 

subitus, -a, -um, adj. sudden, unex- 
pected, surprising. 

sublatus, -a, -um, see tollo. 

sublevo, -are, -avi, -atum, [sub + levo] 

1 tr. lift from beneath, lift up, support; 
lighten, mitigate, alleviate ; sustain, 
assist, encourage. 

suboles, -is, f . sprout, shoot ; offspring, 
posterity, issue, lineage* 



subp-, see supp-. 

subsellium, -i, [sub + sella] n. low 

bench, seat. 
subsidium, -i, [sub, cf . sedeo] n. reserve, 

auxiliary forces ; aid, help, assistance, 

relief, support, protection. 

subsido, -sidere, -sedl, subsessum, 
[sub + sido, settle} 3 intr. settle down, 
crouch down ; crouch down on the 
watch, lie in wait, lie in ambush. 

subsortior, -Iri, subsortitus sum, [sub 
+ sortior] 4 dep. choose a substitute by 
lot, substitute by lot. 

substructio, -onis, [substruo, build 
beneath] f. foundation, substructure. 

subsum, -esse, — , [sub + sum] irr. 
intr. be under ; be near, be close by, be 
at hand ; impend, approach; be under- 
neath, lie at the bottom, lurk in. 

subterfugio, -fugere, -fugi, , [sub- 

ter, under, + fugio] 3 tr. and intr. 

escape, evade, avoid, shun. 

suburbanus, -a, -um, [sub + urbanus] 

adj. near the city, suburban. As subst. 
suburbanum, -1, (sc. praedium) n. 
suburban villa, estate near Rome. 

succedo, -cedere, -cessi, successum. 

[sub + c8do] 3 tr. and intr. go beloiv, 

come under; follow, come next, take the 

place of, succeed; approach, draw near; 

be successful, prosper. 
succenseo, see suscenseo. 
succurro, -currere, -curri, succursum, 

[sub + curro] 3 intr. run under, run to 

help, rush to the aid of, assist, succor ; 

run to meet, remedy, relieve. 
suffero, -ferre, sustuli, sublatum, 

[sub + fero] irr. tr. undergo, bear, 

sufer. . 
suffragatio, -onis, [suffragor, vote for} 

f. recommendation to office, support, 

suffrage. 
suffragator, -oris, [suffragor, vote for] 

m. supporter for an office, partisan. 

suffragium, -i, [sub, cf frango] n. 

fragment ; ballot, vote, suffrage ; right 
of voting, right of suffrage. 
SUl(gen.), dat. sibl, ace. and abl. s6 or 
(more emphatic) sese, reflex pron. 



132 



VOCABULARY 



himself, herself, itself, themselves ; he, 

she, it, etc. inter s6, each other, one 

another, mutually. 
Sulla, -ae, m- a Roman cognomen or 

family name. Esp. L. Cornelius Sulla, 

the great dictator. See Appendix A, 

§§15-17. 
Sulpicius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or 

gentile name. Esp. : 

1. P. Sulpicius Rufus, tribune in 88 

B.C. 

2. C. Sulpicius Galba, praetor 63 b.c 

3. Ser. Sulpicius Rufus, the learned 
jurist, best known as the author of 
the famous letter of consolation to 
Cicero on the death of his daughter 
Tullia. See Note preceding text of 
the "Ninth Philippic. 1 ' 

sum, esse, fui, fut. part, futiirus, fut. 
inf. fore or futurum esse, irr. intr. be, 
exist, live ; stay ; come, fall ; with gen. 
be the part of, be one's place, be the duty 
of, belong to, have, be valued at, cost; 
with dat. serve for, be regarded as, be- 
long to. est ut, it is true that, there 
is reason for. est Ciir, there is reason 
why. 

summa, -ae, [f. of summus] f. chief 
place, leadership, supremacy ; main 
thing, chief point, sum and substance ; 
amount, sum, total. 

summus, -a, -um, see superus. 

sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptum, [sub 
+ emo] 3 tr. take, lay hold of; take up, 
take upon, assume, enter upon, begin ; 
exact, inflict; choose, select; claim; em- 
ploy, spend, consume; cite, mention. 

sumptuosg, [siimptuosus] adv. expen- 
sively, sumptuously, extravagantly. 

sumptuosus, -a, -um, [sumptus] adj. 
very expensive, costly, sumptuous; ex- 
travagant, lavish. 

stimptus, -us, [sumo] m. outlay, expense, 
cost, charge. 

superb§, [superbus] adv. proudly, 
haughtily, superciliously. 

superbus, -a, -um, adj. proud, haughty, 

arrogant, supercilious, insolent. 
superior, see superus. 






supero, -are, -avf^m||p fcuperus] i 
tr. and intr. go over, rise above, over- 
top; be in excess, abound ; remain, sur- 
vive ; surpass, excel, outdo, outstrip ; 
get the upper hand of, overcome, subdue, 
defeat, conquer, vanquish. 

supersum, -esse, -fui, [super, above + 
sum] irr. intr. be over and above, be left, 
remain over, remain; live after, outlive, 
survive. 

superus, -a, -um, comp. superior, 
superl. supremus or summus, [super, 
above'] adj. above, upper, higher. 
Comp. superior, -ius, higher, upper; 
former, past, previous, preceding; elder, 
senior; supe?*ior, victorious, greater, 
better. Superl. supremus, -a, -um, 
highest, loftiest ; last, final, dying. 
Also superl. summus, -a, -um, upper- 
most, highest, topmost ; the top of, the 
highest part of; greatest, most im- 
portant, of the utmost importance, best, 
perfect, supreme, utmost, extreme. 

suppedito, -are, -avi, -atum, [sub + 

pes] 1 tr. and intr. give in abundance, 
supply freely, provide ; abound, be in 
store, be at hand; suffice. 

suppeto, -ere, -Ivi, -Itum, [sub + peto] 
3 intr. be on hand, be in store, be avail- 
able; be sufficient for, suffice. 

supplex, -icis, [sub + plico, fold] adj. 
kneeling in entreaty, entreating \ begging \ 
suppliant ; humble, submissive. As 
subst. m. suppliant, humble petitioner. 

supplicatio, -onis, [supplied] f. public 
prayer or thanksgiving, day of prayer. 

supplicium, -1, [supplex] n. a kneeling; 
prayer, supplication ; death penalty, 
execution ; punishment, torture, suffer- 
ing. 

supplico, -are, -avi, -atum, [supplex] 

1 tr. and intr. kneel down, pray humbly, 
beseech, implore. 

suppono, -ponere, -posui, suppositum, 
[sub + pono] 3 tr. set under ; put in 
place of, substitute for; substitute falsely, 
forge, falsify. 

supra, [for super a, abl. f. of superus] 
adv. and prep, above, before, beyond, 
over, mo^e. 




Sulla— tamen 



133 



supremus, se< 

surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectum, 
[sub + rego] 3 tr. and intr. rise, arise, 
get up, stand up. 

surripio (subr-), -ripere, -ripui, sur- 
reptum, [sub + rapio] 3 tr. snatch 
away secretly, steal. 

suscenseo (succ-), -censere, -censui, 

, [sus (sub) + censeo] 2 intr. be 

angry, be indignant, be provoked. 

suscipio, -cipere, -cepl, susceptum, 
[sus (sub) + capio] 3 tr. take up ; 
undertake, enter upon, engage in ; 
undergo, submit to, suffer, bear; incur, 
bring upon one's self. 

suspectus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of suspicio] 
adj. mistrusted, suspected. 

suspicio, -ere, suspexi, suspectum, 
[sub + specio] 3 tr. and intr. look up at; 
look up to, admire, respect; look askance 
at, mistrust, suspect. 

suspicio, -onis, [cf . suspicio] f . mistrust, 
distrust, suspicion. 

suspicor, -arl, -atus sum, [cf . suspicio] 
1 dep. mistrust, have a suspicion, sus- 
pect; conjecture, surmise, suppose. 

sustento, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of 
SUStineo] 1 tr. uphold, sustain, main- 
tain, support; hold out, endure, suffer ; 
put off, delay. 

sustineo, -tinere, -tenui, sustentum, 
[sus (sub) + teneo] 2 tr. and intr. hold 
up ; sustain, maintain, support ; hold 
back, restrain, check ; hold out, with- 
stand, endure, undergo. 

suus, -a, -um, [cf. sul] poss. pron. adj. 
his, her, its, their ; his own, her own, 
etc.; of his, of hers, etc. As subst. sul, 
-orum, m. pi. one 's people, one f s country- 
men, one's associates, on e's friends, etc. ; 
sua -orum, n. pi. one's goods, one's 
property, one's possessions. 

symphoniacus, -a, -um, {av^uviaKoq] 
adj. of concerts, musical. pueri sym- 
phoniaci, choristers. 

Syracusae, -arum, [Supa/covo-cu] f. pi. 
Syracuse, the chief city of Sicily. 



Syria, -ae, [Svpia] f . the country in Asia 
on the eastern coast of the Mediterra- 



T., abbreviation for Titus. 

tabella, -ae, [dim. of tabula] f. little 

board; voting-tablet, ballot, vote; letter, 

epistle; document, record. 
taberna, -ae, f . hut of boards, cabin ; 

booth, shop, office; inn, tavern. 

tabesco, -ere, tabul, , [inch, of 

tabeo, melt away\ 3 intr. waste away, 
melt, decay; pine, languish. 

tabula, -ae, f . board ; writing-tablet, 
slate ; writing, memorandum, list, ac- 
count ; record, document ; painting, 
picture. tabulae novae, see novus. 

tabularium, -I, [tabula] ^.public reg- 
istry, depository of records, archives. 

taceo, tacere, tacul, taciturn, 2 tr. 

and intr. be silent, keep silence, say noth- 
ing, hold one's peace; pass over in silence, 
keep silent about, leave unsaid. 
tacite, [tacitus] adv. silently, in silence. 

taciturnitas, -atis, [taciturnus] f. si- 
lence, taciturnity. 

taciturnus, -a, -um, [tacitus] adj. si- 
lent, quiet, of few words, taciturn. 

tacitus, -a, -um, [pf.p. of taceo] adj. 
passed over in silence, not spoken of; 
tacit, implied ; secret, hidden ; silent, 
not speaking, still, mute. 

taedet, taedere, — , — , 2 impers. it 
excites loathing, it disgusts. 

taeter, -tra, -trum, adj. offensive, dis- 
gusting, repulsive, foul, loathsome ; 
shameful, base, abominable. 

talaris, -e, [talus, ankle] adj. of the 

ankles, reaching the ankles. 
talis, -e, adj. such, of such a kind, so 

great ; the following, such as this. 

talis . . . qualis, such. . .as. 
tarn, adv. in such a degree, so, so much, 

so very. tarn . . . quain, as. . .as, so 

much., .as. 

tamen, adv. notwithstanding, neverthe- 
less, for all that, yet, however, still. 



134 



VOCABULARY 



tametsi, [for tamen etsi] conj. notwith- 
standing that, although, though ; and 
yet. 

tamquam or tanquam, [tarn + quam] 
adv. as much as, just as, just like, like ; 
as if, so to speak, just as if. 

tandem, [tarn + -dem] adv. at length, at 
last, finally ; in eager or impatient ques- 
tions, pray, pray tell me, 1 beg, now. 

tango, tangere, tetigi, tactum, 3 tr. 
touch; border on, adjoin; reach, ar- 
rive at, come to; move, affect, impress; 
touch upon, mention. d€ caelo tangi, 
see caelum. 

tanquam, see tamquam. 

tanto, see tantus. 

tanto opere, see opus. 

tan turn, [tantus] adv. so much, so 
greatly, so far; only so much, only, 
merely. 

tantum modo, adv. phrase, only, merely. 

tantus, -a, -um, adj. so great, so large. 
such; so very great, so important; this 
great, that great, this important, that 
important; so small, so trivial. As 
subst. tantum, -I, n. so much, so many. 
tanti, gen. of value, of such value. 
worth so much ; of so little account, so 
unimportant, tanti est, it is worth 
while, tanto, abl. with a comparative, 
by so much, so much the. tantum 
boni, see bonus, tantus . . . quantus, 
as great as, as much as. 

tarde, [tardus] adv. slowly, tardily, 
late. 

tarditas, -atis, [tardus] f. slowness, 
sluggishness, tardiness. 

tardo, -are, -avi, -atum, [tardus] l tr. 
retard, delay, hinder, check. 

tardus, -a, -um, adj. slow, sluggish, 
tardy. 

Tarentini, -orum, [Tarentum] m. 

pi. the people of Tarentum, a Greek 
colony. 

tectum, -1, [tego] n. covered structure, 
building, shelter, house, abode; cover- 
ing, roof. 




tego, tegere, texi, tectum, 3 tr. cover, 
cover over; hide, conceW; cloak, veil, 
dissemble; protect, guard, defend. 

telum, -1, n. missile weapon, -missile; 
dart, spear, javelin; weapon of offence, 
sword, dagger, axe. 

temerarius, -a, -um, [temerel adj. rash, 
reckless, thoughtless, indiscreet. 

temerg, adv. by chance, at random, with- 
out purpose; rashly, recklessly, thought- 
lessly, indiscreetly. 

temeritas, -atis, [temerS] f. chance, 
accident; rashness, recklessness, fool- 
hardiness, thoughtlessness, indiscre- 
tion. 

temperantia, -ae, [temperans, from 
temper 5] f. moderation, temperance, 
sef -control, discretion. 

tempero, -are, -avi, -atum, [tempus] l 
tr. and intr. be moderate, restrain one's 
self, control one's self, forbear, refrain; 
divide properly , temper; rule, regulate, 
control, govern. 

tempestas, -atis, [tempus] f . portion of 
time, time, season, period; weather; 
bad weather, storm, tempest; disturb- 
ance, calamity, misfortune. 

tempestivus, -a, -um, [tempestas] adj. 
timely, seasonable, opportune, appro- 
priate, suitable; betimes, early. 

templum, -l, n. open place for observa- 
tion of auguries; consecrated place, 
sacred enclosure, sanctuary; temple, 
shrine. 

tempto (tento), -are, -avi, -atum, [in- 
tens. of tendo] 1 tr. handle, try, at- 
tempt; make attempts upon, attack, 
assail; tempt, sound, tamper With; 
worry, agitate, distress. 

tempus, -oris, n. division of lime, time, 
period, season; appointed time, right 
time, fit season, opportunity, occasion; 
state, condition, times, circumstances of 
the times, circumstances ; crisis, emer- 
gency, extremity. ex tempore, off- 
hand, on the spur of the moment, id 
temporis, see is. 

tendo, tendere, tetendi, tensum or 
tentum, 3 tr. and iutr. stretc><, stretch 



tamet si— Titus 



135 



out, extend; direct one's course, tend, 

go; aim at, strive, endeavor. 

tenebrae, -arum, f. darkness; gloomy 
place. I a iking -pi ace; gloom, obscurity. 

Tenedos (-US), -I, [TeveSo?] f. an island 
off the coast of Asia Minor. 

teneo, tenere, tenui, itentum), 2 tr. and 

intr. hold, holdfast, keep; grasp, take in, 
understand; have, possess, be master of , | 
control, occupy; uphold, support, main- j 
tain, preserve; watch, guard, defend; 
hold back, retain, restrain; bind, be 
binding on. 

tener, -era, -erum, adj. soft, delicate. 
tender, yielding, sensitive; of tender- 
age, young. 

tento, see tempto. 

tenuis, -e, adj. thin, slender, fine; slight. 
1 rifling, in significant ; poor, mean, in- 
ferior, weak, 

ter, [cf. tres] num. adv. three times. 
th rice. 

tergiversatio, -onis, [tergiversor, 
from tergum + verto] f. a declining. 
refusing; subterfuge, pretence. 

tergum, -l, n. the back; hinder part, 
rear. a tergo, behind, in the rear. 

termino, -are, -avi, -atum, [terminus] 

1 tr. set bounds to. bound, limit; finish, 
end, cloze. 
terminus, -i, m. boundary, bound, limit; 
end, conclusion. 

terra, -ae, f. the earth; the land, the 
ground, the soil; land, country, region, 
territory. terra marlque, on land 
and sea. orbis terrarum, see orbis. 

terreo, terrere, terrui, territum, 2 tr. 
frighten, alarm, scare, terrify. 

terrestris, -tre, [terra] adj. of the earth, 
on land, land-. 

terribilis, -e, [terreS] adj. frightful, 
dreadful, terrible. 

terror, -oris, [terreo] m. great fear, 
fright, dread, alarm, terror. 

tertius, -a, -um, [ter] num. adj. third. 

testamentum, -1, [tgstor] n. will, tes- 
tament. 



testificatio, -onis, [testificor, hear wit- 
ness] f. a bearing witness, giving evi- 
dence; evidence, proof. 

testimonium, -I, [testis] n. witness, 
evidence, testimony, proof; testimonial. 

testis, -is, c. witness. 

tgstor, -ari, -atus sum, [testis] l dep. 
call to witness, invoke, appeal to; make 
known, declare; show, prove. 

tetrarches, -ae, [Terpapxys] "?• tetrarch, 
petty prince. 

Teuton!, -orum, or Teutongs, -um, m. 

the Teutons, a Germanic people of whom 
a branch invaded the Roman Empire 
with the Cimbri and were defeated by 
C. Marius in b.c. 102. 

Themistocles, -is or -i, ace. -em or -en, 
[©e/ixto-To/cATJ?] m. a famous Athenian 
commander and statesman in the time 
of the wars with Persia. 

Theophanes, -is, [0€o<pdvq<;] m. a scho- 
larly Greek of Mytilene, who wrote 
about Pompey's campaigns. 

Ti., abbreviation for Tiberius. 

Tiberinus, -a, -um, [Tiberis] adj. of 

the Tiber. 
Tiberis, -is, ni. the Tiber, the river on 

which Rome is situated. 
Tiberius, -I, m. a Roman praenomen or 

forename. 

Tigranes, -is, [Tiypa^s] m. king of 
Armenia, son-in-law and ally of Mithri- 
dates. 

timeo, timere, timul, — , 2 tr. and 
intr. fear, be afraid, be alarmed ; be 
afraid of. dread ; be anxious for or 
about, be apprehensive of. 

timid.6, [timidus] adv. timidly, with 

timidity. 
timiditas, -atis, [timidus] f. timidity, 

, fa i n t-heartedness, cowardice. 

timidus, -a, -um, [timeS] adj. timid, 
faint-hearted, cowardly. As subst. 
timidus, -i, ni. timid person, coward. 

timor, -oris, [cf. timeo] m.fear, dread, 
apprehension, anxiety, alarm. 

Titus, -1, ni. a Roman praenomen or 
forename. 



136 



VOCABULARY 



toga, -ae, [tego] f. toga, gown, citizen's 
cloak ; peace. See praetextus. 

togatus, -a, -urn, [toga] adj. wearing 
the toga, clad in the toga ; in the garb 
of peace, in civil life, unarmed. 

tolerabilis, -e, [toler5] adj. that can be 
borne, endurable, tolerable. 

tolerandus, -a, -um, [fut. part. pass, of 
toleroj adj. endurable, tolerable. 

tolero, -are, -avi, -atum, [of. tollo] 
1 tr. bear, endure, support, sustain. 

tollo, tollere, sustull, sublatum, 3 tr. 

lift, lift up, raise ; elevate, exalt, extol ; 
take up, earthy ; take away, remove, 
make away with; do away with, abolish, 
put an end to, destroy. in caelum 
tollere, see caelum. 
Tolumnius, -l, m. a king of the Yeientes. 

Tongilius, -l, m. a Roman nomen or 
gentile name. Esp. a friend of Cati- 
line's. 

tormentum, -I, n. instilment of torture, 
rack; torture, torment. 

Torquatus, -1, [torquatus, wearing a 
necklace] m. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. L. Manlius Tor- 
quatus, consul in 65 B.C. 

torqueo, -ere, torsi, tortum, 2 tr. turn, 
twist; torture, torment. 

tortor, -oris, m. torturer, executioner. 
tot, num. adj. indecl. so many, such a 
number of. 

totiens (toties), [tot] num. adv. so often, 
so many times. 

totus, -a, -um, gen. totlus, adj. all, all 
the, the tvhole, the whole of, entire, 
total; often translated adverbially, al- 
together, wholly, entirely. 

traeto, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of 
traho] 1 tr. draw violently, drag ; 
handle, manage, conduct, practise ; 
treat, conduct one's self towards. 

trado, tradere, tradidi, traditum, 
[trans + do] 3 tr. give up, hand over, 
deliver ; consign, intrust, confide ; de- 
liver up, surrender; hand down, pass 
on, relate. 



tradiico (transduco), -ducere, -diixi, 
-ductum, [trans + diico] 3 tr. lead 
across, lead over, carry over, bring 
through, transport ; transfer, remove ; 
draw over, win over ; expose, dishonor. 

tragoedia, -ae, [rpaywSta] f. tragedy ; 
commotion, disturbance. 

traho, trahere, traxi, tractum, 3 tr. 

draw, drag ; carry off, plunder ; lead 
on, influence, attract, allure ; drag out, 
protract, prolong; derive, get. 

tranquillitas, -atis, [tranquillus] f. 

quietness, stillness, calmness, tranquil- 
lity; quiet, serenity, rest, peace. 

tranquillus, -a, -um, adj. quiet, still, 
calm, tranquil; undisturbed, serene, 
peaceful. 

trans, prep, with ace. across, over ; be- 
yond, on the other side of. 

Transalpinus, -a, -um, [trans + Al- 
pinus] adj. beyond the Alps, Trans- 
alpine. 

transcendo, -ere, transcend!, tran- 
scensum, [trans + scando, climb] 3 tr. 
climb over, cross, surmount ; overstep, 
transgress, transcend. 

transduco, see tradiico. 

transeo, -Ire, -it, -itum, [trans + eo] 
irr. tr. and intr. go over, go across, cross 
over, cross; pass over, pass by, pass. 

transfers, -ferre, -tuli, translatum, 
[trans + fero] irr. tr. carry over, trans- 
port ; transfer, turn ; put off, defer, 
postpone. 

transigo, -ere, transegl, transactum, 
[trans + ago] 3 tr. drive through ; 
carry through, carry out, accomplish, 
perform, do, transact; bring to an end, 
finish, settle, conclude ; come to a settle- 
ment, reach an understanding, agree. 

transmarlnus, -a, -um, [trans + marl- 
nus, from mare] adj. beyond the sea, 
from over the sea, transmarine. 

transmitto, -mittere, -mlsi, trans- 
missum, [trans + mitto] 3 tr. and intr. 

send over, send across, despatch ; carry 
over, bring across ; go across, cross, go 
through, traverse ; hand over, give up, 
commit, intrust. 



toga— turpis 



137 



Tremellius, -l, m. a Roman nomen or 
gentile name. Esp. Cn. Tremellius, 
a juror in the trial of Yerres. 

tremo, -ere, tremul, , 3 intr. tremble, 

quake, shake. 

tres, tria, gen. trium, num. adj. three. 

tribunal, -alis, [tribunus] n. judg- 
ment-seat, tribunal, a raised platform 
for the seats of magistrates. 

tribiinatus, -us, [tribunus] m. office of 
tribune, tribuneship. 

tribunicius, -a, -urn, [tribunus] adj. 
of a tribune, of the tribunes, tribunicial. 

tribunus, -1, [tribus] m. tribune. tri- 
btini aerarii, tribuni aerarii, treasury 
officials, tribunus militaris or mili- 
tum, military tribune, tribunus ple- 
bis, tribune of the people. For the duties, 
etc., of the last-named, see the Introduc- 
tion, §§13-16, and Appendix C. 

tribuo, tribuere, tribui, tributum, 
[tribus] 3 tr. assign; bestow, confer, 
give; grant, show, render; yield, con- 
cede, allow; devote, spend. 

tribus, -us, [cf . tres] f . originally a third 

part of the people ; tribe. 
tributum, -1, [tribuo] n. tribute, tax. 
triciens (-ies), [trlginta, thirty] num. 

adv. thirty times. HS triciens (sc. cen- 

tena milia), three million sesterces. 
triduum, -I, [tres + dies] n. three days" 

time, three days. 
triennium, -1, [tres + annus] n. three 

years'* time, three years. 

trlginta, indecl. num. thirty. 

tristis, -e, adj. sad, sorrowful ; stem, 
harsh, severe ; dismal, unhappy. 

triumpho, -are, -avi, -atum, [tri- 
umpbus] 1 tr. and intr. celebrate a tri- 
umph, march in triumphal procession, 
have a triumph; triumph, exult. 

triumphus, -1, m. triumphal procession, 
triumph, celebration of a great victory 
by the public entrance of the comman- 
der into Rome; celebration of victory, 
victory. 

tropaeum, -1, [Tponaiov] n. memorial of 
victory, trophy; victory. 



trucldo, -are, -avi, -atum, [trux, sav- 
age +ca,e&o] 1 tr. slaughter, butcher, 
massacre, cut down without mercy. 

tu, gen. tui, pi. VOS, pers. pron. thou, 

you. 

tuba, -ae, f . trumpet. 

Tubero, -onis, m. a Roman cognomen 
or family name. Esp. Q. Aelius Tu- 
bero, prosecutor of Ligarius. 

tueor, tueri, tutus (tuitus) sum, 2 dep. 
look at, gaze upon, behold, watch; look 
to, care for, watch over, guard, protect, 
defend, preserve, maintain, keep. 

Tullius, -1, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. M. Tullius Cicero, 
see Cicero. 

Tullus, -1, m. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. L. Volcatius Tul- 
lus, consul 66 b.c. 

turn, adv. then, at that time, in those 
times; in that case, cum . . . turn, 
see cum. etiam turn, see etiam. 
iam turn, see iam. quid turn, see 
quis. 

tumultus, -us, [cf. tumeo, swell] m. 

uproar, commotion, confusion, tumult; 

uprising, insurrection, civil war. 
tumulus, -I, [tumeo, swell] m. heap of 

earth, mound, hill; sepulchral mound, 

gravp, tomb. 

tunc, [tum + -ce, cf. hie] adv. then, at 
that time, just then, on that occasion; 
thereupon, accordingly. tunc . . . 
cum, just at the time when, just when; 
only when. 

tunica, -ae, f . undergai^ment, tunic. 

turba, -ae, f. tumult, commotion, dis- 
turbance, uproar; crowd, throng, mob; 
common crowd, mass. 

turbulentus, -a, -um, [turba] adj. dis- 
turbed, boisterous, stormy; restless, con- 
fused, disorganized; turbulent, fac- 
tious, seditious. 

turma, -ae, f . troop, throng, crowd; troop 
of cavalry, squadron. 

turpis, -e, adj. ugly, unsightly, foul, 
filthy; shameful, base, disgraceful, in- 
famous. 



% 



138 



VOCABULARY 



turpiter, [turpis] adv. in an unsightly 
manner ; basely, disgracefully, dis- 
honorably. 

turpitiido, -inis, [turpis] f. unsightli- 
ness, repulsimness ; shamefulness, base- 
ness, base conduct, disgrace, dishonor, 
infamy. 

tfito, [tutus] adv. safely, in safety, se- 
curely. 

tutor, -Sri, -atus sum, [tueor] 1 dep. 
watch over, guard, defend, protect. 

tutus, -a, -urn, [pf.p. of tueor] adj. 
guarded, safe, secure, out of danger; 
watchful, 'prudent. 

tuus, -a, -um, [tu] poss. pron. adj. thy, 

thine, your, yours, of yours. 
tyr annus, -I, [rvpawos] m. absolute 

ruler, monarch, king; despot, tyrant. 

V 
uber, -eris, n. pap, udder, breast. 
uber, -eris, [cf. uber, udder] adj. rich, 

fruitful, fertile, productive; plentiful, 

abundant. 

ubertas, -atis, [uber] f . richness, fruit- 
fulness, fertility, productiveness; plenty, 
abundance. 

ubl, adv. of place, in which place, where; 

of time, when, whenever, as soon as; in 

place of a-rel. pron. in which, by which, 
■ by or with whom. ubl prfmum, as 

soon as. 
ubinam, tub! + nam] interrog. adv. 

tvhere on earth ? where, in the world f 

where t 

ubique, [ubi + -que] adv. anywhere, 
everywhere. 

ulciscor, ulcisci, ultus sum, 3 dep. 
avenge one^s self on, take vengeance 
upon; avenge, punish, repay. 

ullus, -a, -Um, gen. ullius, adj. any. 
As subst. ullus, -1US, m. any one, any- 
body. 

ulterior, -ius, gen. -5ris, [cf. ultra] 
adj. comp. farther, beyond, more re- 
mote. Super], ultimus, -a, -um, adj. 
farthest, most remote, uttermost, ex- 
treme, last; of time, earliest, first, last. 



ultor, -oris, [cf. ulciscor] m. avenger. 

ultra, adv., and prep, with ace. beyond. 

ultro, [cf. ultra] adv. to the farther side, 
beyond; besides, moreover; of one'' sown 
accord, unsought, voluntarily. 

Umbrenus, -I, m. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. P. Umbrenus, an 
accomplice in the Catilinarian conspir- 
acy. 

umerus, -I, m. shoulder. 
umquam (unquam), adv. at any time, 
ever. 

una, [unus] adv. in the same place, at 
the same time, together, along with one, 
also. 

unde, adv. from which place, whence, 
where; from which, from, or through, 
whom. 

undecimus, -a, -um, [undecim, eleven] 
nnm. adj. eleventh. 

undequinquagesimus, -a, -um, [iinde- 
quinquaginta, forty-nine] nnm. adj. 
forty -ninth. 

undique, [unde + -que] adv. from every 
quarter, from all sides, on all sides, 
everywhere. 

unguentum, -i, [unguo, anoint] n. oint- 
ment, perfume. 

unice, [iinicus] adv. singly, uniquely, 
especially. 

unicus, -a, -um, [unus] adj. sole, single, 
only, unique. 

tiniversus, -a, -um, [unus + versus] 

adj. all together, all in one, in a body, 
as a whole, tvhole, entire ; general, uni- 
versal. 

unquam, see umquam. 

unus, -a, -um, gen. unius, num. adj. 
one, a single, one only, only, alone ; the 
same, one and the same. 

urbanus, -a, -um, [urbs] adj. of the city, 
in the city. 

urbs, urbis, f. ivalled-town, city. 

urgueo or urgeo, -§re, ursi, , 2 tr. 

and intr. press, push, drive, urge on; 
press hard, beset; oppress, weigh doivn, 
burden; urge, \ 



turpiter— valeo 



139 



usitatus, -a, -urn, [usitor, freq. of titor] 
adj. usual, wonted, customary, com- 
mon. 

U3quam, adv. anywhere, at any place. 

usque, adv. all the way, right on, even ; 
all the time, continually, until, even till; 
even to, as far as. usque adeo, see 
adeo. 

ustor, -oris, [tiro, bum] m. burner of 
the dead, corpse-burner, undertaker's 
assistant. 

usura, -ae, [cf. titor] f. use, enjoyment ; 
interest on a debt, usury. 

ustirpo, -are, -avi, -atum, [usus + 
rapio] 1 tr. seize for use, seize upon ; 
make use of, use, employ, practise ; 
speak of, talk of; adopt, assume. 

iisus, -us, [titor] m. use, employment, 
enjoy me) d ; practice, exercise; experi- 
ence, training, skill ; intercourse, inti- 
macy ; usefulness, profit, advantage, 
service. usus est, there is need, it is 
necessary. 

ut or utl, adv. and conj. of place, where; 
of time, as, when, as soon as; of manner, 
interrog. how? in what way? in what 
manner? relative, as. for example, con- 
sidering that, as if. ut primum, 
when first, as soon as. 

ut or utl, eonj. with subj., of result, that, 
so that ; of design, that, in order that, 
to, for the purpose of with Eng. verbal 
in -ing; of concession, granted that, 
though, although. 

uter, utra, utrum, gen. utrlus, adj. 

which of the two, which; whichever one, 

the one who; either of two. 
uterque, utra-, utrum-, gen. utriusque, 

[uter + -que] adj. each, either, both ; 

pi. each of two sides, each party, both. 

cf. ambo. 
utl, sec ut. 
Utica, -ae, f. the capital of the Roman 

province of Africa, near Carthage. 

utilis, -e, I utor] adj. useful, serviceable, 
helpful; profitable, of advantage, ad- 
vantageous, expedient. 

utilitas, -atis, [utilis] f. usefulness, 
use; profit, advantage, expediency. 



utinam, [utl (ut) + nam] adv. would 

that.' oh, that! if only! I wish! 

titor, titi, usus sum, 3 dep. use, make 
use of, employ ; profit by, take advan- 
tage of, serve one's self with, enjoy; per- 
form, exercise, practise ; with two ab- 
latives, use as, employ for, find to be. 
The word admits of a variety of transla- 
tions, such as have, have the advantage 
of avail one's self of, find, follow, ac- 
cording to the context. 

utrum, [uter] adv. and conj. in the direct 
question, not translated; in the indirect, 
whether, utrum . . . an, whether. . .or. 

uxor, -oris, f. toife. 



vacillo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 intr. totter, 
stagger; wave? \ hesitate, vacillate. 

vaco, -are^avi, -atum, 1 intr. be empty, 
be vacant ; be without, be free from ; be 
unoccupied, be idle, be at leisure. 

vacuefacio, -facere, -feci, -factum, 
[vacuus + facio] 3 tr. make empty, 

vacate, clear, free. 
vacuus, -a, -um, [cf. vaco] adj. empty, 

vacant ; devoid of, without, free from ; 

idle, unoccupied, at leisure. 
vadimonium, -i, [vas] n. bail-bond, bail, 

security. vadimonium deserere, 

forfeit one's bail. 

vagina, -ae, f. scabbard, sheath. 

vagor, -Sri, -atus sum, [vagus] 1 dep. 

wander about, ramble, rove; spread, 

abroad, extend, be diffused. 
vagus, -a, -um, adj. roving, unsettled.; 

wavering, inconstant, uncertain. 

valde, [for valide, from validus, strong] 
adv. strongly, in/. ns< ly, very, v< ry much, 
exceedingly. 

valens, -entis, [pf.p. of valeo I adj. 

strong. stout, vigorous, powi rful, 
mighty. 

valeo, -ere, -ui, --, fiit. part, valitti- 
rus, 2 intr. be strong, t„ vigorous; be in 
health, be well; haVi power, hav< weight 
or influence, prt roil, succeed ; be strong 

< nongh, be able, avail. 



1 



140 



VOCABULARY 



Valerius, -I, m. a Roman nomen or gen- 
tile name. Esp. L. Valerius Flaccus, 
consul 100 B.C. See Flaccus. 

valetudo, -inis, [valeo] f. state of health, 

health ; e/ood -health ; ill -health, weak- 
ness, infirmity. 

vallo, -are, -avi, -atum, [vallum, 
rampart] 1 tr. fortify with a rampart, 
intrench: fortify, protect, defend. 

varietas, -atis, [varius] f. difference, 
diversity, variety; vicissitude, incon- 
stancy, fickleness. 

vario, -are, -avi, -atum, [varius] l tr. 
and intr. diversify; vary, alter, change. 

varius, -a, -um, adj. variegated, motley, 

diverse, various ; varying, changing, 
changeable, fickle, inconstant. 

Varius, -I, m. a Roman nomen or gentile 
name. Esp. P. Varius, juror at the 
trial of Milo. 

Varus, -1, m. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. P. Attius Varus, 
the Pompeian propraetor in Africa. 

vas, vadis, m. bail, security, surety. 

vastatio, -onis, [vasto] f. a laying 
■iraste, desolation, devastation. 

vastitas, -atis, [vastus] f. iraste, des- 
ert; desolcdion, devastation, ruin. 

vasto, -are, -avi, -atum, [vastus] 1 tr. 

make empty; lay waste, desolate, dev- 
astate, ravage, destroy. 

vastus, -a, -um, [cf vaco] adj. empty, 
waste, desolate; vast, huge. 

vates, -is, c. soothsayer, seer, prophet. 

-ve, [weaker form of vel] enclitic conj. 
or at most, or if you please, or even, or. 

vectigal, -alis, n. revenue, tax, duty. 

vectigalis, -e, [vectigal] adj. of the. 
reuenue, of taxes; paying tribute, sub- 
feet to imposts, ti ihutary. 

vehemens, -entis, adj. impetuous, vio- 
lent; active, jjowerful, "potent, forcible, 
emphatic, effective. 

vehementer, [vehemens] adv. impet- 
uously, earnestly, violently, vehemently ; 
strongly, forcibly, very much, exceed- 
ingly. 



vehiculum, -I, [veho] n. carriage, ve- 
hicle. 

veho, -ere, vexi, vectum, 3 tr. bear, 

carry, convey, draw. 

Veientes, -um, [Veil] m. pi. mentions; 

inhabitants of Veil, a city of Etruria. 

vel, [old imp. of volo = you ?nay choose] 
cjnj. or if you choose, or if you will, or 
even, or. vel . . . vel, either. . .or. 

vel, [conj. vel] adv. or even, even, cer- 
tainly, indeed; the very, the utmost. 
used with superlatives intensifying their 
meaning. 

velox, -ocis, adj. swift, fleet, quick. 

velum, -l, [cf. veho] n. sail; covering, 

curtain, veil. 

velutor veluti, [vel + ut] adv. even as. 
just as; 05, for instance; just as if, as 
if. velut si, just as if. 

vena, -ae, f. blood-vessel, vein ; artery ; 
pi. the veins, the heart. 

vendito, -are, -avi, , [freq. of ven- 

do] 1 tr. keep offering for sale, try to 
sell; deal in, sell; give for a bribe; rec- 
ommend, praise. 

vendo, vendere, vendidi, venditum, 
[venum, sale + 08] 3 tr. sell. 

veneficus, -a, -um, [venenum + facio] 

adj. poisonous. As subst. veneficus, -1, 
m. poisoner. 
venenum, -I, n. poison. 

veneo, -Ire, -il, — , [venum, sale + eo] 

irr. intr. go to sale, be sold. 

veneror, -Sri, -atus sum, 1 dep. rever- 
ence, venerate, worship, adore; entreat, 
supplicate. 

venia, -ae, f. indulgence, favor; privi- 
lege, permission ; forbearance, forgive- 
ness, pardon. 

venio, venire, venl, ventum, 4 intr. 
come, go; fall; occur, happen. ve- 
nire in mentem, see mens. 

ventus, -I, m. wind. 

venustas, -atis, [venus, beauty] f. 

beauty, charm, grace; artistic grace, 

art. 
ver, veris, n. the spring. 



Valerius— veto 



i 4 i 



verber, -eris, n. lash, whip, scourge; pi. 
often, stripes, blows, lashing, flogging. 

verbero, -are, -avi, -atum, [verber] 

1 tr. beat, lash; whip, flog, scourge; 

plague, torment, harass. 
verbum, -I, n. word; saying, exjyres- 

sion. verba facere, see facio. 
vere, [verus] adv. with truth, truly, 

really, in fact; rightly, justly, properly. 

verecundia, -ae, [verecundus, from 
vereor] f. bashfulness, shyness, mod- 
esty; sense of shame. 

vereor, -eri, veritus sum, 2 dep. rever- 
ence, respect, stand in awe of '; fear, be 
afraid, dread. 

Veritas, -atis, [verus] f. truth, truth- 
fulness, verity; sincerity, candor; in- 
tegrity, uprightness; reality, fact. 

vero, [verus] conj. used to heighten the 
statement and often untranslatable, in 
truth, in fact, certainly, indeed; hoiv- 
erer, now, on the other hand, but in 
fact, but. quasi vero, just as if, 
forsooth, niinime vero, not in the 
least, by no means, assuredly not. iam 
vero, moreover, again, but further, 
now finally. Immo vero, nay on the 
contrary, nay rather, nay even, no in- 
deed, at vero, but then, but on the 
other hand, an vero, or really, or is 
it possible that f sed vero, but actually. 
nisi vero, see nisi, quid vero, see 
quid. 

Verres, -is, a Roman cognomen or family 
name. Esp. C. Cornelius Verres, 
propraetor .in Sicily, 73-71 b.c. 

versiculus, -1, [dim. of versus] m. little 
line, mere line, verse. 

verso, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of ver- 
to] 1 tr. turn often, keep turning, turn 
over, revolve; vex. agitate. Pass, as 
dep. move about, dwell, stay, live; be, 
be situated, be found;- occupy one's self; 
be engaged, be busied, be employed; con- 
duct one's self. 

versus, -a, -um, see verto. 
versus, [verto] adv. and prep, in the 
direction of, towards. 

versus, -us, [verto] m. line, verse. 



verto, vertere, verti, versum, 3 tr. and 

intr. turn, direct; turn back, turn 
about; change, alter, convert; turnout, 
result. Pass, be turned, be directed; 
depend, rest; revolve. 

verum, [verus] conj. but in truth., but 
notwithstanding, but yet, but. non 
modo . . . verum etiam, not only. . .but 
also. 

verus, -a, -um, adj. true, real, genuine. 
well-grounded ; right, proper, fitting, 
reasonable. As subst. verum, -1, n. 
truth, reality, fact. 

vesper, -eri or -eris, ace. vesperum, in. 

the evening-star; the evening, eventide. 

vespera, -ae, [cf. vesper] f . the evening, 
eventide. 

Vesta, -ae, f. goddess of the domestic 
and of the national hearth, daughter of 
Saturn and Ops. 

Vestalis, -e, [Vesta] adj. of Vesta, 
Vestal. virgo Vestalis, Vestal Vir- 
gin, one of the priestesses of Yesta, who 
preserved the sacred fire, the extinction 
of which was thought to involve the 
ruin of the state. 

vester, vestra, vestrum, [vos] poss. 
pron. adj. your, yours, of you, of yours. 

vestibulum, -l, n. entrance-court, fore- 
court, the enclosed space between the 
entrance of a house and the street ; 
entrance, opening, beginning. 

vestigium, -1, n. sole of the foot ; foot- 
step, footprint, track ; trace, mark, 
vestige; of time, moment, instant. PI. 
often, ruins, remains. 

vestlmentum, -1, [vestis] n. clothing, 
dress, garment. 

vestio, -Ire, -IvI, -Itum, [vestis] 4 tr. 
cover with a garment, clothe, dress ; at- 
tire, array, deck. 

vestis, -is, f. clothes, clothing, attire. 

vestltus, -us, [vestio] m. clothing, 
clothes, apparel, attire. 

veteranus, -a, -um, [vetus] adj. old, 
veteran. As subst. veteran!, -ormm, 
m. pi. veteran soldiers, veterans. 

veto, vetare, vetui, vetitum, 1 tr. not 
permit, forbid. 



142 



VOCABULARY 



vetus, -eris, adj. old, aged; of long 
standing; experienced; of a former 

\ time, former, earlier, ancient. 
vetustas, -atis, [vetus] f. old age, age, 
long existence; ancient times, antiquity; 
long duration, gnat age ; future ages, 
posterity. 

vexatio, -onis, [vexo] f. troubling, 

harassing, persecution ; trouble, annoy- 
ance, hardship. 

- *xator, -oris, [vexo] m. trouUer, 
harasser, persecutor; opposer. 

vexo, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of veho] 
1 tr. shake violently ; harry, lay waste, 
///under ; harass, plague, persecute, 
trouble, vex, annoy, disturb. 

via, -ae, f. way, route, road, street ; 
march, journey; method, manner, 
course. Via Appia, Via Aurelia, 
see Appius, Aurelius. 

viator, -oris, [via] m. wayfarer, travel- 
ler; magistrates attendant, summon* r. 

Vibienus, -1, in. a Roman cognomen or 
family name. Esp. C. Vibienus, a Ro- 
man senator who perished during the 
troubles following the death of Clodius. 

vibro, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. and intr. 
\ brandish, shake; wield, throw, hurl; 
glimmer, gleam, flash. 

vicesimus, -a, -um, [vlginti] num. adj. 
the twentieth. 

vlclnitas, -atis, [viclnus] f. nearness, 
vicinity; neighborhood, region. 

-um, [vicus] adj. of the 
As subst. 
viclnus, -1, m. neighbor. 
vicissim, [vicis, change'] adv. on the 
other hand, again, in turn. 

vicissitudo, -inis, [vicis, change'] f. 
change, alteration, succession, vicissi- 
tude. 



vicmus, 

neighboring, in the vicinity. 



victor, -oris, [vinco] m. 



1 



conqueror, 
vanquisher, victor ; in apposition, with 
force of adj. conquering, victorious. 

victoria, -ae, [victor] f . victory ; sue- 

/ cess, triumph. 

victus, -a, -um, see vinco. 



iVlctus, -us, [cf. vivo] rn. sustenance, 
I nourishment, victuals ; way of living, 
^mode of life. 

Vicus, -l, m. abode; row of houses, street, 
| quarter of a city, ward; village, hamlet. 

videlicet, [for videre licet] adv. one 
may see, obviously, plainly, manifestly, 
of course; ironically, it is very plain, of 
course, forsooth. 

Video, videre, vidi, visum, 2 tr. see, 
discern, perceive; observe, notice; under- 
stand, comprehend ; see to, take care, 

\ make sure. Pass, as dep. be seen, seem, 
appear, be looked upon, be regarded; 

\ seem proper, seem best. mini videor, 

\lseem to myself ', methinks, J fancy. 

vigesco, -ere, vigui, — , [inch, of 
vigeo, be lively] 3 intr. become lively, 
be quickened, thrive, flourish. 

vigilans, -antis, [pr.p. of vigilo] adj. 
watchful, on the watch, wide-awake, 
vigilant, careful, anxious. 

vigilia, -ae, [vigil, awake] f. lying 

i aivake, wakefulness, watching ; tvatch, 

\guard ; watch, a fourth part of the 

I night ; watchfulness, vigilance ; pi. the 

' watch, watchmen, sentinels. 

vigilo, -are, -avi, -atum, [vigil, awake] 
1 tr. and intr. lie aivake, be wakeful ; 
watch, be watchful, be vigilant. 

vlginti, num. adj. indecl. twenty. 

vllis, -e, adj. of small price, cheap ; of 
trifling value, poor, paltry, mean, 
ivorthless. 

vilitas, -atis, [vllis] f. lowness of price, 
cheapness. 

villa, -ae, [dim. of vicus] f. country- 
house, country-seat, farm, villa. 

vincio, vincire, vinxi, vinctum, 4 tr. 

bind, bind fast, fetter; confine, restrain; 
encircle, gird. 

vinclum, see vinculum. 

vinco, vincere, vici, victum, 3 tr. and 

intr. conquer, overcome, defeat, subdue, 
vanquish ; get the better of, prevail over; 
prevail, have one^s way, win, be victori- 
ous; surpass, excel. 



vetus— vol5 



143 



vinculum (vinclum\ -i, [vincio] n. 

band, fetter, cord, chain; bond, tie. 
PL often, prison, imprisonment. 

vindex, -icis, c. defender, protector, de- 
liverer, vindicator; avenger, pumsher. 

vindiciae, -arum, [vindex] f. pi. legal 
claim to the possession of something, 
formal demand, suit. 

vindico, -are, -avi, -atum, [vindex] 

1 tr. assert claim to, demand formally , 
ask judgment for; claim, demand, ar- 
rogate, assume; defend, protect, deliver, 
save; avenge, seek redress for, take ven- 
geance for, punish. 

vinum, -1, n. wine. 

violo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 tr. treat with 

violence, injure, abuse; violate, profane, 

dishonor, outrage. 
vir, viri, m. man; husband. 
vires, see vis. 
virga, -ae, f. twig, sprout; rod, switch, 

scourge. 
virgo, -inis, f. maid, maiden, virgin; 

young woman, girl; Vestal Virgin, see 

Ves talis, 
virilis, -e, [vir] adj. of a man, like a 

man, manly, virile; of manhood, mas- 
culine; bold, spirited, noble. 

virtus, -litis, [vir] f. manliness; cour- 
age, pluck; brave deeds, prowess, valor- 
ous conduct, valor; soldierly qualities, 
generalship; worth, merit, noble char- 
oxter, virtue. 

vis, , ace. vim, abl. vi, pL vires, 

-ium, f. strength, force, vigor, power, 
energy; violence, compulsion ; quantity, 
supply, number. PI. force, energy, 
vigor, bodily strength; military force*, 
troops. 

viscus, -eris, n. internal organs, entrails, 
viscera; the flesh; vitals, bowels, heart, 
inmost part. 

viso, visere, visi, — , [freq. of 
video] 3 tr. look at attentively, survey; 
go to see, visit. 

vita, -ae, [cf. vivo] f. life; way of life, 
way of living, manners; course of life, 
career; existence, being. 



vitium, -i, n. flaw, defect, blemish; fault, 
failing, crime, vice. 

vito, -are -avi, -atum, 1 tr. and intr. 

shun, seek to escape, avoid, evade. 

vituperatio, -onis, [Vitupero] f. fault- 
finding, blame, censure, vituperation; 
accusation, charge; blameworthy con- 
duct. 

vitupero, -are, -avi, , [vitium + 

paro] 1 tr. find fault with, blame, cen- 
sure, reproach. 

vivo, vivere, vixi, victum, 3 intr. li . 
be cdive; be still alive, survive; support 
life, sustain one^s self; pass one's time, 
dwell. 

vivus, -a, -um, [cf. vivo] adj. alive, 

living. 
vix, adv. with difficulty, hardly, scarcely, 

barely. 

vixdum, [vix + dum] adv. hardly then, 
scarcely yet, but just. 

voco, -are, -avi, -atum, [vox] l tr. and 
intr. call, summon, invoke; call together, 
convoke ; invite, bid ; call by name, 
name. 

volgaris (vulg-), -e, [volgus] adj. of 
the masses or multitude, ordinary. 
common; commonplace, low, mean, vul- 
gar. 

volgo (vulgo), [volgus] adv. among 
the multitude, commonly, ordinarily, 
generally, everywhere. 

volgus (vulgus), -i, n. the masses, the 
multitude, people, public; crowd, rab- 
ble, mob. 

volito, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of volo, 
fly] 1 intr. fly to and fro, flit about, 
hover about. 

volnero (vul-), -are, -avi, -atum, [vol- 
nus] 1 tr. wound, hurt, injur'', maim; 
1tarm,pain. 

volnus (vul-), -eris, n. wound; blow, 
injury, calamity, defeat, disaster. 

volo, velle, volui, irr. tr. and intr. will, 
wish, desire, want, be minded, deter- 
mine, think it best, resolve, intend, 
mean; claim, pretend, assume; be will- 
ing, be ready; with inf. often, will have 
it, maintain. 



144 



VOCABULARY 



Volturcius, -l, m. a Roman name. Esp. 
one of the Catilinarian conspirators in 
63 B.C. 

voltus ivultus), -us, m. expression of 
countenance, looks, mien, air; counte- 
nance, visage, features, fact . 

voliibilis, -e, [cf. volvo, revolve] adj. 
revolving, whirling,' fluent, voluble; 
changeable, inconstant, fickle. 

voluntarius, -a, -um, [voluntas] adj. 
willing, voluntary: wilful, intentional. 
As Bubst. voluntarius, -1, m. volun- 
teer. 

voluntas, -atis, [volo] f. will, free-will; 

wish, desire; inclination, disposition; 

purpose, aim; good-will, favor, 
voluptas, -atis, [cf. voloj f. pieasure, 

( njoytnent, delight. 



V0S, see tu. 

vosmet, [vos + -met] pers. pron. em- 
phatic form of vos, you yourselves, yon. 
See -met. 

votivus, -a, -um, TvotumJ adj. prom- 
ised by a vow, entire. ludi votivi, 
see ludus. 

votum, -I, Lvoveo] n. promise to a god, 
solemn pledge, vow; wish, longing, 
prayer. 

voveo, vovere, vovl, votum, 2 tr. and 
intr. vow, pledge solemnly, consecrate; 
make a row. 

VOX, VOCis, f. voice, sound of the voice. 
tone; call, cry; utterance, word, saying 
speech. 

VUl-, see vol-. 



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